英语B级语法总结

..可修编-首先词性部分 .名词的词性转换：-ionsuggestion，action，reaction,solution,permission-ationinvitation,imagination,operation,application,explanation-mentargument,equipment,employment,agreement,arrangement,amusement-ence\anceevidence,confidence,existence,difference,importance,appearanceyhonesty,difficulty,poverty,reality,variety,erreaderrulermanager,follower,oroperatoractoreeemployeetrainee-thgrowthtruthdepth-nesshappiness,illness,sickness,goodness,coldness,fitness,-ilitypossibilityresponsibility-alarrival,withdrawal,disposal,denial-ageshortage,usage,courage,leakage,marriage-iefbelief,relief典型考题：Wehavebeeninformedthatthe(equip) willbearrivinghereintendays.Isincerelythankyouforyour(invite) totheIndustrialExhibitionIamsorrytolearnthatyouhavemadeno(improve) onthedesignatall.Therightsideofthebraincontrolsour(imagine) , ourunderstandingofspaceandcolor.Thereisarapidincreaseinpopulationinthatcountrythathascausedafood(short) .IwastoldthatDisneyWorldisoneofFlorida’smajor(tour) attractions.Therehasbeenalarge(grow) oflightindustriesduringtheseyears.Therewereonlyafew(survive) fromtheair-crash.Themitteeexpectstoetoa(decide) withinthisweek.Thebosshaspromisedawageincreaseforallthe(employ) .KEYequipment2.invitation3.improvement4.imagination5.shortage6.tourist7.growth8.survivors9.decision10.employees—2.形容词的词性转换：.作定语，.作表语，放在系动词的后面。.形容词的比较级和最高级-fulbeautifulwonderfulcareful,thoughtful,useful,-ableacceptablereasonable,reliable,valuable,-lessuselesscareless-ingwillingannoying,entertaining-iveactivecreativeattractive,effective,edpleaseddelightedaltraditionalpersonaladditionallyfriendly，lively,lovely，lonely,fatherly,costly,woodly3.副词的词性转换adv.+v,v+adv.adv.+adjadv,十句子典型考题：.Hewas(serious) injuredintheaccident..“Butwhyonearthdidyouagreetotheproposal?”Iasked(curious) .Whensheheardthatherfatherwas(danger) ill,sheburstintotears.4Thatwas(apparent) acarelessmistakecausedbytheoperator.(Luck) ,theflooddidnotdomuchdamagetothecrops.Thepoorpeasantswere(heavy) taxed.(person) ,Idon’tagreewithyouthoughwearegoodfriends.KEY:1.seriously2.curiously3.dangerously4.apparently5.luckily6.heavily7personaly语法部分I.动词的时态时态是谓语动词的形式，表示动作发生的时间和所处的状态。英语的时态共有十六种。一般时态进行时态 完成时态 完成进行时态现在do/does，am/is/aredoing，have/hasdone， have/hasbeendoing过去did， was/weredoing，haddone， hadbeendoing将来shall/willdo，shall/willbedoing，shall/willhavedone，shall/willhavebeendoing过去将来should/woulddo，should/wouldbedoing，should/wouldhavedone，should/wouldhavebeendoing但其中《大纲》要求的主要有以下十种：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、现在完成进行时。（一）一般现在时.表示经常性的动作和状态，常与always,everyday,never,often,usually,sometimes等频度副词连用；说话时人和事物的特性或状态；客观真理等。Iusuallygotoworkatseveninthemorning.Isthereanythingwrongwithyou?Youlookpale.Theearthmovesroundthesun.I ping-pongquitewell,butIhaven'thadtimetoplaysincethenewyear.A.willplayB.haveplayedC.playedD.play答案选口。本题干后一分句用了转折语气，并用了现在完成时，表示自从新年以来一直没用打过乒乓球，由此排除选项人和心空格处是指含现在时间在的广泛意义上的现在时间。.表示计划或安排中的动作。ThetrainleavesforGuangzhouat2:30p.m..在（亚卜02时间和。。条件状语从句中，表示一般将来时考题1：---Whenwillyouetoseeme,Dad?---Iwillgotoseeyouwhenyou thetrainingcourse.AwillhavefinishedB.willfinishC.arefinishingD.finish考题2：Chinawillbethelargestmarketforautomobilesin20to25yearsifthecountry’seconomy togrowatthecurrentrate.A.continuesB.hascontinuedC.continuedD.hasbeencontinued答案选DA（二）一般过去时.表示过去所发生的动作或状态。MyfriendworkedinBeijingfortwoyears.HewenttoFrancelastyear.---Youhaven'tsaidawordaboutmynewcoat,Brenda.Doyoulikeit?---I'msorryI anythingaboutitsooner.Icertainlythinkit'sprettyonyou.A.wasn'tsayingB.don'tsayC.won'tsayD.didn'tsay答案是D。.过去的习惯。WhenIwasatcollege,Iwenttothelibraryeveryafternoon..先后一连串动作。Theoldladywenttothemarket,boughtsomevegetablesandwenthome..用于虚拟语气Itistimewewenthome.（三）一般将来时表示将来要发生的动作或状态，常与表示将来的时间状语连用1.Will/shall+do（1）表示预见、意图或用在疑问句中征询听话人的意见。Hewillbebacksoon.Ishall/willsendMr.Zhangantomorrow.Willyougotothecinemawithme?It longbeforewe theresultoftheexperiment.A.willnotbe;willknowB.is;willknowC.willnotbe;knowD.is;know答案选C。次题考查一般将来时在固定句型中的运用。（2）表示现在的习惯、需要，预测现在某事可能要发生，或者对将来的事情现在作出决定。Fishwilldiewithoutwater.ShallIhelpyou?Itisteno'clock.Marywillbeinbedbynow.---Whichdressdoyouwant?---I'lltaketheredone.2.其他形式：begoingto+do表示计划、安排，或“最近将来”要发生的事情，还可以描述根据某种迹象表明将要发生的事情。Wearegoingtohaveapartythisevening.Lookattheclouds.It'sgoingtorain.be+doing表示按计划安排即将发生的动作。IamleavingforLondontomorrow.be+todo表示按计划安排即将发生的动作;表示命令、禁止或可能性等。Wearetofinishtheworkbeforefivethisafternoon.过去将来时表示相对于过去某一时间将要发生的动作或状态，常用于宾语从句中。Hewarnedusthatthejourneywouldbeverydangerous.现在进行时表示说话时正在进行的动作或发生的情况。Whatisshedoingnow?2.表示现阶段正在进行的动作或发生的情况。Selectingamobilephoneforpersonaluseisnoeasytaskbecausetechnology sorapidly.A.ischangingB.haschangedC.willhavechangedD.willchange答案选A.表示按计划安排即将发生的动作或状态，通常只限于少数动词。I'vewonaholidayfortwoweekstoFlorida.I mymum.A.amtakingB.havetakenC.takeD.willhavetaken答案选A.过去进行时表示过去某一时间或某一阶段正在进行的动作。Radioshadjustbeeninventedthen,andthepeopleweretalkingaboutsendingpicturesbyelectricity.Iwasattendingameetingthistimeyesterday.ThereportersaidthattheUFO fromeasttowestwhenhesawit.A.wastravelingB.traveledC.hadbeentravelingD.wastotravel答案选A。将来进行时1.表示过去某一时刻或某一阶段正在进行的动作ThistimeonSaturdayIshallbeflyingtoParis.2.有时可以表示预料不久将要发生的动作，比一般将来时显得客气。Anewfilmisonatthecinema.Willyoubeseeingit?现在完成时.表示发生在过去但对现在有影响的动作。IwonderwhyJenny usrecently.Weshouldhaveheardfromherbynow.A.hasn'twrittenB.doesn'twriteC.won'twriteD.hadn'twritten答案选A。.表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在（可能还会继续下去）的动作，常用于延续性动词，多和一段时间状语如since,sofar,,forayear,inrecentyears等连用。.表示将来，用于时间，条件等状语从句中。I‘llgowithyouassoonasIhavefinishedmywork.

.“This/Itisthefirst/secondtimethat…..”句型中，从句的谓语动词常用现在完成时。Thisisthethirdtimetheyhaven’tefortherubbish.（九）过去完成时.表示过去某一时间以前已完成的动作，常于by,before等引导的时间状语连用。HehadbeeninthiscollegeforfiveyearsbeforeIcametostudy.Bytheendoflastmonthwehadlearned2,000Englishwords..在nosooner…than,hardly,when等句型中，主句常用过去完成时，从句则用一般过去时NosoonerhadIenteredtheclassroomwhenthebellrung..在时间和条件从句中代替过去将来时。Thedoctorsaidthepatientwouldsleepdeeplyforabouttwelvehoursuntilthepoisonhadstoppeddoingitsharm..think,hope,intend,mean,expect,want,plan等动词的过去完成时表示过去的愿望，打算，计划等没有实现。Ihadhopedtovisithim,butIwastoobusy.这类动词和不定式连用时可以改为“过去式+不定式的完成式”。Ihopedtohavevisitedhim,butIwastoobusy.（十）现在完成进行时表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在，并可能还会继续下去的动作，常与for,since等引导的时间状语连用。Ihavebeenworkingatthefactoryfornearlytwentyyears.II.动词语态语态是动词的一种形式，说明主语和谓语动词之间的关系。英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。当主语是动作的执行者时，称为主动语态；当主语是动作的承受者时，称为被动语态。被动语态的一般形式(一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时)经常出现在填空题中，较复杂的如非谓语动词的被动语态、被动语态的完成时和进行时、短语动词的被动语态以及含情态动词的被动语态则多出现在选择题中。考试中常见句型：be+动词过去分词be+being+动词过去分词(被动语态的进行时)have/had+been+动词过去分词典型考题：Thesepillsshould(keep) outofthereachofchildren.Whenhearrivedatthehospital,heaskedworriedlywhowas (operate)on.Thehousewiththefurniture(buy) for$50,000lastyear.Anewhospital(build) inourhometownnow.Ifthemedicine(take) intime,itwillbequiteeffective.KEY:1.bekept2beingoperated3wasbought4isbeingbuilt5istaken川.虚拟语气虚拟语气是每次必考的一个项目。根据《基本要求》的规定，大家必须掌握以下几点：1．条件从句中的虚拟语气(1)与现在事实相反：从句If+主语+动词的过去式(be---were)主句主语+should/would/could/might+动词原形(2(2)与过去事实相反：从句if+主语+had+过去分词主句主语+should/would/could/might+have+过去分词(3)主句主语+should/would/could/might+have+过去分词(3)与将来事实相反：从句主句2.省略If的条件句中的虚拟语气If+主语+wereto+动词原形/if+主语+should+动词原形省略+should/would/could/might+动词原形当条件句中出现00eshould,had等时，可以将什省略，把were,should,had放在主语前面。3．固定句式中的虚拟语气(1)demand,suggest,advise,propose等词引导的宾语从句中；(2)It+be+suggested/demanded+that引导的主语从句中；(3)Itis+important/necessary+that从句中；(4)suggestion,proposal引导的同位语从句中；(5)lest(以防),forfearthat(惟恐),incase(以防)引导的从句中；这些从句中谓语动词是由should+动词原形构成，should也可以省略。asifasthoughwish +从句时，如果表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用过去式；如果表示wouldrather与过去事实相反，谓语动词用过去完成时。ifonly(7)It’shigh/abouttime+从句时，从句谓语动词只能用过去时。(8)介词短语可相当于一个条件从句时要用虚拟语气，比如without,but,butfor,otherwise,等。主句+woulddo(表对现在或者将来的虚拟)主句+wouldhavedone(表对过去的虚拟)典型考题：It‘shightimewe somethingtostoproadaccidents.A.didB.aredoingC.willdoD.doIdidn’tseeyourbossatthemeeting.Ifhe(e) ,Iwouldhavetoldhimthenews.Itisadvisedthatwe(sign) anagreementrightafterthediscussion.Isuggestedthathe(refuse) theofferproposedbythatpany.Hetalkedasifhe(do) alltheworkhimself,hutinfactTomandIdidmostofit.KEY:.A2.hade3.(should)sign4.(should)refuse5.haddoneIV.非谓语动词非谓语动词指动词不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词这几种形式，它们在句中不能独立作谓语，可作定语、状语、补语、主语、表语等。动词不定分为带to的不定式和不带to的不定式句中作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语等。动词不定式一般表示动作尚未发生或将要发生。典型考题：thereport,IhandedittoJohn,butshesaidthatGeorgewasthepersontosenditto.A.HavingfinishedB.BeingfinishingC.FinishingD.Tohavefinishedfromlifepressure,manypeoplehavetogoallouttoworkuntiltheyaretiredout.A.SufferingB.TosufferC.BeingsufferedD.Havingsuffered“Susan.Whatwouldyousayifwegotoseethefilmtonight?”“Thankyou,Tony.ButIdon’tthinkitisworth twice.”A.seeingB.toseeC.seeD.seenThemostimportantthinginlifeisagreatgoalplusthedetermination(reach) thegoal.I’mafraidyouhavebeenspeakingtoofasttomakeyourself(understand) .KEY:1.A2.A3.A4toreach5understood考试中常见句型不定式作主语时通常用这种结构It+be+adj.+(forsb.)+todo不定式作定语时，放在被修饰的名词或代词之后，常带不定式作定语的名词有：way,visit,solution,opportunity,effort,determination,etc.不定式与only连用表示未料到的结果。如：Iwenttoseehimonlytofindhimout.(4)一些特殊结构中用不带怕不定式。如：hadbetter,ratherthan,cannotbut等。有些词只能接不定式作宾语。如：want,hope,pretend等。连接副词/代词加不定式结构。如：whattodo,wheretogo等。动名词主要起名词的作用在，在句中主要作主语，宾语，表语等。考试中常见句型有些动词后能接动名词，如：mind,avoid,enjoy等。介词接动名词作宾语某些句型中的动名词运用。如：It'snousedoing…./…havedifficultydoingsth.过去分词和现在分词主要起形容词的作用，在句中作表语、定语、状语等。两者的区别：现在分词与逻辑主语是主动关系，表示动作正在进行，而过去分词与逻辑主语是被动关系，表示动作已完成。在作表语或定语时，现在分词修饰物，过去分词修饰人。熟记以上规律，在遇到分词时，问题基本上可以迎刃而解。\V.动词短语、情态动词及主调一致动词常和其他词类一起构成固定词组，称为短语动词。短语动词一般出现在选择题中，主要考察考生所掌握的词汇的深度和广度，以及是否掌握了某些常用短语动词的含义及用法。因此考生平时应熟知所学过的短语动词，熟练掌握《基本要求》中“词汇表”所列短语动词的含义及用法。情态动词看似简单，但做起来较难。在英语应用能力考试中，主要考查情态动词与完成体的搭配。如：should+have+Ved表示应该发生却没有发生的事；must+have+Ved表示对过去事情的肯定推测；could/might/may/can+have+Ved表示对事情的推测，程度视情态动词而定。主谓一致出现的频率较低，平时稍加注意就可。典型考题：1.Oneofmyforeignfriendsislookingforwardto mycountry.A.visitB.visitingC.havingvisitedD.bevisitingItisthoughttobeawisewaytohavesomemoney foroldage.A.putasideB.takenoffC.giveninD.setoutHowmanyputerswillthepany thisyear?A.turnupB.turnoutC.turnonD.turnoverHisgrandmotherbroughthimup,becausehisparents whenhewasonlyoneyearold.A.passedawayB.passedoutC.passedoffD.passedoverHetoldmethatI bepresentattheceremony.A.couldB.would C.shouldD.mightMaryhasgotafullmarkinthetest.She__Cveryhardallthesedays.A.willworkB.mayworkC.musthaveworkedD.couldhaveworkedKEY：BABACC丫1.倒装句与强调句.倒装句与强调句也是考试中的两个常见项目。考试中常见倒装句句型（1）Neither,nor,so+助动词/情态动词+主语（2）Hardly,never,rarely开头引起的倒装（3）Notonly…butalso;nosooner…than;hardly/scarcely…when等特殊句式引起的倒装（4）虚拟语气中的倒装（前面虚拟语气已讲过）强调句句型It+be+被强调部分+that/who典型考题：1.ItwasinthelabtakenchargeofbyProf.Harvis theydidtheexperiment.（2000-06-A）A.thatB.whenC.whomD.soNotuntilIbegantowork howmuchtimeIhadwasted.（2000-06-B）A.haveIrealizedB.IhaverealizedC.didIrealizeD.Irealized gotinthewheatthanitbegantorainheavily.A.Nosoonerhavethey B.NosoonertheyhaveC.Nosoonerhadthey D.NosoonertheyhadItwasinthatsmallvillage ourpresidentwasborn.A.whichB.whenC.thatD.asKEY:ACCCVII.主从复合句主从复合句主要出现在选择题和翻译题中，是词汇和语法结构中的难点，尽管所考项目均在初、高中涉及过，但因其面广，故学生还是感到吃力。考试中常见句型主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、和同位语从句等名词性从句(2)定语从句中的非限定性定语从句及介词+which从句(3)时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句等状语从句 isknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.A.WhichB.WhatC.AsD.ThatInevermakeapromiseIdon’tintendtokeep,sowhenIsayforever,foreveris Imean.A.whereB.whatC.howD.whyHesuddenlyleftforParisyesterday, wasmorethanwehadexpected.A.that B.what C.whichD.this wokemeupwasaloudcryfromsomeoneinthenextroom.A.HowB.ThatC.WhatD.ThisKEY:CBCC重点谈谈定语从句［基本知识精讲］在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句，也叫形容词性从句。定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。引导词有关系代词who,whom,that,which,whose,as和关系副词when,whereand0卜丫。定语从句的引导词既起引导从句的作用，同时又担任从句的主语、宾语、定