2021-2022年辽宁省葫芦岛市大学英语6级大学英语六级真题一卷(含答案)

2021-2022年辽宁省葫芦岛市大学英语6级大学英语六级真题一卷(含答案)学校:________班级:________姓名:________考号:________

一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20题)1.Gardening

Thetechnologyofbeauty

Now,gardeningwasdrivenbythreemaintrends:technologicalchange,plantprospectingandfashion.Ofthese,themostimportantwastechnology,whoseadvancesmadeitpossibleforthemiddleclassestoenjoywhathadoncebeenaffordableonlytotheveryrich.

Themostdramaticexampleofpopularizingtechnologywassurelytheinventionofthelawnmower.Nothingwasmorelabour-intensive,inthe18thcentury,thanmaintainingalargelawn.Itwouldtakethreemenwithscythes(大镰刀)awholedaytocutanacre(two-fifthsofahectare)ofgrass;theywouldbefollowedbylawnwomenwhosetaskwastogatherupthecuttings.

Justonemanwenttomow

Then,in1830,EdwinBeardBuddingrealisedthattherotarybladeusedintheclothindustrytoproduceanevenpileontextilescouldbeusedongrass.Therotarylawnmowermeantthatsuburbanhomescouldaffordtheneatgreensward(草皮)previouslyavailableonlytotherich.

TheothertechnologythattransformedVictoriangardeningwasthedevelopmentoftheartofgrowingplantsunderglass.ImportingplantsfromcountriesasdistantasAustraliabecameacommercialpossibilityoncetheyweresealedinwoodenboxeswithglasstops.Fromthe1830son,Victoriangardens,privateandpublic,usedmassesofbeddingplants.In1877,2millionplantswerebeddedoutinLondon'sparks,ofteninelaborategeometricdesigns.Growingthemunderglassprotectedthembothfromfrostandfrompollution.

Inthepastcentury,technologyhasonceagaintransformedandsimplifiedgardening.Amongthemostsignificantadvancesisthegrowingofplantsincontainers.Insteadoforderingplantsgrowninopenfieldsanddugupbare-rootedforplantinginautumn,gardenersnowtypicallybuyplantswhich,becausetheyhavebeengrownincontainers,canbetransplantedatalmostanytimeofyear.Containergrowinghasinturnbecomepossiblelargelybecauseofthedevelopmentoflightercomposts.

Othermen'sflowers

Thepasttwocenturieshaveseenanimmenseincreaseintherangeofgardenplants.Nativespecieshavebeenrefinedanddeveloped;andexplorershavebroughtbackplantsfromallpartsoftheworld.ThepassionforplantcollectingsprangpartlyfromtheexpansionofCatholicreligiousorders(神职)abroadinthe16thcentury,lookingformedicinalplantsaswellassoulstoconvert.Manyearlyplant-huntersarecommemoratedinplantnames,suchastheTradescants,fatherandson;SirJosephBanks,whosailedwithCaptainCookandbroughthome3500speciesfromAustralia.

Fashioniseverybitasimportantindeterminingwhatpeoplegrowasinwhattheywear.Thegeometry,gravelandbeddingplantsofthemid-19th-cenmrytown-housegardenhadgivenway,bythecentury'send,toapassionforinformalityandEnglishcottagegardens,fosteredbytwoofthegreatdesignersoftheage.Theirinfluencehasprovedenduring."Allovertheworld,peoplewanttorivalEnglishgardens,ofteninaclimatethatmakesitverydifficult,"saysSarahBond,anenthusiasticamateurgardenerinManhattan.

Agrowingbusiness

Bothgardeningandlookingatgardensaredevelopingrapidly.Givepeopleapieceofgroundandtheywillbuysomethingtoputinit.MarkBhattiandAndrewChurchofBrightonUniversityinEnglandpointtothefactthatpeoplenowseemtospendfarmoreonmachineryandchemicals,andmoreagainonbenches,barbecues,potsandsun-loungers,thantheyspendonplantsthemselves.

Moreover,therangeofplaceswherepeoplecanbuygardeningsupplieshasexpanded.Supermarketsandgeneralstoresfrequentlycarryplantsandothergardeningnecessities.Onthecontrary,Britain'sGardenCentreAssociationsaysthataround12%ofthetypicalturnoverofagardencentrenowcomesfromthecafe.Atriptoaga

A.YB.NC.NG

2.Oldpeopleshouldn'tbothertochangetheireatinghabitsbecauseit'stoolateforittodothemanygood.

3.

Mostpartiesofferfingerfood,butthereare______.

4.

Forstudentsmajoringincomputerscience,schoolstudyisnotenoughbecause______.

A.aworkingknowledgeofdatasecurityiscritical

B.thosejobsinvolveotherskillsbesidestechnology

C.adegreewillnotguaranteeasuccessfullanding

D.deepskillsarerequiredtomovefluidlywiththejob

5.

Whatkindofanimalaffectedbyman-madechemicalsisnotreferredinthepassage?

A.Polarbears.B.People.C.Mammals.D.Birds.

6.

ThefamilybreakuphascausedsomeeconomiclosstotheBritishgovernmenteachyear.

A.YB.NC.NG

7.

Theyneededtoinvestin______iftheownersofall-electriccarswantedtoreducetimetocharge.

8.

Mostmemoryresearchersagreethatourbrainsrecord—andrememberatsomelevel—everythingthathappenstous.

A.YB.NC.NG

9.

ThedemographicchangeinruralEuropewillhaveanegativeeffectoneveryaspectofthelocaleconomyfromtouristindustryincometoagriculturaloutputs.

A.YB.NC.NG

10.

______isthenameofaCambridge-basedcompanythatistryingtocreatethekindofcomputerwhichmightreceivethecontentsofabrain.

11.

MoreandmorepeopleintheU.S.tendtoidentifyasAmericanIndianspartlybecausethey______.

12.

Company'sresearchspendingfell6percentinthe______of200

13.Americanhighschoolstudentssinkalmosttothebottominasurveyofmathandscienceliteracybecausetoomanyofthehighschool______inAmericaarenotqualified.

14.

Chantek,the"orangutanperson",signs"tomatotoothpaste"and"eyedrink"for______respectively.

15.

Wehavearequestofalargevehiclewhichcanautomaticallymovepeoplefromonelocationtoanothertomeetthedemandof______.

16.

Manycompaniesencouragetheiremployeesto______,withIBMoneofthem.

17.

Perhapsweuse"everybody","nobody","noone"tomakethingsseembetterknownthantheyare.

A.YB.NC.NG

18.LackofpreventionstrategiesandtreatmentprogramsmakesthedevelopingcountriesthelargestinthenumberofHIVinfection.

19.

Thedemandforgoodsdependstotallyonthepriceofdemandedgoods.

A.YB.NC.NG

20.

Freud'sinfluenceon______,______,and______cannotbemeasured.

二、3.ListeningComprehension(20题)21.听力原文：W:Hey!(19)Yougotanewtelevision.

M:Yeah!Itwasdeliveredyesterday.Whatdoyouthinkofit?

W:It'shuge.Itpracticallytakesuptheentiresideoftheroom.

M:Iknow.Youdon'tthinkit'swell,doyou?

W:Ididn'tsaythat.Imean,ifyouenjoyit,whynot?WhathappenedtoyouroldTV,anyhow?

M:ItjuststoppedworkinglastFriday.Itwasprettyoldanddidn'tworkwell.IthoughtIcanaffordit.Whynotgetanewone?

W:Itmusthavebeenexpensive?

M:Well,notasmuchasyoumightthink.Igotitonsalefor50%off.

W:Really?Where?

M:AtthestereocityonRoute20.YouknowatfirstIjustwantedtoreplacewhatIhad.ATVofaboutthesamesizeandquality.Butthesalesmantherewaspushingthesebecauseofthe50%off.

W:Yeah.But50%offwhat?

M:2,400dollars.

W:Youspent$1,200onaTV?

M:It'sgotalotofspecialfeatures.Lookatthisremotecontrol.

W:I'msure.Butthat'sstillalotofmoneyforatelevision.Idon'tthinkyouwatchTVthatmuch.

M:WelI,Idon't.(21)DeyouthinkIoughttoreturnit?IfIdoitwithinaweekofpurchase,Icangetmymoneyback.

W:(21)Honestly,yes.(20)IthinkyououghttoreaduponTV'sfirstandchoosethemodelyouwantbeforeyougotothestore.Thatwayyouwillgetwhatyouwant.

M:(21)Ithinkyouareright.

(20)

A.Apopulartelevisionprogram.

B.Abreakthroughintechnology.

C.Arecentpurchase.

D.Anewelectronicsstore.

22.

【B9】

23.(24)

A.Theprofessorwilloftenextendthetimelimitforassignments.

B.Thestudentswillgainextrascoresforhandinginassignmentsaheadoftime.

C.Theprofessorwillpenalizelightlyforlateassignments.

D.Thestudentswilllosescoresbythedayforlateassignments.

24.(16)

A.They'llhavetogetsomemorepaint.

B.Theyshouldgetsomeonetohelpthem.

C.Theyshouldn'tdelayanylonger.

D.Theydon'thavetopainttheroomagain.

25.

【B6】

26.听力原文：W:WhenistheearliestflightfromWashingtontoNewYork?

M:Thereisashuttleatsix,andifthat'sfull,there'sanotheratseven.

Q:Whatcanbeinferredfromtheconversation?

(19)

A.Thewomanhasachoiceofearlyflights.

B.NotmanyplanesgotoWashington.

C.Thewomanshouldtaketheearlierflight.

D.Thesixo'clockflightisalreadyfilled.

27.(29)

A.Ahourricane'srightafterhiscar.

B.Aqueenbee'shiddeninhiscar.

C.Apoliceman'scar'srunningafterhiscar.

D.Hismumisgoingtopassaway.

28.(22)

A.Becauseshecan'taffordit.

B.Becausenobodyinheruniversityuseit.

C.BecauseithasnoChinesewritingprogram,

D.Becauseshedoesn'tlikeitsappearance.

29.听力原文：Peoplearealwaystalkingabout"theproblemofyouth".Ifthereisone—whichItakeleavetodoubt—thenitisolderpeoplewhocreateit,nottheyoungthemselves.Letusgetdowntofundamentalsandagreethattheyoungareafterallhumanbeings—peoplejustliketheirelders.Thereisonlyonedifferencebetweenanoldmanandayoungone:(33)theyoungmanhasagloriousfuturebeforehimandtheoldonehasasplendidpastbehindhim;andmaybethatiswheretherub(摩擦)is.

WhenIwasateenager,IfeltthatIwasjustyounganduncertain—thatIwasanewboyinahugeschool,andIwouldhavebeenverypleasedtoberegardedassomethingsointerestingasaproblem.(34)Foronething,beingaproblemgivesyouacertainidentity,andthatisoneofthethingstheyoungarebusilyengagedinseeking.

Ifindyoungpeopleexciting.Theyhaveanairoffreedom,andtheydon'thaveadrearycommitmenttomeanambitionsorloveofcomfort.Theyarenotanxioussocialclimbers,andtheyhavenodevotiontomaterialthings.Allthisseemstometolinkthemwithlife,andtheoriginsofthings.It'sasiftheywere,insomesense,cosmicbeingsinviolentandlovelycontrastwithussuburbancreatures.AnthatisinmymindwhenImeetayoungperson.Hemaybeconceited,ill-mannered,presumptuousorfatuous,butIdonotturnforprotectiontodrearyclichesaboutrespectofelders—asifmereagewereareasonforrespect.(35)Iacceptthatweareequals,andIwillarguewithhim,asanequal.ifIthinkheiswrong.

(30)

A.Oldpeoplethinkoftheyoungas"aproblem".

B.Oldpeoplecreatethis"problem"ofagedifference.

C.Oldpeoplehaveapast;youngpeoplehaveafuture.

D.Oldpeopleandyoungpeopleforgettheyareallhumanbeings.

30.听力原文：AmericanmagicianDavidBlaineistobesuspendedinaglassboxovertheRiverThamesinLondonformorethansixweekswithoutfood.The30-year-oldNewYorkerisfamedforspectacularfeatslikebeingfrozeninice.HeistobeplacedinsolitaryconfinementonSeptember5inwhathecalls"themostextremeexerciseinisolationandphysicaldeprivationeverattempted."AgainstthebackgroundofLondon'sTowerBridge,hewillspend44dayssuspendedbyacraneinaclearplasticboxwith"nofood,nocommunicationandnodistractionofanykind."Hewillhaveonetubetogivehimwaterandanotherforurinating."Weareallcapableofinfinitelymorethanwebelieve,"Blainesaid.HisendurancetestwillbecarriedbyebyBritishtelevision.

Blainerosetofamewithhis"streetmagic"displaysinNewYork.ThiswillbethefirsttimetoattemptamajorfeatoutsidetheUnitedStates.OverthelastdecadeBlainehasbecomefamouswithacombinationofbreathtakingmagicandsharppublicityfeats,usingtelevisionspecials,celebrityfriendsandunusualtestsofendurancetoearnmillionsofdollarsandthousandsoffans.InMay2002,forexample,Blaineclimbedan80-footpillar,about25meters,inNewYorkCityandstoodonaplatform.thesizeofalargepizzaboxfor35hoursbeforejumpingintoapileofboxes.Otherrecentfeatshaveincludedstandingfor62hoursinagiantcubeoficein2002andaweek-longstayinaburiedcoffinin1999.Allwereshownliveontelevision.

(33)

A.Becausethewavescomingfromthecenterofaquakecanspreadtotheseplaces.

B.Becausetherearethethicknessofrocksmakinguptheearth'scrust.

C.Becausesomepartsoftheeartharemorelikelytohavequakesthanothers.

D.Because-mountainousareasareeasytohaveearthquakes.

31.(35)

A.Bonestructure.

B.Smellability.

C.Birthmode.

D.Recoverabilityagainstdisease.

32.(25)

A.Amancarefulwithmoney.

B.Abook-lover.

C.Anoisyreader.

D.Atrouble-maker.

33.(45)

34.听力原文：Overthepastdecade,theenvironmentalmovementhasexplodedontothemindsofmainstreamconsumers,afactnotlostonmarketersandadvertisers.Greenadvertisingstartedinthemid-1980swhenissuesoftheenvironmentmuscledtheirwaytotheforefrontofmarketing.Advertiserssawtheconsumerdesireforenvironmentallysafeproductsandtriedtomeetthedemandasquicklyaspossible.Notsurprisingly,thisfirstwavesufferedfromroughandpoorlyconceivedmarketingefforts.Manyadvertisersembracedagenuineconcernfortheenvironment.Butconsumersrealizedthatsomecompaniesmadefalseclaimsandexploitedthemovement,usingsuchambiguoustermsas"environmentallyfriendly"and"green."Consumersgrewwaryofenvironmentalappeals,andadvertisersreactedbyreducingitsemphasis.In1992theFederalTradeCommissionestablishedguidelines,forgreenmarketing,followedshortlybystategovernments.CaliforniaPassedparticularly:strictlaws,settingdefinitionsfortermslike"ozonefriendly","biodegradable",and"recycled".Accordingtothestate'scourt,"Californiaseekstoguardagainstpotentiallyinaccurateclaimsorecologicalboostaboutproductswithminimalenvironmentalattributes."Texas,Massachusetts,Minnesota,Tennessee,Connecticut,andWashingtonsoonfollowedtheGoldenState'slead.Therigidregulationshaveleftanumberofadvertisersconfusedandfrustrated,althoughsomefeelthatenvironmentalclaimshavealreadypeakedandareontheirwayout,Somebelievethatwe'venowenteredgreenadvertising'sthirdwave,duringwhichenvironmentalconcernispartofthemainstream,too.

(33)

A.Theywereexpensive.

B.Noonebelievesthem.

C.Theywereunsuccessful.

D.Theywereoftendeceptive.

35.

【B3】

36.(17)

A.Fatheranddaughter.

B.Motherandson.

C.Teacherandpupil.

D.Doctorandpatient.

37.听力原文：Throughouthistorymanhaschangedhisphysicalenvironmentinordertoimprovehiswayoflife.

Withthetoolsoftechnologyhehasalteredmanyphysicalfeaturesoftheearth.Hehastransformedwoodlandsintofarmland,andmadelakesandreservoirsoutofriversforirrigationpurposesorhydroelectricpower.Manhasalsomodifiedthefaceoftheearthbydrainingmarshesandcuttingthroughmountainstobuildroadsandrailways.

However,man'schangestothephysicalenvironmenthavenotalwayshadbeneficialresults.Today,pollutionoftheairandwaterisanincreasingdangertothehealthoftheplanet.Eachdaythousandsoftonsofgasescomeoutoftheexhaustsofmotorvehicles;smokefromfactoriespollutestheairofindustrializedareasandthesurroundingareasofcountryside.Theairincitiesisbecomingincreasinglyunhealthy.

Thepollutionofwaterisequallyharmful.Inthesea,pollutionfromoilisincreasingandiskillingenormousnumbersofalgae(averysimpleplantwithoutstemsorleavesthatgrowsinornearwater),fishandbirds.Thewholeecologicalbalanceoftheseaisbeingchanged.Thesameproblemexistsinrivers,Industrialwasteshavealreadymademanyriverslifeless.

Conservationistsbelievethatitisnownecessaryformantolimitthegrowthoftechnologyinordertosurviveonearth.

(30)

A.Betteringhiswayoflife.

B.Improvinghissurroundings.

C.Modifyingthefaceoftheplanet.

D.Alteringthephysicalfeaturesoftheearth.

38.SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.

听力原文：Ifyou'reinchargeofaproject,thekeytosuccessisgettingeveryonetohelpyou.Asadirector,Isuggest,IgentlypushtheactorsinthedirectionIwantthemtogo.

Inthe1986movieNothinginCommon,JackieGleason'scharacter.MaxBasner,getsfiredfromhisjobasaclothingsalesman.Thescene,shotonaboat,showsMax'shopelessnessaboutbeingoutofwork.IwaslookingforsomewaysthatwouldallowMaxtoshowhisfeelings.

JackiehadfarmoreexperienceateverythingthanIdid,andatfirstIwasfrightened.WhatcouldIpossiblytell"TheGreatOne"aboutacting?OutoffearIdecidedtodirectbysuggestion,andIsatdownwithGleasontotalkaboutthescene."SoMaxissad,right?"Isaid.Gleasonnodded.

"Andhe'sprobablystillcarryinghispenswithhisnameonthem--theonesheusedtohandouttohiscustomers,right?"Gleasonnodded.

"Sowhatwouldyouwanttodowiththepensafteryouwerefired?"

Hewassilentforamoment."Whydon'tIthrowthemoverboard?"

Istoodupandturnedtowardthecrew."Hey,everybody,Jackiehasawonderfulidea.Let'sshootit."

Afterfilmingthescene,Gleasoncalledmeoverandsaidwithasmile,"Garry,whatkindofwonderfulideaamIgoingtohavetomorrow?"

Youandyourteamcandiscovertheanswerstoproblemstogether.Whentherearenoprizesorgoldstarsforthosewhogetthesolutionfirst,you'llallbenefitwheneverythingturnsoutright.

(27)

A.Makeeveryoneworkforyou.

B.Geteveryonetohelpyou.

C.Letpeopleknowyouhavethefinalsay.

D.Keepgivingorderstoeveryone.

39.【B7】

40.

【B8】

三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20题)41.WhatdidClotfelter'sstudyrevealabouttheextracurricularactivities?

A.Mostofthemwereexclusivetowhiteandrichstudentsonly.

B.Theycontributedtotheformingofinterracialfriendships.

C.Theydidn'thelpeliminateracialsegregationasexpected.

D.TheyseemedtobeneglectedbyAmericanschooldistricts.

42.Accordingtothepassage,inthejobmarket,workersbornafter1980

A.earnmuchmorethantheirpredecessors

B.havebeenaffectedbytheeconomicdownturn

C.gainacompetitiveedgewithgoodeducation

D.areundoubtedlyidealworkersfortheeconomy

43.

Whichofthefollowingismentionedinthepassage?

A.Astrictlawagainstcomputercrimesmustbeenforced.

B.Companiesneedtoimposerestrictiononconfidentialinformation.

C.Companieswillguardagainstcomputercrimestoprotecttheirreputation.

D.Companiesusuallyhesitatetouncovercomputercrimes.

44.

Developingchildren'sself-confidencehelpsbringthemuptobe______.

45.

【C4】

46.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

OnaNovemberdayin1999,FrederickMiller,terminallyillwithlungandbraincancer,ateabowlofapplesaucelacedwithbarbiturates(巴比委酸盐).Ninetyminuteslater,withhiswifeNorabyhisside,the52-year-olddiedpeacefully.

ThatsceneoccurredinPortland,Oregon,wheresince1997ithasbeenlegalforadoctortoprescribeafatalcocktailofdrugstopatientswhoareterminallyill.Butthatlaw,theDeathwithDignityAct,hasbeenhotlydebatedformostofitsexistence.In2001JohnAshcroft,thenattorney-generaloftheUnitedStates,claimedthatprescribingdrugstoendlifewasnota"legitimatemedicalpurpose".Thisstartedlegalskirmishing(小冲突)thatlandedtheOregonlawbeforetheSupremeCourt.Butforthemomenttheoptiontotakeone'sownlife,withadoctor'shelp,staysopen.OnJanuary17ththeSupremeCourtruled6-3thatOregoncouldkeepitsassisted-suicidelaw.

Thedecisiondependedlargelyonwhetherstatesorthefederalgovernmentshouldcontrolhowdoctorsdotheirwork.Themajorityofjusticesdecidedthatstatesshould.Butformostpeople,includingthedissenting(持不同意见的)judges,thelegaltechnicalitiesweresecondarytothebiggerquestionofwhetherdoctorsoughttohelppeopleendtheirlives.

OpponentsofOregon'slawinsistthatitissimplylegalizedmurder.Othersseethelawasappropriate,evenenlightened,givingdyingpatientsamuch-neededchoicewhenheroicmedicalprocedurescannothelp."It'snotasifphysician-assistedsuicideisn'thappeningelsewhereinthecountry,"saysTimothyQuill,adoctorandprofessorattheUniversityofRochesterinNewYork."ButinOregonit'soutintheopen,soyoudon'thavepatientsaskingquestionsinsecret,anddoctorsgivingadviceinsecret."

Anothersupporter,ArthurCaplan,thedirectoroftheCenterforBioethics(生物伦理学)attheUniversityofPennsylvania,saysthereisnoevidencethatOregon'slawhasbeenusedto"kill"anyone:"Criticshavebeendesperatetofindsomeonewhotookfataldrugsandwasimhalancedornotterminallyillbuttheyhaven'tbeenableto."HepointstotheprudenceexhibitedbyOregonians,withonly238peopleusingprescribeddrugstoendtheirlives.

ForthosewhouseOregon'slawandtheirsurvivors--suchasFrederickMiller'swidow,NoratheDeathwithDignityActsimplymakessense.HersisterrecentlydiedofcancerinFlorida,anexperiencemorepainfulandemotionallywearingthanFrederick'splanneddeath."WhenRickdiedhewascalmandcomfortable,"saysMsMiller,whonowlivesinPhoenix."Whenhetookthedrugshisbodywasready,andhefelldeeplyasleepalmostimmediately.IjusthopeIhavethatoption,ifIneedit,whenthetimecomes."

FromthefirstparagraphwemayinferthatFrederickMiller______.

A.illwithlungandbraincancer

B.ateabowlofapplesaucelacedwithbarbiturates

C.killedhimselfwithhiswifeNora'shelp

D.chosetotakehisownlifepeacefully

47.

Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?

A.AnEconomicMisfortune

B.TheHarmofJoblessness

C.AnScientificResearch

D.HowtoTreatTheUnemployed

48.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

Imagineaworldinwhichtherewassuddenlynoemotion-aworldinwhichhumanbeingscouldfeelnoloveorhappiness,noterrororhate.Trytoimaginetheconsequencesofsuchatransformation.Peoplemightnotbeabletostayalive:knowingneitherjoynorpleasure,anxietynorfear,theywouldbeaslikelytorepeatactsthathurtthemasactsthatwerebeneficial.Theycouldnotlearn:theycouldnotbenefitfromexperiencebecausethisemotionlessworldwouldlackrewardsandpunishments.Societywouldsoondisappear:peoplewouldbeaslikelytoharmoneanotherastoprovidehelpandsupport.Humanrelationshipswouldnotexist:inaworldwithoutfriendsorenemies,therecouldbenomarriage,affectionamongcompanions,orbondsamongmembersofgroups.Society'seconomicunderpinnings(支柱)wouldbedestroyed:sinceearning$10millionwouldbenomorepleasantthanearning$10,therewouldbenoincentivetowork.Infact,therewouldbenoincentivesofanykind.Forswewillse,incentivesimplyacapacitytoenjoythem.

Insuchaworld,thechancesthatthehumanspecieswouldsurvivearenexttozero,becauseemotionsarethebasicinstrumentofoursurvivalandadaptation.Emotionsstructuretheworldforusinimportantways.Asindividuals,weCategorizeobjectsonthebasisofouremotions.Trueweconsiderthelength,shape,size,ortexture,butanobject'sphysicalaspectsarelessimportantthanwhatithasdoneorcantous-hurtus,surpriseus,angerusormakeusjoyful.Wealsousecategorizationscoloredbyemotionsinourfamilies,communities,andoverallsociety.Outofouremotionalexperienceswithobjectsandeventscomesasocialfeelingofagreementthatcertainthingsandactionsare"good"andothersare"bad",andweapplythesecategoriestoeveryaspectofoursociallife-fromwhatfoodsweeatandwhatclothesweweartohowwekeeppromisesandwhichpeopleourgroupwillaccept,Infact,societyexploitsouremotionalreactionsandattitudes,suchasloyalty,morality,pride,shame,guilt,fearandgreed,inordertomaintainitself.Itgiveshighrewardstoindividualswhoperform.importanttaskssuchassurgery,makesheroesoutofindividualsofusesthelegaldangerousachievementssuchasflyingfighterplanesinawar,andusesthelegalandpenal(刑法的)systemtomakepeopleafraidtoengageinantisocialacts.

Thereasonwhypeoplemightnotbeabletostayaliveinaworldwithoutemotionisthat______.

A.theywouldnotbeabletotelltextureofobjects

B.theywouldnotknowwhatwasbeneficialandwhatwasharmfultothem

C.theywouldnotbehappywithalifewithoutlove

D.theywoulddothingsthathurteachother'sfeelings

49.Mathematicalabilityandmusicalabilitymaynotseemonthesurfacetobeconnected,butpeoplewhohaveresearchedthesubject--andstudiedthebrain--saythattheyare.Threequartersofthebrightbutspeech-delayedchildreninthegroupIstudiedhadacloserelativewhoplayedamusicalinstrument.Thechildrenthemselvesusuallytookreadilytomathandotheranalyticalsubjectandtomusic.

Black,whiteandAsianchildreninthisgroupshowthesamepatterns.However,itisclearthatblackshavebeengreatlyoverrepresentedinthedevelopmentofAmericanpopularmusicandgreatlyunderrepresentedinsuchfieldsasmathematics,scienceandengineering.

Iftheabilitiesrequiredinanalyticalfieldsandinmusicaresocloselyrelated,howcantherebethisgreatdiscrepancy?Onereasonisthatthedevelopmentofmathematicalandothersuchabilitiesrequiresyearsofformaltraining,ashashappenedwithanumberofwell-knownblackmusicians.

Itispreciselyinthosekindsofmusicwhereonecanacquiregreatskillwithoutformaltrainingthatblackshaveexcelled,popularmusicratherthanclassicalmusic,pianoratherthanviolin,bluesratherthanopera.Thisisreadilyunderstandable,giventhatmostblacks,formostofAmericanhistory,havenothadeitherthemoneyortheleisureforlongyearsofformalstudyinmusic.

BlackshavenotmerelyheldtheirowninAmericanpopularmusic.Theyhaveplayedadisproportionatelylargeroleinthe