英语文体与修辞讲义

Lecture1IntroductionStepIIntroductiontothecourse1.TheimportanceofthiscourseTosharpenoursenseofstyleinEnglishTohelpuswiththeirsystematicstudyofEnglishrhetoricsothattheywillbeabletoreadandwritebetterToraiseourlevelsofattainmentinEnglishTofacilitatestudents’understandingofthehistoryofrhetoricinhumanhistoryTomakeacomparisonofEnglishandChineserhetoric2.RequirementsClassattendanceisrequired,notoptional.Studyshouldnotbeconfinedtotheteachingmaterial.3.Referencebooks《英语修辞大全》，冯翠华，外语教学与研究出版社《英语文体学引论》，王佐良、丁往道，外语教学与研究出版社《文体学概论》，刘世生、朱瑞青，北京大学出版社StepIIWhatisstylistics?王宗炎，《英汉教学语言学词典》StylisticsDifferentdefinitionsof“style”StyleasrhetoricStyleasformStyleaseloquenceStyleasproperwordsinproperplacesStyleaspersonalidiosyncrasyStyleastechniqueofexpositionStyleasthehighestachievementofliteratureStyleassayingtherightthinginthemosteffectiveStyleasashellsurroundingapre-existingcoreofthoughtorexpressionStyleasthechoicebetweenalternativeexpressionsStyleasasetofcollectivecharacteristicsStyleasequivalenceStyleasfunctionStyleasforegrounding突出Styleasdeviation变异StyleastransformationStyleasmeaningpotentialStyleasexpressivenessGeneralspeakingStylisticsisthe"studyoftheuseoflanguageinliterature"Stylisticsisa"meeting-groundoflinguisticsandliterarystudy"Stylisticsisanareaofstudywhichstraddlestwodisciplines:literarycriticismandlinguistics.Ittakesliterarydiscourse(text)asitsobjectofstudyanduseslinguisticsasameanstothatend.Howtounderstand“styleasrhetoric”?InChina:1973年，陈望道《修辞学发凡》是中国现代文体学的开端。1980年，中国修辞学会成立，标志着中国文体学研究进入了新阶段。90年代童庆炳主编的《文体学丛书》，展示中国文体学论注重向西方文体论借鉴。Inwesterncountries,StylisticstudyoriginatesfromrhetoricinancientGreece[Plato(427-347BC)andAristotle(384-322BC)]andRoman[Cicero(106-43BC)].Attention:InancientChina,rhetoricdatesbacktotheChinesephilosopher,Confucius(551-479BC),andcontinuedwithlaterfollowers.ThetraditionofConfucianismemphasizedtheuseofeloquenceinspeaking.StepIIIWhatisrhetoric?EtymologyofrhetoricRhetoric:derivedfromGreek“rhetorike”,throughOldFrenchandmedievalLatin.Itrefersto“thatwhichissaidorspoken,word,saying.”Initsbroadestsense,rhetoricconcernshumandiscourse.ThedefinitionofrhetoricEarlyrhetoriciansofferedthefollowingdefinitions:Aristotle:Rhetoricmaybedefinedasthefacultyofobserving

inanygivencasetheavailablemeansofpersuasion.Thisisnotafunctionofanyotherart.WayneBooth(1921-2005):Theartofchangingone’sminds.FrancisBacon:Rhetoricisatechniquemakingitpossibletoapplyreasontoimagination,forthebettermovingofwill.Cicero:…eloquencetopersuadetheirfellowsofthetruthofwhattheyhaddiscoveredbyreason.DictionarydefinitionsofrhetoricLongmanModernEnglishDictionary:Theartorscienceofcommunicationinwords;thisartorsciencepracticedortaughtasaformaldiscipline,esp.thedoctrineformulatedbyAristotleandtaughtthroughouttheMiddleAges;overornateorostentatiouslanguage.TheOxfordEnglishDictionary,1933:

Theartofusinglanguagesoastopersuadeorinfluenceothers;thebodyofrulestobeobservedbyaspeakerorwriterinorderthathemayexpresshimselfwitheloquence.TheConciseOxfordDictionary,1982:Theartofpersuasiveorimpressivespeakingorwriting;languagedesignedtopersuadeorimpress(butperhapsinsincereorexaggerated).Fromallthedefinitionsabove,wefindthat:--InAristotle’stime,rhetoricwasconsideredtobethescienceoforatoryandtheartofpersuasion.--Today,rhetoricisregardedasascienceofheighteninglinguisticeffectiveexpressions,andtheartofeffectivecommunication.ClassificationofRhetoricCommunicativeRhetoric交际修辞

(NegativeRhetoric消极修辞)--Toaddtopeople’sknowledge;accurate,plain;AestheticRhetoric美学修辞

(PositiveRhetoric积极修辞)--Togetpeopleaffected,ormoved;vivid,brilliant,colorful.DivisionofRhetoricPhonologicalrhetoric（语音修辞）Graphologyrhetoric（语相修辞）Lexicalrhetoric（词汇修辞）Sentencerhetoric（句子修辞）Semanticrhetoric（语义修辞）Paragraphrhetoric（段落修辞）Textualrhetoric（语篇修辞）

…StepIVRhetoricstudyfromstylisticviewThreeviewsonstyle:

Styleaschoice

Styleasdeviance

Styleasforegrounding1.ChoiceCommentsaboutchoiceColeridge(Englishpoetandliterarycritics):“文体只能是清晰而确切地传达意蕴的艺术，不问这个意蕴是什么，作为文体的一个标准就是它不能在不伤害意蕴的情况下用另外的语言加以复述。”莫泊桑（France）：一个好的文体家“无论所描写的东西是什么，只有一词可供他使用，用一个动词要使对象生动，一个形容词要使对象性质鲜明。因此就得去寻找，直到找到这个动词和形容词，而决不要满足于‘差不多’”。Example1：《圣安格尼斯前夜》第二十七章（JohnKeats）：原稿BlindedalikefromsunshineandfromrainAsthougharoseshouldcloseandbeabudagainClose,rose

assonance现稿BlindedalikefromsunshineandfromrainAsthougharoseshouldshutandbeabudagainshut,should

alliterationshut,bud

assonancecloseshut

Example2王安石春风又绿江南岸VS到，过，入，满2.deviation变异Definition：Styleasdeviationfromthenorm文体风格产生于偏离常规的变异。Normisanestablishedpatternwithinatext.Thenormoflanguageasawholeissolelyconcernedwithlinguisticlevelsoflanguage,suchasthegrammar,phonology,lexical,structureandgraphology.Deviationisthebreakingofruleswhichothersobey.Example1Thysoulthefixedfoot,makesnoshowTomove,butdoth,ifth’therdo此处th’ther是theother的省略形式诗歌为了押韵或节奏需要，有时会省略词的某个音节---语音变异PhonologicaldeviationExample2seekeroftruth

follownopathallpathleadwheretruthishereVSSeekeroftruth

follownopath.Allpathleadwheretruthis.Here.---Graphologicaldeviance书写变异Example3●Theymy-lovedandmy-dearedeachother.

(WilliamThackeray)VS

Theycalledeachothermyloveandmydear.●Itiseasiertomarrythanunmarry.VS

Itiseasiertomarrythandivorce.---Lexicaldeviance词汇变异Example4日黄昏爱人仔要落船想着心酸目睛罩乌云有话要讲尽这时谁知未讲喉先填

--萧丽红---诗中日指太阳，爱人仔指情人，目睛指眼睛，喉是嗓子，这些都是福建、台湾等地里的词语。---Dialectaldeviance方言变异Example5钱钟书《围城中》的例子:张先生大笑道，我不懂什么年代花纹，事情忙，也没工夫翻书研究，可是我有hunch,看见一件东西，忽然What

d'youcall灵机一动，买来准ＯＫ。张先生是在美国洋行里买办的，所以说话时会带一些英文，从而显示他是一个讲时髦的人。Example6现代社会中，年轻人讲话时会夹杂一些英文的现象相当普遍。例如：我是４２１机主，请每天早上６点半给我一个morningcall,我好去打ball.---deviationofhistoricalperiod历史时代变异Example7你的笑容已泛黄(语义变异semanticdeviation)徒留我孤单在湖面成双(lexicaldeviati