写作知识介绍

写作知识介绍1．如何开头文章的开头非常重要。好的开头能道破主题，点明主旨，引人入胜。常见的方法有：引语法摘录或引用某些引言或习语、谚语作为文章的开头。定义法通过对标题下定义，然后通过举例、逻辑推理等方法详细说明。数据法引用已经证实的某些统计数字来引入话题。故事法以一段故事为开头，使全文在此基础上展开。问题法用提问的方式开头，可以吸引读者的注意力。背景法说明事件发生的时间、地点等背景。2．如何结尾文章的结尾部分和开头同等重要，开头是为了吸引读者，而结尾是要给读者留下一个深深的印象。一般说来，结尾段应当短小、有力、充实，发人深思。文章结尾部分最常见的写法有以下几种：结论式用几句话概括全文内容，进一步肯定和突出中心思想。例如：Zhouen-lai,inshort,wasoneofthetwoorthreemostimpressivemenIhaveevermet.Urbane,infinitelypatient,extraordinarilyintelligent,subtle,hemovedthroughourdiscussionswithaseasygracethatpenetratedtotheessenceofournewrelationshipasiftherewerenosensiblealternative.主题重复式回到文章开头阐明的中心思想，达到肯定和强调的效果。Becauseofalltheseadvantages,Iliketoreadnewspapers.反问式用以强调中心思想，引起读者思考。Iftherewerenohomeworkonweekends,studentswouldcometoschoolonmondaywellrefreshedandwillingtowork.Teachers,don'tyouagree?引语式即用格言、谚语或习语总结全文。Thus,wesayworkandplayarebothimportantinone'slife,justassomeonesaid"Allworkandnoplaymakesjackadullboy."需要注意的是，并不是每篇文章都有一个正式的结尾。记叙文和描述文，随着故事讲完和描写详尽，也就自然结束了。但说理性强的说明文、论述文都应有正式结尾。段落主题句什么是段落主题句？主题句反映段落的中心思想，是整个段落的出发点。结构严谨的段落通常都有主题句，或几个段落合用一个主题句。段落主题句有助于帮助作者紧扣段落的中心思想，进行充分的扩张。主题句点明段落的内容，同时也限制了内容的范围。一个令人满意的主题句应该能够很好地引导整个段落，起到画龙点睛的作用。所以主题句是否贴切，是整个段落成败的关键。主题句的构成主题句有两个部分构成：话题和主题思想。话题指的是一段文章要提及的事件、人物等。主导思想用来说明话题，起限定话题发展方向的作用。主导思想可以表达地点、时间、原因、结果、列举等等。主题句的位置主题句通常写在段落的开始，后面的扩展句为主题句提供论证或细节。例：Inrecentyears,studyabroadhadflourished.Thousandsofscholarsandstudentshavegonetoforeigncountriestostudy.Manypeoplearesparingnoeffortsinapplyingforgoingabroad.主题句也可以位于段落的结尾。前面是提供细节的支持句，内容逐渐收拢，最后用一句总结性的主题句加以概括。Everymorning,weheartheshoutsoftheforestrangersechoinginthemountains,andseewomenandyounggirlswashingclothesandvegetablesbytheriverandfarmersworkingwithhoesandploughsinthefields.thepeopleinmynativetownarelivingasimpleandpeacefullife.主题句有时位于段落的中间。Californiansandnewenglandersarebothamerican.Theyspeakthesamelanguageandabidebythesamefederallaws.Buttheyareverydifferentintheirwaysoflife.Mobility-bothphysicalandpsychological-hasmadeagreatimpressiononthecultureofcalifornians,lackofmobilityisthemarkofthecustomsandmortalityofnewenglanders.第三次辅导：描写文Descriptionispaintingapictureinwordsofaperson,place,object,orscene.Adescriptionessayisgenerallydevelopedthroughsensorydetails,ortheimpressionofone'ssenses-sight,hearing,taste,smellandtouch.Notalldetailsareuseful.Thewritershouldchoosethosethathelptobringoutthedominantcharacteristicoroutstandingqualityofthepersonorthingdescribed,andleavethoseirrelevantones,which,ifincluded,wouldonlydistractthereader'sattentionfromthemainimpressionthewriterwishestogive.DescriptionofapersonIndescribingaperson,thewritershouldnotmerelygivedetailsofhisappearance.Heshouldtrytorevealtheperson'scharacter,thoughtsandfeelings,whichmaybeshowninwhatthepersondoesandsaysorinhowhebehavestoothers.Anditisimportanttograspthecharacteristicfeaturesthatdistinguishhimfromallotherpeople.Thosefeaturesthatheshareswithotherscanbeomitted.Peculiaritiesandidiosyncrasiesofapersonifany,shouldbeincludedinthedescription,fortheyusuallyimpressthereaderdeeplyandgivelifetothepersondescribed.ModelThesightofhimashecametotheten-o'clockclasswasinitselfsomethingthathadtoberecognizedasdramatic.Inthepleasantautumnorspring,menstoodhighonthestepsoroutontheturfinfrontandwatchedinthedirectionofchristchurchtoseewhocouldcatchthefirstglimpseofhim."Therehecomes!"somebodycalled,andtheneverybodywhowasinapositiontoseewatchedhimashehurriedbreezilyalong-agraceful,tallishmaninverylightgraysuitandgrayfedorahat,withafullsquarebeardatleastaswhiteashissuit,whomovedwithenergy,andsmokedpassionatelyatabigcigar.Studentsusedtosaythathesmokedanentirecigarwhilehewalkedtheshortdistancealongtheironfenceoftheoldburyinggroundandacrossthestreetofjohnstongate.Butashecamethrougnthegatehetossedtheremnantofhiscigarintotheshrubberywithabitofafourish,andthestudentsstilloutsidehurriedinandscrambledupthelongstairwayinordertobeintheirplaces卜asheliked-beforehehimselfentered.Ifanyofthemwerestillonthestairwaywhenhecameinattheouterdoorlikeagust,theygavewayandhepusheduppastthem,andintothegood-sizedroomdowntheaisletothefront,threwhishatonthetableinthecorner,mountedthetwostepstotheplatform,lookedabouthimwithacommandingeye,andtherewassuddensilenceandunrestrainedexpectancy.(byrollowalterbrown)DescriptionofaplacePlacesmaybedescribedfortheirownsake,asinessaysonvisitstofamousscenicplaces,butalsoforthepurposeofrevealingthepersonalityandcharacterofaperson,orcreatingafeelingormoon.Acleanandtidyroom,forexample,mightshowthattheoccupantisanorderlyperson.Thehowlingofachillywind,thefallingofautumnleaves,ahousestandinginsolitudeonabarrenmountain,allhelptobuildupasombermoodandincreasethefeelingofdepression.Asindescribingaperson,indescribingaplaceoneshouldmainlywriteaboutthethingsthatmakeitdifferentfromotherplaces.ModelAfreemarketWithashoppingbaginmyhand,Ienteredthegateofthefreemarketnearmyhome.SuddenlyaterriblesmellreachedmynoseandIcouldnothelpfeelingnauseated.LookingaroundIfoundthatthefoulsmellcamefromthepoultrystallsontheleftsideofthestreet.There,everysmallcagewaspackedwithfourorfivechickens.occasionally,thechickenscrowedsadlyasiftheyknewtheyweregoingtobecooked.Thefeedstankunderthehotsummersun.Iputahandkerchiefofmynoseandhurriedaway."Livefish!Freshandcheap!"ahuskyvoiceofamanwasheard.Infrontofhisstall,therestoodabigcanvasbag.Inside,alotoffishwerestrugglingintheturbidwater.Theyopenedtheirmouthswidelytohavetheirlastbreathofair.terrifiedattheprice,Ileftforotherstalls.Justthenayoungfellowstoppedmeandtriedtopersuademetobuyachainofgarlicinhishand.Hewasdisappointedtoseemeshakingmyhead.ThenIcametothevegetableandfruitstallswhichmadeupthebusiestsectionofthemarket.Agoodvarietyofvegetablesandfruitscouldbefoundhereatsummertime.Redtomatoes,greencucumbersandpepperswereputatthemostconspicuousplaces.thesweetsmellofthefruits-peaches,plums,muskmelons,andpurple-coloredgrapes-haddrawnmanycustomers.Thesellerswerepraisingtheirproduceinstrongprovincialaccentsandcompetingwitheachotherbyofferinglowerprices.Housewiveswouldcertainlydriveagoodbargainwiththesellersbeforetheyreallyboughtanything.Atthefarendofthemarketweretheclothingstalls.Colorfulclotheswerehunguphightoattractpeople'sattention.Therewerequiteanumberofpeoplebutonlyfewboughtanyclothes.Agirlhadstoodatoneofthestallsforalongtime.Obviouslyshedesiredtohavethatfashionableskirtwhichwassaidtobemadeinhongkong.Butfinallysheleft,forshewasunwillingtopayalmosthermonthlywageof80yuanforit.Afterhoursofshopping-choosingandbargaining,Ileftthefreemarket,exhaustedbutquitesatisfied,mybagfullofvegetablesandfruits.DescriptionofanobjectTodescribeanobjectwehavetodependonoursenses,becauseweneedtomentionitssize,shape,color,texture,taste,andsmell.Itisalsonecessarytotellhowitisusedifitisuseful,andwhatpartitplaysinaperson'slifeifitisinsomewayrelatedtohim.Butemphasisshouldbeplacedononlyoneaspectoftheobject,probablyitsmostimportantcharacteristic.DescriptionofasceneAsceneissometimesthemainpartofanessay,andsometimesonlyanepisodeinalongnarrative.Itusuallyconsistsofthreebasicfactors:thesetting,thepeople,andtheaction.Itisalsopossibletodescribethesceneofsomenaturalphenomenon.Again,thewritershouldtrytocreateadominantimpressionwhendescribingascene.Beforehebeginstowrite,hemustmakeuphismindastowhateffecthewantthedescriptiontoachieve.Thiswillhelphimtodecidewhichdetailstodeleteandwhichtoinclude.商务信件格式Whilethehorizontalplacementofletterpartsmayvary,theverticalorderofthesepartsisstandard.Refertothemodelletterasyoustudythefollowinglistofletterparts.Letterhead:Thisisprintedandsuppliedbyyouremployer(yourboss).Itisusedonlyforthefirstpageofaletter.Dateline:Thedateonwhichtheletterisbeingpreparedistypedafewlinesbelowtheletterhead.Insideaddress:Theaddressofyourreaderistypedasitwillappearontheenvelope.4.Attentionline:Thisisnotalwaysrequired.Itshouldbeusewhentheletterisaddressedtoacompanyororganizationasawhole,butyouwantittobehandledbyaspecificindividualatthecompanyorwithintheorganization.Itshouldbeunderlinedortypedincapitals.Salutation:While"DearSir,""DearMadam,""DearMadamorSir""GentlemanandLadies"areacceptableincasesofextremeformality,youshouldotherwiseuseanindividual'snamewheneveritisknown.Whenthereader'snameisnotknown,theperson'stitleisthenextbestterminasalutation.Subjectline:Liketheattentionline,thisisoftenomitted,butitsinclusionisacourtesytoyourmessage,youenablehimtodecidewhethertheletterrequiresimmediateattention.Itshouldbeunderlinedortypedincapitals.Body:Thisistheactualmessageofyourletter.Complimentaryclosing:Thisisapolite,formalwaytoendaletter;standardformsare"Yourstruly"or"Trulyyours","Sincerelyyours,"Respectfullyyours,"etc.Excessivelyfamiliarclosingsshouldbeavoided,exceptinspecialsituations."Bestwishes,forexample,couldbeusedwhenthereaderiswellknowntoyou.Expressions,suchas"Fondly",or"Love"should,obviouslybereservedforprivatecorrespondence.Companysignature:Anotheritemoftenomittedfromlessformalcorrespondence,itshouldbeusedwhenthesigneroftheletteriswritingasaspokespersonforthecompany,notasanindividual.Sincethisinformationappearsintheletterhead,somecompaniesomititaltogether.Signer'sidentification:Printedfourlinesbelowthepreviousitemtoallowspaceforthesignature,thisincludesthesigner'snameandanyrelevanttitles.Referenceinitials:Consistingofthesigner'sinitialsincapitalsfollowedbyaslashorcolonfollowedbythelowercaseinitialsofthepersonpreparingtheletter,thisitemservesasareminderofwhopreparedtheletter.Enclosurereminder:Consistingoftheword"enclosure"(or"enc"or"encl")ortheword"enclosure"followedbyalistoftheencloseditems,thisisapracticalcourtesytopreventyourreaderfromdiscardingimportantmatterwiththeenvelope."cc"notation:Alsoacourtesy,thistellsthereaderwhohasbeensenta"carbon"copyoftheletter.写作过程：(Thisistheletter1:anexamplefortheaboveexplanation)Flanagan'sDepartmentStore12207SunsetStripLosAngeles,California91417June7,2000KetchumCollectionAgency1267HollywoodBoulevardLosAngeles,California91401ATTENTION:MS.TERRYROBERTSGentlemenandLadies:Subject:Mr.GaryDaniels,Account#68221300WewouldliketoturnoverofyourservicestheaccountofMr.GaryDaniels,4441NatickAvenue,ShermanOakes,California91328.ThebalanceonMr.Danials'account,$839.95,isnow120dayspastdue;althoughwehavesenthimfourstatementsandfiveletters,wehavebeenunabletocollecthisdebt.Mr.DanielsisemployedbyWestCoastFurnitureShowrooms,Inc.HebanksattheNatickAvenue,branchofThirdNationalCityBankandhasbeenourcustomerforfouryears.Wehaveenclosedhisfileforfouryears.Wehaveenclosedhisfileforyourreference.WeareconfidentthatwecanreplyonKetchumaswehaveinthepast.Pleaseletusknowifthereisanyfurtherinformationwithwhichwecanfurnishyou.SincerelyyoursFLANAGAM'SDEPARTMENTSTOREMarthaFaymanCreditManagerMF/wgEnclosureccMr.NormanHyman(Letter2:Newpattern)NewPatternNORPNATIONALORGANIZATIONOFRETIREDPERSONSFreeportHighSchool,Freeport,Vermont66622October15,2000Ms.IvaStravinskyAttorney-at-Law200CenterStreetFreeport,Vermont66622DearMs.StravinskySubject:GuestLectureThemembersoftheFreeportchapteroftheNationalOrganizationofRetiredPersonswouldindeedbeinterestedinalectureon"ProposedChangesintheFinancingofMedicare."Therefore,withmuchappreciation,Iacceptyouroffertoaddressourclub.TheNORPmeetseveryTheauditoriumofFreeportHighSchool.TheprogramsforourmeetingsthroughNovember20havealreadybeenestablished.However,IwillcallyouinafewdaystoscheduleadateforyourlectureforthefirstTuesdayafterthe20ththatmeetsyourconvenience.ThemembershipandIlookforwardtoourlectureonatopicsoimportanttousall.SincerelyyoursNATIONALORGANAZATIONOFRETIERDPERSONSHenryPurcellPresident（左对齐）Thenewformatoftheletter2NORPNATIONALORGANIZATIONOFRETIREDPERSONSFreeportHighSchool,Freeport,Vermont66622October15,2000Ms.IvaStravinskyAttorney-at-Law200CenterStreetFreeport,Vermont66622DearMs.StravinskySubject:GuestLectureThemembersoftheFreeportchapteroftheNationalOrganizationofRetiredPersonswouldindeedbeinterestedinalectureon"ProposedChangesintheFinancingofMedicare."Therefore,withmuchappreciation,Iacceptyouroffertoaddressourclub.TheNORPmeetseveryTheauditoriumofFreeportHighSchool.TheprogramsforourmeetingsthroughNovember20havealreadybeenestablished.However,IwillcallyouinafewdaystoscheduleadateforyourlectureforthefirstTuesdayafterthe20ththatmeetsyourconvenience.ThemembershipandIlookforwardtoourlectureonatopicsoimportanttousall.SincerelyyoursNATIONALORGANAZATIONOFRETIERDPERSONSHenryPurcellPresidentThewritingprocessProcessforwritingvaryfromonewritertothenextandfromonewritingsituationtothenext,butmostwriterscanidentifyfourbasicstages,ordimensions,ortheirwritingprocess:collecting,shaping,drafting,andrevising.CollectingWritersgatherandrecordfacts,impressions,opinions,andideasthatarerelevanttotheirsubject,purpose,andaudience.MarkTwainonceobservedthatifyouattempttocarryacataroundtheblockbyitstail,you'llgainawholelotofinformationaboutcatsthatyou'llneverforget.Youmaycollectsuchfirsthandinformation,oryoumayrelyonthedata,experience,orexpertiseofothers.Collectinginvolvesobserving,remembering,imagining,thinking,reading,listening,writing,investigating,talking,takingnotes,andexperimenting.Collectingalsoinvolvesthinkingabouttherelationshipsamongthecollectedbitsofinformation.ShapingWritersfocusandorganizethefacts,examples,andideasthattheyhavecollectedintotherecorded,linearformthatiswrittenlanguage.WhenahurricanehitstheGulfCoast,residentsofTexas,Lousiana,Mississippi,Alabama,andFloridaarelikelytocollectanenormousamountofdatainjustafewhours.Rain,floods,treelimbssnappinginthewind,unboardedwindowsshattering,sirensblaring,alloftheseeventsoccurnearlysimultaneously.Ifyoutrytowriteaboutsuchdevastation,youneedtonarrowyourfocus(youcan'tdescribeeverythingthathappened)andorganizetheinformation(youcan'tdescribeallofyourexperiencesatthesametime).DraftingDraftingcanbejustaplan--amentalstrategy,ashortlist,oranoutline.Butatsomepoint,writersactuallywritedownaroughversionofwhatwillevolveintothefinishedpieceofwriting.RevisingWhenwritersrevisearoughdraft,theyliterally"resee"theirsubject--andthenmodifythedrafttofitthenewversion.Revisionismorethanjusttinkeringwithawordhereandthere;revisionleadstolargerchanges--newexamplesordetails,adifferentorganization,oranewperspective.Youaccomplishthesechangesbyadding,deleting,substituting,orreorderingwords,sentences,andparagraphs.Revisionalsoincludeseditingtoimprovewordchoice,grammar,usage,orpunctuationandproofreadingfortyposandothersurfaceerrors.Exercise--LearnhowtorevisePleasereadthefirstdraftofMyPottedPlantandtherevisedversion.Asyouread,paycloseattentiontothechangeofdetails.MyPottedPlant(Draft)Mypottedplantisnotaparticularlyspectacularspecimenbutitatleastbrightensupmyotherwisesurgicallypracticalroom.Theplantisabouteighteeninchesandisplantedinatwo-gallonpotmadeofwoodenslatsheldtogetherwithapairofbrassrings.Theplantisalightgreen,similartothegreenofaCox'sapple.Ithasonesolitarypinkflowerpercheddelicatelyontheendofonelimb.Theflowerisonlyabouthalfaninchindiameterandhassixpetalscenteredaroundawhitemiddle.Theplantisdenselyleafedwithvarioussizesofovalshapedleaves.Ithasnohard,woodysectionsofstembutratherasoft,waterystem.Whenitneedswater,itdroopslikeamarathonrunnerovercomewithexhaustion,gaspingforbreath.Duringthesummer,theplantspringstolife,andseveraltiny,brightflowersappear,randomlydecoratingitsfoliagelikedistantstarsinthenightsky.Occasionallyitsheditsleavesandisleftbarrenforanumberofdaysuntilitreturnstoitsnormalperkiness.Nowreadtherevisedversion.Pleasenoticethetitlehasbeenchanged.ANewLeafMypottedplantsitsonmydeskathome.Itisnotaparticularlyspectacularspecimenbutitaddsahumantouchtomyotherwisesurgicallypracticalroom.Theplant,calledanimpatientoraBusyLizzie,isabouteighteeninchesandisplantedinatwo-gallonpotmadefromseveralslatsofwoodheldtogetherwithapairofbrassrings.Theplantisalightgreen,similartothegreenofaCox'sapple.Nestledamongallofthelarger,morematureleavesoftheplantisasignofnewgrowth:ayoungleaf.Likeasmall,shychildpeeringfrombehindhismother'sleg,thisinch-and-a-halfbabyleafisjustbarelyvisible.Atfirstappearancetheshapeofthiscombinedgreenish-yellowanddeepgreenleaflookslikeadog'shead,withitsearsstickingstraightup.Upthecenteroftheleafrunsalargerveinthewidthofastraightpin,separatingtheleafintotwosymmetrically-shapedsides,eachlookinglikeawater-thinorangeslice.Becauseofitsyouth,thenewleafhasnotfullystraightenedout,anditlookslikeapieceofwaddeduppaperthathasbeenflattenedout.Shinieranddeepergreenthantheolderleaves,thisyoungleafhasnobrittlebrowntipsandisdulledbyonlyafewminutedustparticles.Supportingthisdog-earedleafisaveryslender,deepgreenstemthatlooksasifithastostruggletosupporttheleaf.Duetophototropism,thefragile-lookingstemleanstowardsthebeamofmorningsunlightlikewheatbendinginabreeze.Theleafgivesoffnoapparentsmell,butbecauseofitsyouthfulappearance,afeelingofspringtimefillstheairinmyroom.Hiddenthereamongtheduller,morematureleavesoftheplant,thenewleaflooksremarkablylikeayoungchildinafamily.Infact,therestoftheimpatient'sleavesdosupportthisyoungleaf,givingtheirenergytothenewgrowth.Thisfamilyofleaves,aplant,goesqu