英国历史英文

英国历史英文第1页/共56页UnitTwoHistory—Lesson3ABriefHistoryoftheUKObjectivesStarterTeachingPointsLessonReviewCaseStudySupplementaryReadingABriefHistoryoftheUK第2页/共56页UnitTwoHistory—Lesson3ABriefHistoryoftheUKObjectivesAcquireageneralideaabouttheBritishhistory.LearnaboutthemajorstagesandimportantfiguresinBritishhistory.FindouttheinfluencesofBritishhistoryonotherEnglishspeakingcountries.第3页/共56页UnitTwoHistory—Lesson3ABriefHistoryoftheUKStarterTellaboutthefollowingpicturesandthespecialperiodrelatedtothem.第4页/共56页UnitTwoHistory—Lesson3ABriefHistoryoftheUKabcWhat?第5页/共56页UnitTwoHistory—Lesson3ABriefHistoryoftheUKStonehengeOneofthewondersoftheworld,whichisbelievedtohavebeenbuiltfrom4000BCto2000BC.Nowasaworldheritagesite,StonehengeandallitssurroundingsremainpowerfulwitnessestotheoncegreatcivilizationsoftheStoneandBronzeAges.MapshowingthelocationofStonehenge第6页/共56页UnitTwoHistory—Lesson3ABriefHistoryoftheUKShakespeare'sGlobeTheatre

AtheatreinLondonassociatedwithWilliamShakespeare.Itwasbuiltin1599byShakespeare'splayingcompany,theLordChamberlain'sMen,andwasdestroyedbyfireonJune29,1613.AsecondGlobeTheatrewasrebuiltonthesamesitebyJune1614andclosedin1642.ExteriorofthemodernreproductionoftheGlobeInteriorofthemodernreconstruction第7页/共56页UnitTwoHistory—Lesson3ABriefHistoryoftheUKKingArthurAlegendaryfigureinthe5thcenturyADinBritishhistory.Accordingtothelegend,ArthurgatheredacompanyofknightswhosattogetheratArthur’scastle.Hecreatedthefamous“roundtable”atwhichallwouldhaveequalrighttobetheking,senseofdemocracy.HeunitedtheBritish,andwithhismagicalsword,Excalibur,drovetheSaxonsback.StatueofKingArthurTheLadyoftheLakegivesExcaliburtoKingArthur第8页/共56页UnitTwoHistory—Lesson3ABriefHistoryoftheUKTeachingPointsABRIEFHISTORYOFTHEUK第9页/共56页UnitTwoHistory—Lesson3ABriefHistoryoftheUKPre-reading:GiveabriefintroductionofthehistoricperiodsoftheUKbyreferringtothefollowingchart.

Pre-CelticPeriod,CelticAgeandRomanInvasion(1500BC-410AD)Anglo-SaxonBritain,VikingraidsandNormaninvasion(410-1066)

NormanRule(1066-1381)

TransitiontotheModernAge(1455-1688)

RiseandFalloftheBritishEmpire(1688-1945)

第10页/共56页UnitTwoHistory—Lesson3ABriefHistoryoftheUKHistoricPeriodsTimeMajorIncidentsRomanPeriod43—410ChristianitywasbroughttoBritainNormanRule1066—1381MagnaCarta;BlackDeathTransitiontoModernAge1455—1688TheWarofRoses;EnglishRenaissanceRiseofBritishEmpire1688—1900IndustrialRevolution;ColonialExpansionFallofBritishEmpire1914—1945WWI;WWII;GreatDepression第11页/共56页UnitTwoHistory—Lesson3ABriefHistoryoftheUKPre-CelticPeriod,CelticAgeandRomanInvasion(1500BC－

410AD)ThefirstCeltictribes,theGaels,cametotheBritishIslesbetween800and700BC.Twocenturieslater,theBrythonsorancientBritonscame,fromwhomthecountrywascalledBritain.British-recordedhistorybeginswiththeRomaninvasionin43AD.Sincethen,EnglandandWaleshadbeenapartoftheRomanEmpirefornearly400years.第12页/共56页UnitTwoHistory—Lesson3ABriefHistoryoftheUKPushingintoScotland,TheRomansbuiltagiganticwall,Hadrian'sWall,tocontrolthefrontier.TheRomansalsobroughtthenewreligion,Christianity,toBritain.ThelocationofHadrian'sWallHadrian'sWall第13页/共56页UnitTwoHistory—Lesson3ABriefHistoryoftheUKWhentheRomanEmpirecameundertherepeatedattacksfromthePictsandScotsandtheinvasionoftheGermanicSaxontribes,theRomanarmypulledoutofBritainin410AD,leadingtotheswiftbreakdownofRomancivilization.Itissaidthatinthe5thcenturyAD,KingArthurunitedBritain,anddrovetheSaxonsoutofthecountrywithhismagicalswordExcalibur.KingArthur第14页/共56页UnitTwoHistory—Lesson3ABriefHistoryoftheUKInvadersofthreeTeutonictribescametoBritaininthemid-5thcentury.–firstlytheJutesinthemid-5thcentury–theSaxonsfromtheendof5thcenturytothebeginningofthe6thcentury–theAngleswhocameinthesecondhalfofthe6thcentury,andwhoweretogivetheirnametotheEnglishpeople.Anglo-SaxonBritain,VikingraidsandNormaninvasion(410－

1066)第15页/共56页UnitTwoHistory—Lesson3ABriefHistoryoftheUKBy850AD,thecountrywasundersustainedattacksfromVikingraids.TheSaxonking,AlfredtheGreat,alsoknownas“FatheroftheBritishNavy”,graduallypushedtheVikingsnorthwardsandeventuallyintothesea.By955,Alfred’sgrandsonEadred,ruledoveraunitedEnglandandthegovernmentbecamecentralized.AlfredtheGreatEadred第16页/共56页UnitTwoHistory—Lesson3ABriefHistoryoftheUKVikinginvasionsrenewedtill1066whenKingHaroldmarchednorthandwonavictoryovertheVikings.OnOctober1066,WilliamofNormandy,knownas“WilliamtheConqueror”,defeatedHarold’sarmy,andcrownedhimselfWilliamIinLondononChristmasDay1066,becomingthefirstNormankingofEngland.

WilliamtheConqueror第17页/共56页UnitTwoHistory—Lesson3ABriefHistoryoftheUKThisperiodcanbecharacterisedasatransitionfromatribaltofeudalsociety.TheAnglo-SaxonsbroughttheirownTeutonicreligiontoBritain.ThenamesTuesday,Wednesday,ThursdayandFridayrespectivelyderivefromtheirgods.—Tiu—godofwar—Woden—kingofheaven—Thor—godofstorms—Freya—goddessofpeaceChristianityalmostdisappeareduntil597,whenPopeGregoryIofRomancametoEnglandandbegantoconverttheheathenEnglishtoChristianity.PopeGregoryI第18页/共56页UnitTwoHistory—Lesson3ABriefHistoryoftheUKNormanRule(1066－

1381)UnderWilliamtheConqueror,thefeudalsystemwascompletelyestablished.—

HeconfiscatedalmostallthelandandgaveittohisNormanfollowers.—HereplacedtheweakSaxonrulewithastrongNormangovernment.—RelationswiththeContinentswereopened.—NormanFrenchculture,language,manners,andarchitecturewereintroduced.—Thechurchwaskeptcompletelyunderthecontroloftheking.—TheNormanculturefloweredontheEnglishsoil.—Monasteriesformedthenewculturalcenters.PrioryChurchMonasticCommunity第19页/共56页UnitTwoHistory—Lesson3ABriefHistoryoftheUKEconomic,administrativeandlegalreformsfromHenryII,thefirstkingoftheHouseofPlantagenet:—abolishingtheannuallandtax—strengtheningtheking’sCourtandextendingitsjudicialwork—reformingcertainabusesinChurchgovernmentbyrestrictingthepowerofthearchbishopHenryII第20页/共56页UnitTwoHistory—Lesson3ABriefHistoryoftheUKThereformsoftheChurchgovernmentbroughtKingHenryintocollisionwithThomasBecket,theArchbishopofCanterbury,whowasmurderedatCanterburyCathedralin1170,bytheorderofKingHenry.HenryIIexpandedtheBritishempire,andEnglandcontinuedtoholdpartsofFrancefor500yearsuntilCalaiswasfinallylostin1558.TheBurialofBecketSaintThomasBecket第21页/共56页UnitTwoHistory—Lesson3ABriefHistoryoftheUKAfterHenryII,theEnglishstartedrunningintoproblems,eitherwiththeBarons,thepeopleorthepretendersofthethrone.TheconstantreligiouswarsbetweenTurkishMuslimsandwarsagainstFranceledtofinancialproblems,andtheconfrontationbetweenKingJohnandhisbaronsin1215.KingJohnwasdefeatedbythebaronsandwasforcedtosigntheMagnaCarta,

theGreatCharter,thespiritofwhichwasthelimitationofthepowersoftheking,andthefreedomoftheChurch.ItisregardedasthefoundationofEnglishliberty.MagnaCartaJohnofEnglandsignsMagnaCarta.JohnofEngland第22页/共56页UnitTwoHistory—Lesson3ABriefHistoryoftheUKDuringHenryIII’sreign,thesystemofParliamentwasformed,butParliamentonlymetbyroyalinvitation,anditsrolewastoofferadvicenottomakedecisions.Therewerestillnoelections,noparties,andthemostimportantpartoftheparliamentwastheHouseofLordsinsteadoftheHouseofCommons.Parliament

TheEnglishparliamentinfrontoftheKing第23页/共56页UnitTwoHistory—Lesson3ABriefHistoryoftheUKBlackDeath(1348－

1349)BlackDeathspreadthroughEuropeinthe14thcentury,andsweptthroughEnglandin1348withoutanycure,killinghalfofthepopulationandcausingenormouseconomiclosses.BlackDeathinaEuropeantown第24页/共56页UnitTwoHistory—Lesson3ABriefHistoryoftheUKPeasantUprising(1381)Thisplague,togetherwiththecruelpoliciesoftherulingandgovernmentoverthepeasants,ledtotheuprisingin1381ledbyWatTylerandJackStraw.Althoughitwasbrutallysuppressed,ithadfar-reachingsignificanceinEnglishhistory,pavingthewayforthedevelopmentofcapitalisminBritain.WatTyler'sdeath第25页/共56页UnitTwoHistory—Lesson3ABriefHistoryoftheUKHundredYears’WarwithFrance(1337－1453)

AstheFrenchkingsgrewstronger,theywereeagertoregaintheirlargepieceoflandofAquitainewhichhadlongbeenoccupiedbytheEnglish.In1337,EdwardIIIdeclaredawarthatwastolastforahundredyears.TheEnglishwerebrilliantlysuccessfultill1422.EncouragedbyJoanofArc,thenationalheroine,theFrenchdrovetheEnglishoutofFrance.By1453,CalaiswastheonlypartofFrancethatwasstillinthehandsoftheEnglish.EdwardIIISaintJoanofArc第26页/共56页UnitTwoHistory—Lesson3ABriefHistoryoftheUKTransitiontotheModernAge(1455－

1688)TheWarsofRosesThisperiodwascalledtheWarsofRoses,whichlastedforabout30years,causedbythetwobranchesofthePlantagenetfamily,thehouseofLancasterandtheHouseofYork,bothattemptingtodominatethegovernment.ThelastbattleoftheWarsofRoseswasfoughtbetweenKingRichardIIIandHenryTudor,descendantofJohnofGaunt,DukeofLancaster.RichardIIIlosthiscrownandhislife.Afterhisvictory,HenryTudormarriedElizabethofYork(EdwardIV’sdaughter),thusunitingthehouseofLancasterandYork,andputtingthecountryundertheruleoftheTudors.RichardIIILancasterRoseYorkRoseHenryTudor第27页/共56页UnitTwoHistory—Lesson3ABriefHistoryoftheUKEnglishRenaissance

overtwohundredyearsruledbyfiveTudormonarchsoverEnglandandWalesandaperiodofadministrativeandreligiousreforms.markingtheendoftheperiodofcivilwarandtheestablishmentofamodern,efficient,centralizedstate,andaperiodofgreatachievementofliterature.thetypicalfigure:WilliamShakespeare,thegreatestdramatistandpoet,whowroteseveralplaysaboutthehistoryofthisperiod,suchasRichardII,HenryV,RichardIII.WilliamShakespeare第28页/共56页UnitTwoHistory—Lesson3ABriefHistoryoftheUK

TheCivilWars

Reasons—JamesStuartbelievedinthe"DivineRight"toruleashepleased.ThisbroughthimintoconflictwiththeEnglishParliament.Results—By1645CromwellwonthedecisiveBattleofNaseby.Charleswascapturedandputontrialfortreasonin1649.CromwelldissolvedparliamentandstartedEngland'sonlyperiodofdictatorship.—Cromwell'sfailuretoputinplaceaworkablealternativetothemonarchyresultedintheRestoration,thereturnofCharlesIIfromhisexileinFrance.JamesIofEnglandOliverCromwellCharlesICharlesII第29页/共56页UnitTwoHistory—Lesson3ABriefHistoryoftheUKRiseandFalloftheBritishEmpire(1688－

1945)

Withitsadvantageousgeographicallocation,convenientseaandrivertransportation,Britaingotlargequantitiesofcapitalfromoverseastradeandcoloniesfromthe18thcentury,whichisthefoundationofindustrialization.Britainwasthefirstcountrytoindustrializeintheworld.Beforethe18thcentury,mostindustriesweredoneathomeusingverysimplehand-operatedmachines.Nownewtechniquesandwater-poweredmachinesresultedinorganizationofindustriesonalargescale.IndustrialRevolution(1780－

1830)The1698SaveryEngineSpinningJenny第30页/共56页UnitTwoHistory—Lesson3ABriefHistoryoftheUKIn1765theScottishinventorJamesWattproducedaveryefficientsteamenginethatcouldbeappliedtotextileandothermachinery.Manyotherimportantinventionswerealsomadeduringthisperiod.Inaddition,improvedtransportationranparallelwithproduction.Bytheearly19thcentury,Britainhadaroadnetworkofabout125,000miles.JamesWattandhissteamengine

SpinningmulebuiltbySamuelCromptonAlathefrom1911第31页/共56页UnitTwoHistory—Lesson3ABriefHistoryoftheUKAsaresultoftheindustrialrevolution,Britainwasby1830the“WorkshopoftheWorld”,withnoothercountryreadytocompetewithherinindustrialproduction.第32页/共56页UnitTwoHistory—Lesson3ABriefHistoryoftheUKEnglishcolonialexpansionbeganwiththecolonizationofNewfoundlandin1583.Intheearly18thcentury,settlementsweremadeinNorthAmerica.EncouragedbythelargequantitiesofwealthbroughtbytheIndustrialRevolution,thediscoveriesofnewfrontiersbymenlikeCaptainCook,andespeciallybytherisingtideofemigration,theBritishcolonialistssteppeduptheirexpansioninthelate18thcenturyandearly19thcentury.ColonialExpansion(Late18th－Early19thCentury)

JosephSmallwoodsigningthedocumentbringingNewfoundlandintoConfederation.JamesCook's1775chartofNewfoundland第33页/共56页UnitTwoHistory—Lesson3ABriefHistoryoftheUKInthelate18thcenturyBritainacquiredvast,unpopulatedterritoriesinCanada,AustraliaandNewZealand,andintheearlyandmiddleof19thcentury,itcolonizedlargeareasinAsiasuchasIndiaandChina.By1900,Britainhadbuiltupabigempire“onwhichthesunneverset”,whichincluded25%oftheworld’spopulationandarea.BritishEmpireincoloredBritishcoloniesinnorthAmerica第34页/共56页UnitTwoHistory—Lesson3ABriefHistoryoftheUKAtthebeginningofthe20thcentury,France,GermanyandAmericawerebecomingpowerfulcompetitorsforworldmarket.TheFirstWorldWarwasfoughtfrom1914to1918primarilybetweentwoEuropeanpowerblocs:the“CentralPowers”—GermanyandAustria-HungarywhichwerelaterjoinedbyTurkeyandBulgaria,andthe“Allies”—Britain,FranceandRussia,whichwerelaterjoinedbyJapan,ItalyandtheUSA.Thewarlastedforfouryears,endedbytheTreatyofVersailles,imposedonGermany,formalizingtheAlliedvictory.BritainandtheTwoWorldWarsParticipantsinWorldWarITheCentralPowersandtheircoloniesinorange,theAlliesandtheircoloniesingreen,andneutralcountriesingray.第35页/共56页UnitTwoHistory—Lesson3ABriefHistoryoftheUKThegreatlossesofmanpowerandthedisruptionofeconomyduringthefirstworldwarledBritainintoserioussocialandfinancialproblems.By1931,BritainwasenteringtheGreatDepressionwhichwastogiverisetotheSecondWorldWar.ChamberlaindeclaredwaronGermanyonSeptember3,1939.WinstonChurchill,thePrimeMinister,ledhiscountrytofinalvictoryin1945.ChamberlainWinstonChurchill第36页/共56页UnitTwoHistory—Lesson3ABriefHistoryoftheUKDuetothetwowars,Britainlostone-quarterofhernationalwealthandentereduponaperiodofeconomicandfinancialdifficulties,andhercolonieswontheirindependenceoneafteranother,whichledtothecollapseoftheBritishEmpire,.AnimatedmapshowinggrowthanddeclineoftheBritishempire第37页/共56页UnitTwoHistory—Lesson3ABriefHistoryoftheUKLessonReviewIVocabularyBuildingIIKeyFactsIIDiscussionandReportIVExtensiveActivities第38页/共56页UnitTwoHistory—Lesson3ABriefHistoryoftheUKIVocabularyBuildingMatcheachoftheitemsontheleftwithitsmeaningontheright.1.Stonehenge2.Briton3.Renaissance4.KingArthur5.Archbishop6.pilgrimage7.BlackDeath8.monastery9.WinstonChurchill10.TreatyofVersaillesa.adocumentsignedattheendofWorldWarIIb.ajourneytoreligiousplacesc.thegreatancientstonecircleduring4000BC-2000BCd.thetopleaderofChristianitye.anoldwaytocalltheBritishpeoplef.aplacewherepeopleworshipGodandcarryoutotherreligiouspracticesg.alegendaryfigureinthe5thcenturyADh.aplagueinthe14thcenturykilling3/4ofEuropeanpopulation.i.therevivalofclassicalliteratureandartisticstylesinEuropeanhistoryj.thegreatestPrimeMinisterofBritainwholedthecountryintovictoryduringWWII第39页/共56页UnitTwoHistory—Lesson3ABriefHistoryoftheUKIIKeyFactsIncidentsTimeMainFiguresCharacteristicsRomanEmpire

1)KingArthurChristianityenteredBritain

NormanPeriod

2)3)feudalsystemestablishedintheUK

Peasants’Uprising

4)WatTylerandJackShaw

5)HundredYears’War

1337-1453

6)EnglishweredrivenoutofFrance

WarofRoses

1455-1485

7)8)IndustrialRevolution

1780-1830JamesWattBritainbecamethe“WorkshopoftheWorld”WWI

9)

theCentralPowersandtheAlliesVictoryoftheAllies

WWII10)WinstonChurchill

hastenedthecollapseoftheBritishEmpire

43-4101066-1381WilliamtheConqueror1381PavedthewaytocapitalismforBritainJoacofArcKingRichardIII;HenryTudorPutthecountryundertheruleoftheTudorsCompletethefollowingchartwiththeinformationfromthetext.1914-19181939-1945第40页/共56页UnitTwoHistory—Lesson3ABriefHistoryoftheUK1.Doyouagreewiththewordsthat“Britishhistoryhasbeenahistoryofinvasion”?Illustrateyourviewwiththeinformationfromthetext.2.WhatwerethemainreasonsthatBritainbecamethe“workshopoftheworld”andtheempireonwhichthesunneversets?3.HowdidtheBritishEmpirecollapse?4.WhatlessoncanwelearnfromthehistoryoftheUK?IIIDiscussionandReportDiscussthefollowingquestionsingroupsandmakeanoralreporttotheclass.第41页/共56页UnitTwoHistory—Lesson3ABriefHistoryoftheUKUsetheinformationfromthe“KeyFacts”tomakeabriefreportofthehistoryoftheUK.IVExtensiveActivities第42页/共56页UnitTwoHistory—Lesson3ABriefHistoryoftheUKCaseStudyPopulationtrebles—ThemostvisiblesignofeconomicgrowthwasthesteadyincreaseinBritain'spopulation.SincetheRomansithadfluctuatedbetweentwoandsixmillion,butfrom1750itgrewexponentially,nearlytreblinginacenturytoreach21millionby1851.Thisincreasedto37millionby1901.WORKSHOPOFTHEWORLD第43页/共56页UnitTwoHistory—Lesson3ABriefHistoryoftheUKIndustrialevolution—SinceArnoldToynbeecoinedthephrase“IndustrialRevolution”in1882,mosteconomichistorianshaveemphasizedtherapidityofBritishindustrializationduringtheperiod1780-1830.Currently,however,manyarguethatindustrializationtookcenturies,ratherthandecades,andcomprisedacomplexwebofchanges.第44页/共56页UnitTwoHistory—Lesson3ABriefHistoryoftheUKOverseastrade—Closelyrelatedtothisexpansionofmanufacturing,overseastradegrewinimportan