研究方法与论文写作ppt课件市公开课金奖市赛课一等奖课件

研究办法與論文寫作授課老師:游政谷文化大學大氣科學系第1页第1页授課內容1.研究基本概念與論文寫作注意事項(2週)2.學術論文結構與其內容(2~3週)畢業學位論文期刊論文3.英文期刊惯用字詞及使用办法(5週)4.英文論文寫作練習(3~4週)

第2页第2页要學好英文需要一些工具書:1.英漢字典2.漢英字典3.萬用字典4.同義字典5.反義字典6.字詞使用办法相關書籍(較英漢字典例句多)7.Paperreview第3页第3页參考資料：

1.TheCraftofResearch,2nd.W.C.Booth,G.G.Colomb,andJ.M.Williams,1995.2.AMSAuthors’Guide(4th)-美國氣象學會網站可download何謂SCI：ScienceCitationIndex

在台灣地球科學相關期刊中,TAO(地球科學期刊)已被納入SCI成績計算方式：

課堂參與與討論:50%期末考試:50%

第4页第4页甚麼是研究?(分享時間)第5页第5页什麼是研究?(1)發現"問題"(科學問題)(fromdata,phenomena..)

由文獻資料(paper)可知科學問題現階段理解狀況(2)研究办法：a.觀測分析b.數值模擬c.理論研究(少數)(3)结果or新發現：對研究問題作進一步探討

(4)Writing(i.e.,communicationwithothers)第6页第6页寫一篇好論文應該注意哪些事項：(accordingtoguidelinesforMWRreviews)1.Isthestudyanoriginalcontributioninitsfield?(1)思想原創性：(研究)<software>ex:縱然分析資料相同,但研究主題不同或結果不同

(2)分析資料：<hardware>第7页第7页2.Dosetheauthormakeerrorsininference,interpretation,ormathematicalanalysis?是否引用不適當(inappropriate),引用paper須有代表性.其觀念須相符合.須正確詮釋其研究結果.碩士論文一定要正確、適當"描述"(描述為普通說明，而詮釋則含有主觀意思)第8页第8页•在學術界：名＞利ex：居禮夫人•文章投稿審稿問題：Q:審稿者如何找?A:ChiefEditor(1~2位)AssociateEditor(2~5位)Editor(數10位)•"Science"Journal第9页第9页3.Doesthemateriallenditselftoapplicationinit'sfield?

要讓讀者知道文章價值為何?說明文章應用性(在序言提及)第10页第10页4.Istheauthor'spresentationclear,concise(briefandcompact),andwell-organized?

將文章講清楚、簡明呈現出來,避免含混第11页第11页•建議:寫論文前先組織其內容架構,通常論文圖表順序確定後,內容順序大约即可呈現ex:第一章研究動機…第七章結論與未來工作•presentation口頭書面:包含文(text)和圖(figure)•illustration與presentation意思不同、序言著重在圖ex:Figure3illustrates…(figure放句首須大寫,若放句中可縮寫Fig.3)ex:Thesurfaceanalysis,asshowninFig.3,indicates…第12页第12页5.Istheabstractinformative,givingtheessenceoftheresearchinclearterms?摘要應包括主要研究结果或研究办法•摘要是決定别人是否要讀此篇文章關鍵看文章先看摘要和結論,另一方面再看序言、…•Title很主要英文Title是以名詞來取,不允許有動詞存在,但有例外:IsBuoyancyrelativeQuantity?第13页第13页6.DosethepaperfollowtheAMSpolicyontheuseofSIunits(InternationalSystemofUnits)asstatedinthe1992Author'sGuide?標準單位寫法：例：m/s寫成ms-1，而m‧s-1不標準

θe中文寫"相當位溫"英文寫"EquivalentPotentialTemperature"

J焦耳W作功單位：瓦第14页第14页Componentsofascientificarticle

(科學性文章內容組織)1>Abstract(摘要乃全文重點之處)需包括主要結論,還有使用办法摘要盡量簡短扼要.AMS要求摘要長度不得超過250個字不得有數學表示式不得在摘要裡引用别人論文(nocitation),且不能有註腳ex:負渦度1平流顯示…1.2….(註腳)第15页第15页不能出現第一人稱(如Iヽmyヽour…)ex:1.ourobservationsshowedverticalflux(改成Radar,Mesoscale…)ofenergyisveryimportant.2.Wethinkthat…中文改成根據觀測...改成Itissuggestedthat…(認為此事70~80%)Itisproposedthat…(認為此事70~80%)Itisbelievedthat…(認為此事百分之百一定是)Itispossiblethat…(有也许)Itisunlikelythat…(不也许)Itisimpossiblethat…(一定不也许)第16页第16页ex3:“I(orWe)measuredtherainfallratesusing”可改成

“therainfallratesweremeasuredusing…”第17页第17页2>Text(本文主體)—有下列準則:須分為幾個章節(sections)

Text

Section11.Introductionheading(標頭):Section2賦予標頭實際意義Section3…

第18页第18页Section與subsection應根據下面樣式英文部分:

1.Primaryheading加粗.正體

a.Secondaryheading斜體

1)Tertiaryheading正體

(וֹ)Quaternaryheading用羅馬וֹ.斜體(少見)中文部分:一.標題(一)副標題1.副副標題(1)副副副標題2.(二)二.第19页第19页3>Acknowledgments(誌謝)由誌謝可知該研究與哪些人有關,亦可提升文章可讀性與價值

ex:感謝who提供資料或誰幫助過我…期刊論文不須感謝指導老師(因為指導老師通常是作者之一),但學位論文須感謝指導老師盡也许簡短提及主要且需感謝人對研究有直接幫助(寫作或研究)致謝金主和在哪個單位或研究室進行研究第20页第20页4>Appendixes(附錄)此內容不是主要研究主題如繁複數學分析若對讀者有幫助,可放於附錄若超過1個附錄,則須分為"附錄(一)"ヽ"附錄(二)"或"appendixA"ヽ"appendixB"(通常很少超過2個附錄)PS.期刊論文無目錄,學位論文有目錄第21页第21页5>References(參考文獻)-有一定寫法,準則下列:•編排依姓別(lastname)字母先後順序來排,不可給定編號(如.5…)•paper寫法順序:Author(s),publicationyear:Articletitle.Journalname,Volume,pagerange.ex:Carbone(姓-lastname),R(名-用第一個字母代表).,1982:Aseverefrontalrainband.partⅠ:Stormwidehydrodynamicstructure.J.Atmos.Sci.(斜體.簡寫),39(冊.粗體),258-279.第22页第22页外國姓名寫法:名姓ex:姓(lastname,orfamilyname):Yuterfirstname:Sandymiddlename:E.(通常是一個字母)若為第一作者,寫法:Yuter,S.E.,若為第二作者,寫法:S.E.Yuter,若為兩個作者,寫法:Carbone,R.,andS.E.Yuter,(第三作者寫法同第二作者寫法)

第23页第23页期刊全名與簡寫:ex:全名:JournalofAtmosphereSciences簡寫:J.Atmos.Sci.全名:MonthlyWeatherReview簡寫:Mon.Wea.Rev.若為台灣人姓名寫法:ex:Cheng-KuYuYu,C.-K.,ChengKuYuYu,C.,二個作者:Yu,C.-K.,andC.-Y.Hsu,書在參考文獻寫法與paper不同,寫法以下:Author(s),publicationyear:BookTitle.Publisher,totalpages斜體第24页第24页6>FigureCaptions(圖說)每張圖須有圖說,讓讀者不須讀本文內容即可理解圖意思圖編排順序依本文內容提及先後來排編圖技巧:先把圖挑出來分別給圖名字,之後等paper寫完後再給圖編號ex:Fig.SurfaceFig.precipitation碩士論文圖和本文可分開,不硬性規定要放一起,但博士論文須在一起;而paper草稿其圖文多分開,定稿後才耗時處理圖與文編排第25页第25页7>Tables(表)每一張表須照號碼編排,並給予表說表說置於表上方;圖說置於圖下方8>Footnotes(註解)註解須置於該頁頁尾註解須順序編號減低註解使用量,在也许範圍內,盡量將註解內容安插於本文內第26页第26页n(名詞)1.特性.特徵ex:•observedcharacteristics/aspects觀測特徵•observationalaspectsmodelingaspects

•characteristics(內在特徵特性)內在動力方面feature(外在特徵)外在外觀•environmentalcharacteristics環境特徵(不可用environmentalfeature)第27页第27页2.周圍,區域,位置ex:

•duststormsinthevicinityofmountains•Environmentalconditionisunstablealongthefrontanditsvicinity沿著鋒面及其附近環境條件不穩定•region

•

area

強調地理位置

地方副詞所有格.形容鋒面附近westernregioneasternregion第28页第28页•district區••frontalposition(鋒面位置)市區南北為Ave.(Avenue)street第29页第29页3.目ex:•Thescientificobjective(s)ofthisstudyis(are)to…•purpose–較口語話,目較小goal–抱负,目標更大更遠•Oneofthemajorobjectivesofthisstudyisto...•Thisstudyisaimedat…=Thisstudyaimsat…=Itisaimedthat…第30页第30页4.平衡ex:

•Themassandwindfieldsareinbalance.•Iamnotinapositiontotellyouthefinalresult.•Themassfieldbalance(s)thewindfield.•ThermodynamicEquilibriumbe介系詞名詞*介系詞+名詞=形容詞employment第31页第31页5.擾動,變化ex:

•perturbation:ū(mean)+ư(perturbation)•fluctuation•Thermalbubblescanexistinavarietyofform.熱胞存在诸多種形式•Vt與Vi差別:Vt+OVi(check看看需要加a嗎?)第32页第32页6.方向ex:•這鋒面是東西走向:Thefrontisoriented(approximately)east-west.=Orientationofthisfrontisroughlyeast-west.•這鋒面往東在移動:Thisfrontmovedeastward=Thisfrontmovedtowardeast.=Thisfronthadaneastwardmovement.

第33页第33页7.檢視ex:

•Futuredetailedinvestigationisrequiredto(further)improveourunderstandingonthisscientifictopic.8.論點9.部分•segment:強調物理現象較短區段第34页第34页10.長命11.污穢•地面回波groundclutter=contamination12.星號補充:solidlinedashedlinelongdashedlinedottedlinedashed-dottedlinethicksolidlinethinsolidlinelightshadingdarkshading第35页第35页13.繼起,隨後發生事

subsequence(n.)consequenceヽsequencesubsequently(adv.)ex:;subsequently,ex:Asaresult,…=Asaconsequence,…ex:有四張地圖,要說明時間序列可用下句Asequenceofsurfaceanalysisindicates…

兩者不同時間在前時間在後第36页第36页14.儀器instrumentex:觀測儀器observationalinstrument設備equipment15.一致16.障礙物•大氣中常指障礙物barrier乃指山(mountainbarrier)ex:barrierjetex:mountain–parallelwindmaximum,即barrierjetbarrier二維obstacle三維•第37页第37页17.現象單數phenomenon複數phenomenaex:BarrierjetisanimportantphenomenoninTaiwan.ManyweatherphenomenainTaiwanarerelatedtoorographiceffects.第38页第38页18.decent下降updraft(上升)w:較大.尺度較小ascent(上升)w:較小.尺度較大downdraft(下降)decent(下降)通常形容氣流慢慢上升或慢慢下降用ascentヽdecent通常做中小尺度惯用updraft,大尺度多用ascent•ascend(Vt.)第39页第39页19.對流層lowertroposphere(高度<5km)middletroposphere(~5km)4~6kmuppertroposphere(>7~8km)low-to-middletroposphere(2~5km)mid-to-hightroposphere(>=5km)近地面lowlevels(atlowlevels)最低層thelowestlevelnearsurface20.scenario描述整個事件情況,一個事件過程第40页第40页Vt.(動詞)1.預測•realize與visualize之差異2.變寬

•broaden=becomewiderex:Thefrontalzonebroadenedinthenextthreehours.=Thefrontalzonebecamewiderinthenextthreehours.ex:Thefrontalzone(whichis)characterizedbypronouncedtemperaturegradient…第41页第41页3.闡明ex:Wewillelucidatethispoint(moredetailedly)insection4.

•interpret詮釋(v.)interpretation(n.)ex:Increaseintemperatureisinterpretedasaresultofwarmadvection.溫度增长能够詮釋為暖平流結果第42页第42页4.強調ex:Wewillemphasizethislater.ex:Wewillemphasizetheroleofcloudphysicsintheformation/generationofthisphenomenon.我們將要強調雲物理角色在這現象產生5.執行ex:executeaflightmission不可用on第43页第43页6.認為ex:CoastalRangecanbe(reasonably)considered/regardedasatwo-dimensionalbarrier.ex:Inthisstudy,CoastalRangisassumedtobeatwo-dimensionalbarrier.7.推測

•speculation(n.)ex:Toomanyspeculationarefoundinyourpaper.(文章太多推測不好)=Yourpaperisfilledwithspeculations.•conjecture和speculate須以人為主詞第44页第44页8.

允許

ex:Measurementsfromdisdrometerallowustostudythe(characteristicof)drop-sizedistributions.ex:Dual-Dopplersynthesispermitsadetailedexaminationofthreedimensionalwindfields.=Measurementsfromdisdrometerpermittheinvestigationofdrop-sizedistribution.

•permission(n.)權限,允許

ex:Youcannotentermyroomwithoutmypermission.*allow+o.+to<o.>第45页第45页9.顯示句型:…indicatethat…

ex:AnalysisfromFig.8indicatesthatwarmadvectionisveryimportantintriggeringconvection.=AnalysisfromFig.8indicates/shows/revealstheimportance/significanceofwarmadvectionontriggeringconvection.名詞子句第46页第46页10.促進•improveourunderstanding=exploreourknowledgeex:Themainobjectiveofthisstudyistoimproveourunderstandingofduststorm.11.幫助ex:Thisresearchisproceededwiththeaidofanumericalmodel.•paper中通常以helpful(adj.)出現ex:Aconvectiveunstableenvironmentishelpful/favorableforthedevelopmentof

deepconvection.=canhelp第47页第47页12.展示ヽ圖示•displayヽillustrate圖示•illustrate亦可用在意念展示•demonstrate通惯用於意念展示ヽ證明ex:Thisstudyhasdemonstratedthat…但不可用Thisstudyhasdisplayedthat…

第48页第48页13.建議ヽ提出ヽ記載ヽ報告•suggest主詞可為人或物,但propose主詞須為人•propose有建議ヽ提出意思ex:Cheng-Kupresentsoninterestingconcept.•stateヽnoteヽreport表較不重視表明ex:Tun-chengnotes/statesthisinformationinhisbook.•present(adj.)存在ex:Thecodeadvectionwaspresentinthelowest1km.第49页第49页14.詳述•detailedly(adv.)•indetail=detailedly15.代表ex:Light(dark)shadingrepresentstheregionsofupward(downward)motions.16.描述ex:Fig.10isdescribed/depictedtoexplaintheroleofstaticstability.第50页第50页17.檢視•investigatestudyex:ThisstudywilldocumentthestructureandevolutionofasqualllineoccurringinTaiwan.•數值模式論文用investigate觀測模式論文用document•documentation(n.)18.獲得ex:Dual-Dopplersynthesiscanallowustoobtainthreedimensionalwindinformation.第51页第51页19.建立•觀念上建立用establish;build和construct用於實體建立ex:Theconceptofairparcelhadbeenestablishedbefore1960.20.推導ヽ反求ex:Themoistureinformationusedinthisstudyisretrievedfromsatellitedata.•driveヽdeduce…infer後接介系詞from•thermodynamicalretrieval(熱力反演法)第52页第52页21.減小ex:Theerrorisreduced/mitigatedbyusingdetailedobservations.•…tomitigatetheproblem.(只能減輕不能移除掉)(remove)第53页第53页22.限制ex:Thelayerofinstabilitywasconfinedtothelowest2km.•restrictヽlimit惯用於思想上侷限ex:Ourunderstandingonthisscientifictopicisverylimitedbecauseofthelackofobservation.ex:Thelayerofinstabilitywaspresentbetween850mband700mb.ex:Theinstabilitywasconfinedtoashallowlayerbetween700mband750mb.通惯用於空間上侷限第54页第54页23.產生•cause(vt.n.)ex:Thecauseofformationisstillquestional.ex:Warmadvectionispossiblytogenerate/produce/createlarge-scaleverticalmotions.•originate…from/in…(來源)ex:StrongwindsandlowmountainscanyieldalargeFroudeNumber(Fr).=StrongwindsandlowmountainscanyieldaFrof3.第55页第55页24.評估ex:(主動)Thisstudywillevaluaterelativeimportancetermsinthermodynamicequation.=Thisstudywillevaluaterelativemagnitudesoftermsinthermodynamicequation.=(被動)Relativeimportanceoftermsinthermodynamicequationwillbeevaluatedin

thisstudy.(在序言用willbe)若此句用在結論須將willbe改成hasbee第56页第56页25.需要ヽ需求26.經營27.改變ex:Theconvectiveheatingaltersthedistributionofwinds.=Thedistributionofwindshasbeen/was/isalteredbytheconvectiveheating.=Thedistributionofwindsisalteredduetoconvectiveheating.因為ヽ由於第57页第57页28.加強•訊號加強放大或過程加強可用amplifyex:Precipitationwasenhancedovermountainslopesduetoupslopeforcing.(降水在斜坡被加強由於上坡風影響)•某東西隨時間加強用intensify,但不能用enhance29.尋求ex:Toseekapossiblecause,Eq8iscalculated.第58页第58页30.消散31.減弱•weakenintensifyex:Theintensityofthepolarlowwasweakening.•減弱並非是消散,而減弱到某種程度才是消散32.拉長ex:Theelongatedpressuretroughlay~200km

southofTaiwan.反過去分詞當adj.用形容同about第59页第59页33.維持•maintainex:Stratiformprecipitationpersisted~3hrafterfrontalpassage.34.含有ヽ存在ex:Thecoldfrontexhibitsstrongtemperaturegradient.第60页第60页35.消去•appeardisappear•在數學上可用disappear表消去•片語:…Itappearsthat….(有此事;對你而言是了解)=…Itseemsthat…(似乎是…)•Itseemstomethat…(…對我而言似乎是…)•It’shardtotell.(這很難說)=Hardtotell.=Casebycase反第61页第61页36.忽略37.發展•由小到大:grow•development(n.)第62页第62页Thisissueisbeyondthescopeofthebook.

這議題超出本書範圍Youdeserveit.你應得Thepossibilityofformation=theformativepossibilitythepossibilityofdevelopmentthepossibilityofcreatingpositivePVIappreciateverymuch=Ihighlyappreciate

我非常感谢第63页第63页strongwinds強風=highwinds=intensewinds=severewinds第64页第64页adj.(形容詞)1.主要以majorヽmainヽprimary最惯用2.明顯ヽ顯著ex:Oneofthemoststrikingtopographiceffectsistheupstreamblocking.insignificantsignificant反第65页第65页3.後來ヽ其後ex:;subsequently•subsequentdevelopment之後發展ex:Owingtothelack/absenceofdataatlatertime,subsequentdevelopmentofthefrontisunclear.4.合理5.基本之前發生之後發生第66页第66页6.個別•respectively(adv.)ex:AandBisequaltoCandD,respectively.7.決定性•crucial=keyex:keyissue8.所有單一:solesoleall反第67页第67页9.藏入ex:EmbeddedConvectionwithintheMCS.10.經驗ex:empiricalequation經驗方程式但不可用experiencedequation11.逼真ヽ真實12.類似句型:be+similar+tobe+analogous+to第68页第68页13.特別14.鄰近

ex:

Myhouseislocatedadjacenttoamountain.15.現在工作，当前工作:currentjobcurrentvita履歷表16.前述17.過去研究:previousstudies18.魅力intriguing意同於attractive有吸引力第69页第69页19.粗糙rough強調實體ex:Seaisrough.20.額外ex:Aconsiderableadditionalworkwillberequiredtosolvethisproblem.21.相同句型:beidenticalto…besameas…

第70页第70页22.實質上23.兩個擇一24.足夠adv.adequately、sufficiently25.不明確、含混ambiguousclear

．折錯風速ambiguousvelocity

．ambiguousidea反第71页第71页26.包圍ambient=environmental27.結構特徵structuralcharacteristics28.完全、徹底completeincomplete

．完整描述completedescriptionex:WhenIcompletethiswork,Iwill…

．complete(v.)=finish完毕反第72页第72页29.準確30.關聯31.原始方程組:primitiveequations32.同時ex:AandBoccurredatthesametime.=AandBoccurredsimultaneously.33.暫時tentative暫時行程34.永久35.連續第73页第73页36.有幫助37.親密ex:acloserelationshipbetweenAandB.=anintimaterelationshipbetweenAandB.38.大略ex:agrossfeatureofthetyphoonadetailedfeature…反第74页第74页翻譯•Aboutahalfofcenturybefore1990s,thestudiesoftyphoonsfocusprimaryonaxissymmetricdynamics.ThecurrentunderstandingoftyphoondynamicisbaseonaareatarticlebyOoyamaIn1968.Undertheconsideration/scopeof

"axisymmetricdynamics",heproposedsixcrucialscientificquestions.Thesescientificquestionsandconceptsstillremainvaluablecurrentlyandmanyofthemareimportantissuesinatmosphericsciences.TheOoyama’sconceptossummariedbelow:第75页第75页Thedevelopmentandmaintenanceoftyphoonsdependontheinteractionbetween"convective-scale"and"typhoonvortexscale";namelytyphoondynamicsisrelatedtotheinteractionbetweenthe"primarycirculation"associatedwithtangentialwindsandthe"secondarycirculation"(i.e.,radialwind)inducedbythelatentheatreleaseandfriction;thelatentheatreleaseistheenergysourceofatyphoon.wh