环境学智慧树知到答案章节测试2023年西安建筑科技大学

第一章测试Ecosystemisaregioninwhichtheorganismsandthephysicalenvironmentforma(an)________________unit.（）

A:harmonized

B:physical

C:interacting

D:symbiotic

答案:CWildernessistheareawith________________humaninfluence.()

A:many

B:minimal

C:maximal

D:much

答案:BEnvironmentalscienceisan(a)________________fieldthatincludesbothscientificandsocialaspectsofhumanimpactontheworld.()

A:traditional

B:independent

C:important

D:interdisciplinary

答案:DEnvironmentalissuesdonotnecessarilycoincidewithartificialpoliticalboundaries.（）

A:错

B:对

答案:BEnvironmentiseverythingthataffectsanorganismduringitslifetime.（）

A:对

B:错

答案:AEnvironmentalscienceisaninterrelatedareaofstudythatincludesbothappliedandtheoreticalaspectsofhumanimpactontheworld.（）

A:错

B:对

答案:BManyenvironmentalproblemshavebecomeglobalinnature.（）

A:对

B:错

答案:ASustainabledevelopmentisdevelopmenttomeetthepresentneedswithoutsacrificingtheneedsoffuturegenerations（）

A:对

B:错

答案:A第二章测试Riskisthe________________thataconditionoractionwillleadtoaninjury,damage,orloss.()

A:consequence

B:chance

C:possibility

D:probability

答案:DRiskassessmentistheuseof________________toestimatetheprobabilityofharmtohumanhealthortheenvironment.()

A:theoriesandtechnologies

B:modelsandequations

C:measurementsandanalyses

D:factsandassumptions

答案:DRenewableresourcesinclude_______________.()

A:vegetation,

B:water

C:Soil

D:fossilfuels

答案:ABCRiskmanagementisadecision-makingprocessofweighingpolicyalternativesandselectingthemostappropriateregulatoryaction.（）

A:对

B:错

答案:ANegligibleriskisthezerorisk.（）

A:对

B:错

答案:BLifecycleanalysisistheprocessofassessingtheenvironmentaleffectsassociatedwiththeproduction,use,reuse,anddisposalofaproductoveritsentireusefullife.（）

A:错

B:对

答案:BAirpollution,waterpollution,plantandanimalextinctions,depletionofaresourceareallexampleoftheenvironmentalcostsofresourceexploitation.（）

A:对

B:错

答案:ACost-benefitanalysisisanunformalprocessftodeterminewhetherapolicygeneratesmoresocialcoststhansocialbenefits.（）

A:对

B:错

答案:B第三章测试Naturalselectionistheprocessthatdetermineswhichindividualswithinaspecieswill______________________thenextgeneration.（）

A:generatetheirgenesfor

B:reproduceandpasstheirgenesto

C:growandpasstheirgenesto

D:producetheiroffspringfor

答案:BClimaxcommunityistherelative________________communitythattheresultofsuccession.（）

A:stableandlarge

B:stableandshort-term

C:stableandconstant

D:stableandlong-lasting

答案:DCommensalismistherelationshipbetweenorganismsinwhichoneorganismbenefitswhiletheotheris___________.（）

A:hurt

B:muchaffected

C:damaged

D:notaffected

答案:DKeystonespeciesarethespeciesthathaveacriticalroletoplayinthemaintenanceofspecificecosystems.（）

A:对

B:错

答案:AAnecosystemapproachisimportanttodealingwithenvironmentalproblems.（）

A:对

B:错

答案:ANicheisthefunctionalroleanorganismhasinitssurroundings(itsprofession).（）

A:对

B:错

答案:ASuccessionistheconceptthatcommunitiesproceedthroughaseriesofrecognizable,predictablechangesinstructureovertime.（）

A:对

B:错

答案:AAcommunityistheabioticportionofanecosystemthatisasettingofinteractingpopulationsoforganisms.（）

A:对

B:错

答案:B第四章测试Apopulationcanbedefinedasagroupofindividualsofthe____________speciesinhabitinganarea.()

A:different

B:small

C:special

D:same

答案:DExponentialgrowthphaseisthestageonatypicalpopulationgrowthcurvewhentheoffspringofaspeciesbegintomateandhaveyoungwhiletheparentsmaybeproducingasecondsetofoffspring,whichresultsinapopulationincreaseata(an)_______________rate.()

A:decreasing

B:accelerating

C:constant

D:stable

答案:B____________isthenumberofindividualsofaspeciesthatcanbemaintainedinanarea,overtime,withoutharmingthehabitat.()

A:Sustainability

B:Vulnerability

C:Carryingcapacity

D:Population

答案:CK-strategistsareorganismsthattypicallyreachastablepopulationasthepopulationreachesthecarryingcapacity.（）

A:对

B:错

答案:Ar-strategistsareorganismsthattypicallyexploitsunstableenvironments.（）

A:错

B:对

答案:BAgedistributionisthenumberofindividualsofeachageinthepopulationwhichinfluencesgreatlytherateofpopulationgrowth.（）

A:对

B:错

答案:APopulationdensityisthetotalofpeopleinacountry,whichdoesnotrelatethesizeofthepopulationtotheresourcesavailable.()

A:错

B:对

答案:ATotalfertilityrateisthenumberofchildrenbornperwomaninherlifetime.（）

A:对

B:错

答案:A第五章测试Biodiversityisthe__________ofgenes,species,andecosysteminaregion.（）

A:richness

B:quantity

C:diversity

D:number

答案:CEndangeredspeciesarethespeciesthathavesuchsmallnumbersthattheyareinimmediatejeopardyofbecoming__________.（）

A:fainter

B:weaker

C:smaller

D:extinct

答案:DThevaluesofbiodiversityinclude__________()

A:biologicalandecosystemservicevalues

B:ethicalvalues

C:directeconomicvalues

D:novalues

答案:ABCTheprimarycausesofbiodiversitylossarehabitatlossbyhumansconvertingecosystemstoagricultureandgrazing,overoverexploitationbyharvestingspeciesatunsustainablelevels.（）

A:错

B:对

答案:BExtinctionisthedeathofspecies,theeliminationofalltheindividualsofaparticularkind.（）

A:错

B:对

答案:BDesertificationistheprocessofconvertingaridandsemiaridlandtodesertbecauseofimproperusebyhumans.（）

A:错

B:对

答案:BProtectionofbiodiversitytypicallyinvolvestwokindsofactivities:legalprotectionandmanagementoftheuseofspeciesandecosystemsatsustainablelevels.（）

A:对

B:错

答案:ADeforestationmeansforest-protectionactivities.（）

A:对

B:错

答案:B第六章测试Soilisanorganizedmixtureof__________.（）

A:airandwater

B:organicmaterial

C:allofabove

D:minerals

E:livingorganisms

答案:CWeatheringprocessisveryimportantforsoilformation.Twokindsofweatheringprocessinlcude__________.（）

A:biologicalweatheringandchemicalweathering

B:mechanicalweatheringandchemicalweathering

C:biologicalweatheringandmechanicalweathing

D:naturalweatheringandchemicalweathering

答案:BSoilprofileisaseriesof__________layersofdifferentchemicalcomposition,physicalproperties,particlesize,andamountoforganicmatter.（）

A:prone

B:flat

C:horizontal

D:vertical

答案:CSoilerosionistheremovalandtransportationofsoilby__________.（）

A:humanbeings

B:waterandwind

C:organisms

D:rainandsnow

答案:BGenerally,soilerosioncandividedinto__________.（）

A:winderosionandwatererosion

B:winderosionandartificialerosion

C:artificialerosionandtechnicalerosion

D:watererosionandtechnicalerosion

答案:AA“good”agriculturalsoilisabout45%mineral,25%air,25%water,and5%organicmatter.（）

A:错

B:对

答案:BThefactorstoexplainhowsoilsformedandtopredictwheredifferentsoilsmayoccurincludeparentmaterial,climate,topography,biologicalfactors,andtime.（）

A:错

B:对

答案:BClaysoilleadstoextremeleaching.Andwaterdrainsfromthiskindofsoilveryquickly.（）

A:对

B:错

答案:BMostplantsgrowwellinsoilswithapHbetween8and9.（）

A:对

B:错

答案:BSomeconservationpracticesincludecontourfarming,stripfarming,terracing.（）

A:对

B:错

答案:AOnverysteepland,theonlypracticalmethodofpreventingsoilerosionistoconstructterraces.Terraceisakindofstripterraceorwavycross-sectionfieldbuiltalongthecontourlineonthehillyandhillsideland.（）

A:错

B:对

答案:BRegularadditionsoforganicmatterimprovesoilstructure,enhancewater-andnutrient-holdingcapacity,protectsoilfromerosionandcompaction,andsupportahealthycommunityofsoilorganisms.Themethodsthatincreaseorganicmatterincludeusingnutrient,leavingcropresiduesinthefield,applyingmanureorcompost,usinglow-orno-tillagesystems,andmulching.（）

A:对

B:错

答案:ASoilconservationpracticesinclude__________.（）

A:terracing

B:windbreaks

C:conservationtillage

D:waterways

E:stripfarming

F:contourfarming

答案:ABCDEF第七章测试Theoceans,whichcoverapproximately__________percentoftheearth’ssurface,containover__________percentofitswater.However,__________cannotbeconsumedbyhumansorusedformanyindustrialprocesses.（）

A:7097saltwater

B:7097freshwater

C:9770freshwater

D:9770saltwater

答案:A__________percentofwaterusedbyindustryisforcooling.Ifthewaterheatedintheindustrialprocessisdischargeddirectlyintoawatercourse,itsignificantlychangesthe__________.（）

A:90waterflow

B:70watertemperature

C:90watertemperature

D:70waterflow

答案:CMunicipalwaterpollutionconsistsofthreesources:__________,__________and__________.（）

A:agriculturalwastewaterindustrialwastewaterdomesticwastewater

B:organicpollutioninorganicpollutionbiologicalpollution

C:storm-waterrunoffindustrialwastewaterdomesticwastewater

D:pointsourcenon-pointsourceothersource

答案:CAlllivingorganismsarecomposedofcellsthatcontainatleast60percentwater.Furthermore,theirmetabolicactivitiestakeplaceinawatersolution.（）

A:对

B:错

答案:AGlobalfreshwaterresourcesarenotthreatenedasagingpopulationsneedlesswaterfordrinking,hygiene,sanitation,foodproductionandindustry.（）

A:错

B:对

答案:AThegreatertheporosity,themorewatersoilcancontain.（）

A:对

B:错

答案:AAconfinedaquiferisboundedonboththetopandbottombylayersthatareimpervioustowaterandissaturatedwithwaterunderlower-than-atmosphericpressure.（）

A:错

B:对

答案:AMuchofthewaterusedforirrigationislosttoevaporationandevapotranspirationorisremovedwiththecropwhenitisharvested.Therefore,muchofthewaterwithdrawnforirrigationisconsumed.（）

A:对

B:错

答案:AHumanactivitiescansignificantlyimpactevaporation,runoff,andinfiltration.Whenwaterisusedforcoolinginpowerplantsortoirrigatecrops,therateofevaporationisincreased.Accordingtothissituation,weshouldstopirrigationorusingindustrialcirculatingcoolingwaterinsocietytoreducetheinfluenceofhumanactivitiesonhydrologiccycle.（）

A:错

B:对

答案:AWatersuppliesaredistributedunevenlyaroundtheworld,withsomeareascontainingabundantwaterandothersamuchmorelimitedsupply.Inwaterbasinswithhighwaterdemandrelativetotheavailablerunoff,waterscarcityisagrowingproblem.Sowateravailabilitywillbeoneofthemajorchallengesfacinghumansocietyandthatlackofwaterwillbeoneofthekeyfactorslimitingdevelopment.（）

A:错

B:对

答案:BWaterpollutionoccurswhensomethingenterswaterthatchangesthenaturalecosystemorinterfereswithwaterusebysegmentsofsociety.Ingeneral,waterpollutantscanbedividedintoseveralbroadcategories.Theyare__________.（）

A:nutrients

B:toxicchemicals

C:physicalparticles

D:disease-causingorganisms

E:floatingdust

F:dissolvedorganicmatters

答案:ABCDF第八章测试________layerinatmosphereistheplacewherewearelivingin?（）

A:Stratosphere

B:Troposphere

C:Mesosphere

D:Thermosphere

答案:BThetemperaturedeclines________℃inaverageforeverykilometerabovethesurface.（）

A:10

B:6

C:2.4

D:4

答案:BOver70%ofSulfurdioxidereleasedintotheatmosphereisfrom_________.（）

A:Automobile

B:Powerplant

C:Volcano

答案:BTheprimarypollutantsincludingCO,VOCs,PM,SO2,andNOxisverystableaftertheyaredischargedintotheopenair.（）

A:错

B:对

答案:AThestratospherecontainsallthewatervaporoftheatmosphere.（）

A:对

B:错

答案:BCoarseparticlescanirritaterespiratorypassagesandaccumulatedeepinthelungs,andreducetheabilityofthelungstoexchangegases.（）

A:对

B:错

答案:BPhotochemicalsmog,isapollutantsmixtureincluding________________,________________,and_____________fromtheinteractionofnitrogendioxide,nitrogenmonoxide,andVOCswithsunlightinawarmenvironment.（）

A:peroxyacetylnitrates

B:PM

C:Ozone

D:aldehydes

答案:ACD第九章测试Solidwasteinclude_________.（）

A:municipalsolidwaste

B:agriculturalsolidwaste

C:allofabove

D:miningsolidwaste

E:industrialsolidsaste

答案:CMethodsofwastedisposalinclude_________.（）

A:recycling

B:allofabove

C:landfill

D:composting

E:incineration

答案:B_________hasbeenthecheapestmethodsofsolidwastedisposal.（）

A:landfill

B:composting

C:incineration

D:recycling

答案:ACompostinguses_________processestotransformorganicmaterialintocompost.（）

A:Natural

B:Industrial

C:Chemical

D:biological

答案:DAmodernsanitarylandfillisaself-containedunitthatisseparatedfromthesoilbyimpermeablemembranesandsealedwhenfilled.Methanegasandgroundwaterarecontinuouslymon