2013英语考博真题

四川大学2013年博士研究生入学考试英语试题I. ReadingComprehension(30%;onemarkeach):Direction:Readthefollowingsixpassages.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachpassagebychoosingA,B,CorD,WriteyouranswersontheAnswerSheet.PassageOneOverthepastseveraldecades,theU.S.,Canada,andEuropehavereceivedagreatdealofmediaandevenresearchattentionoverunusualphenomenaandunsolvedmysteries.TheseincludeUFOsaswellassightingsandencounterswith"nonhumancreatures"suchasBigfootandtheLochNessmonster.OnlyrecentlyhasLatinAmericabeguntoreceivesomeattentionaswell.AlthoughthemysteriesoftheAztec,Mayan,andIncacivilizationshavebeenknownforcenturies,nowthepublicisalsobecomingawareofunusual,paranormalphenomenaincountriessuchasPeru.TheNazca"lines"ofPeruWerediscoveredinthe1930s.Theselinesaredeeplycarvedintoaflat,stonyplain,andformabout300intricatepicturesofanimalssuchasbirds,amonkey,andalizard.Seenatgroundlevel,thedesignsareajumbledsenselessmess.Theimagesaresolargethattheycanonlybeviewedataheightof1,000feet-meaningfromanaircraftYettherewerenoaircraftin300B.C.,whenitisjudgedthedesignsweremade.Norweretherethen,oraretherenow,anynearbymountainrangesfromwhichtoviewthem.SohowandwhydidthenativepeopleofNazcacreatethesemarvelousdesigns?Oneanswerappearedin1969,whentheGermanresearcher,andwriterErichyonDanikenproposedthatthelinesweredrawnbyextraterrestrialsasrunwaysfortheiraircraft.ThescientificcommunitydidnottakelongtoscoffatandabandonyonDaniken'stheory.Overtheyearsseveralothertheorieshavebeenputforth,butnonehasbeenacceptedbythescientificcommunity.TodaythereisanewandheightenedinterestintheNazcalines.ItisadirectresultofthecreationoftheInternet.Currentlythereareover60sitesdedicatedtothismysteryfromLatinAmerica'spast,andevenrespectedscientistshavejoinedthediscussionthroughe-mailandchatrooms.WilltheInternethelpexplainthese:unsolvedmysteries?Perhapsitisastepintherightdirection.1. WhichofthefollowingstatementsisINCORRECT?[A] LatinAmericahaslongreceivedattentionforunusualphenomena.[B] PublicattentionisnowdirectedtowardscountrieslikePeru.[C] PublicinterestusuallyfocusesonNorthAmericaandEurope[D] Someancientcivilizationshaveunsolvedmysteries.2. Accordingtothepassage,theNasalineswerefound[A] inmountains [B]instones[C]onanimals [D]onaplain3. Wecaninferfromthepassagethatthehigherthelinesareseen,thetheimagestheypresent.[A] smaller [B] larger[C]clearer [D] brighter4. TherehasbeenincreasinginterestintheNazcalinesmainlybecauseof.[A] theparticipationofscientists[B] theemergenceoftheInternet[C] thebirthofnewtheories[D] theinterestintheInternet5. TheauthorisabouttheroleoftheInternetinsolvingmysteries.[A] cautious [B] pessimistic[C]uncertain [D] optimisticPassageTwoSocialcircumstancesinEarlyModemEnglandmostlyservedtorepresswomen'svoices.Patriarchalcultureandinstitutionsconstructedthemaschaste,silent,obedient,andsubordinate.Atthebeginningof17thcentury,theideologyofpatriarchy,politicalabsolutism,andgenderhierarchywerereaffirmedpowerfullybyKingJamesinThe.TrewLawofFreeMonarchicandtheBasilikonDoron;bythatideologytheabsolutepowerofGodthesupremepatriarchwasseentobeimagedintheabsolutemonarchofthestateandinthehusbandandfatherofafamily.Accordingly,awoman'ssubjection,firsttoherfatherandthentoherhusband,imagedthesubjectionofEnglishpeopletotheirmonarch,andofallChristianstoGod.Also,theperiodsawanoutpouringofrepressiveorovertlymisogynistsermons,tracts,andplays,detailingwomen'sphysicalandmentaldefects,spiritualevils,rebelliousness,shrewishness,andnaturalinferioritytomen.Yetsomesocialandculturalconditionsservedtoempowerwomen.DuringtheElizabethanera(1558-1603)theculturewasdominatedbyapowerfulQueen,whoprovidedanimpressivefemaleexamplethoughsheleftscantculturalspaceforotherwomenElizabethanwomenwritersbegantoproduceoriginaltextsbutwereoccupiedchieflywithtranslation.Inthe17thcentury,however,variouscircumstancesenabledwomentowriteoriginaltextsinsomenumbers.Foronething,somecounterweighttopatriarchywasprovidedbyfemalecommunities--mothersanddaughters,extendedkinshipnetworks,closefemalefriends,theseparatecourtofQueenAnne(KingJames'sConsort)andheroftenoppositionalmasquesandpoliticalactivities.Foranother,mostofthesewomenhadareasonablygoodeducation(modem,languages,history,literature,religion,music,occasionallyLatin)andsomeapparentlyfoundinromancesandhistoriesmoreexpansivetermsforimaginingwomen'slives.Also,representationofvigorousandrebelliousfemalecharactersinliteratureandespeciallyonthestagenodoubthelpedtoundermineanymonolithicsocialconstructofwomen'snatureandrole.Mostimportant,perhaps,wastheradicalpotentialinherentintheProtestantinsistenceoneveryChristian'simmediaterelationshipwithGodandprimaryresponsibilitytofollowhisorherindividualconscience.ThereisplentyofsupportinStPaul'sepistlesandelsewhereintheBibleforpatriarchyandawife’ssubjectiontoherhusband,butsometexts(notablyGalatians3:28)inscribeaverydifferentpolitics,promotingwomen'sspiritualequality:"ThereisneitherJewnorGreek,thereisneitherbondnorfree,thereisneithermalenorfemale:foryearealloneinJesusChrist."SuchtextsencouragedsomewomentoclaimthesupportofGodthesupremepatriarchagainstthevariousearthlypatriarchswhoclaimedtostandtowardtheminhisStead.Thereisalsothegaporslippagebetweenideologyandcommonexperience.Englishwomenthroughoutthe17thcenturyexercisedagooddealofactualpower:asmanagersofestatesintheirhusbands'absencesatcourtoronmilitaryanddiplomaticmissions;asmembersofguilds;aswivesandmotherswhosometimesdominatedtheirmenbysheerforceofpersonalityoroutrightdefiance.TheirpowerreacheditsapexduringtheEnglishCivilWarandInterregnum(1640-60)astheexecutionoftheKingandtheattendantdisruptionofsocialhierarchiesledmanywomen-toseizenewroles—aspreachers,asprophetesses,asdeputiesforexiledroyalisthusbands,aswritersofreligiousandpoliticaltracts.6. Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?[A] Women'sPositioninthe17thCentury.[B] Women'sSubjectiontoPatriarchy.[C] SocialCircumstancesinthe17thCentury.[D] Women'sObjectioninthe17thCentury.7. WhatdidtheQueenElizabethdo-forthewomeninculture?[A] Shesetanimpressivefemaleexampletofollow.[B] Shedominatedtheculture.[C] Shedidlittle.[D] SheallowedWomentotranslatesomething.8. WhichofthefollowingisNotmentionedasareasontoenablewomentooriginaltexts?[A] Femalecommunitiesprovidedsomecounterweighttopatriarchy.[B] QueenAnne'spoliticalactivities.[C] Mostwomenhadagoodeducation.[A] attempttocontinuethestandardizationofthelanguage[B] evaluatelanguagepracticesintermsofcurrentspeechratherthanstandardsorproperpatterns[C] bemoreconcernedabouttheimprovementofthelanguagethanitsanalysisorhistory[D] bemoreawareoftherolesofthelanguageusage17. Choosetheappropriatemeaningfortheword"inflection"usedinparagraph2:[A] changesintheformsofwords.[B] changesinsentencestructures.[C] changesinspellingroles.[D] wordsthathavesimilarmeanings.18. WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNotmentionedinthepassage?[A] Itisgenerallybelievedthattheyear1500canbesetasthebeginningofthemodemEnglishlanguage.[B] SomeotherlanguageshadgreatinfluenceontheEnglishlanguageatsomestagesofitsdevelopment.[C] TheEnglishlanguagehasbeenandstillinastateofrelativelyconstantchange.[D] ManyclassesorgroupshavecontributedtothedevelopmentoftheEnglishlanguage.19. Theauthoroftheseparagraphsisprobablya(an).[A] historian [B]philosopher[C]anthropologist [D]linguist20. Whichofthefollowingcanbebestusedasthetitleofthepassage?[A] ThehistoryoftheEnglishlanguage.[B] OurchangingattitudetowardstheEnglishlanguage.[C] Ourchanginglanguage.[D] SomecharacteristicsofmodemEnglish.PassageFiveWeknowverylittleaboutpainandwhatwedon'tknowmakesithutallthemore.Indeed,noformofilliteracyintheUnitedStatesissowidespreadorcostlyasignoranceaboutpainwhatitis,whatcausesit,howtodealwithitwithoutpanic.Almosteveryonecanrattleofftilenamesofatleastadozendrugsthatcandeadenpainfromeveryconceivablecauseallthewayfromheadachestohemorrhoids.Thereisfarlessknowledgeaboutthefactthatabout90percentofpainisselflimiting,thatitisnotalwaysanindicationofpoorhealth,andthat,mostfrequently,itistheresultoftension,stress,worry,idleness,boredom,frustration,suppressedrage,insufficientsleep,overeating,poorlybalanceddiet,smoking,excessivedrinking,inadequateexercise,staleair,oranyoftheotherabusesencounteredbythehumanbodyinmodemsociety.Themostignoredfactofallaboutpainisthatthebestwaytoeliminateitistoeliminatetheabuse.Instead,manypeoplereachalmostinstinctivelyforthepainkillersaspirins,barbiturates,codeines,tranquilizers,sleepingpills,anddozensofotheranalgesicsordesensitizingdrugs.Mostdoctorsareprofoundlytroubledovertheextenttowhichthemedicalprofessiontodayistakingonthetrappingsofapain-killingindustry.Theirofficesareoverloadedwithpeoplewhoaremorbidlybutmistakenlyconvincedthatsomethingdreadfulisabouttohappentothem.Itisalltooevidentthatthecampaigntogetpeopletorunforadoctoratthefirstsignofpainhasboomeranged.Physiciansfinditdifficulttogiveadequateattentiontopatientsgenuinelyinneedofexpertdiagnosisandtreatmentbecausetheirtimeissoakedupbypeoplewhohavenothingwrongwiththemexceptatemporaryindispositionorapsychogenicache.Patientstendtofeelindignant,andinsultedifthephysiciantellsthemhecanfindnoorganiccauseforthepain.Theytendtointerprettheterm"psychogenic"tomeanthattheyarecomplainingofnonexistentsymptoms.Theyneedtobeeducatedaboutthefactthatmanycasesofpainhavenounderlyingphysicalcausebutaretheresult,asmentionedearlier,oftension,stress,orhostilefactorsinthegeneralenvironment.Sometimesapainmaybeamanifestationof"conversionhysteria",thenamegivenbyJeanCharcottophysicalsymptomsthathavetheiroriginsinemotionaldisturbances.Obviously,itisfollyforanindividualtoignoresymptomsthatcouldbeawarningofapotentiallyseriousillness.Somepeoplearesoterrifiedofgettingbadnewsfromadoctorthattheyallowtheirmalaisetoworsen,sometimespastthepointofnoreturn.Totalneglectisnottheanswertohypochondria.Theyonlyanswerhastobeincreasededucationaboutthewaythehumanbodyworks,sothatmorepeoplewillbeabletosteeranintelligentcoursebetweenpromiscuouspillpoppingandirresponsibledisregardofgenuinesymptoms.Ofallformsofpain,noneismoreimportantfortheindividualtounderstandthanthe"threshold"variety.Almosteveryonehasatelltale,achethatistriggeredwhenevertensionorfatiguereachesacertainpoint,itcantaketheformofamigrainetypeheadacheorasqueezingpaindeepintheabdomenorcrampsorevenpaininthejoints.Theindividualwhohaslearnedhowtomakethecorrelationbetweensuchthresholdpains.Andtheircausedoesn'tpanicwhentheyoccur;heorshedoessomethingaboutrelievingthestressandtension.Ifthepainpersistsdespitetheabsenceofapparentcause,theindividualwilltelephonethedoctor.21. Whatdoesthesentence"Itisalltooevident..."(Paragraph4)mean?[A] Itisobviouslytruethatpeopleshouldconsultadoctorassoonastheyfeelpain.[B] Itisuselesstoaskpeopletoseekadvicefromdoctorstheminutetheyfeelpainful.[C] Thesuggestionthatpeoplegotoseeadoctorimmediatelyiftheyfeelpainhassomebadeffect.[D] Thecampaignagainstpainwillbelostifpeopledon'tgotoseeadoctorwhentheyfeelpain.22. Ahypochondriaissomeonewho[A] ignoresdoctor'sadviceandwarnings[B] isafraidofgoingtoseedoctors[C] alwayscomplainabouthavingsymptomsthatdon'tactuallyexist[D] alwaystelltalespain-killers23. Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat.[A] mostcaresofpainarecausedbyhysteria[B] ifapainisn'torganic,it'sverylikelytobepsychogenic[C] pain-killingindustrywon'tbeencouragedinthefuture[D] doctorsseldomprescribepain-killerstopatients24. Theyauthorwrotethisarticleto.[A] explainhowpain-killerswork[B] callforunderstandingbetweendoctorsandpatients[C] illustratetheharmoftakingtoomuchpain-killers[D] teachtherightattitudetopain25. Whatdoestheword"telltale"(Paragraph7)mean?[A] notobvious [B] scary[C]notprecise [D] gorgeousPassageSixAldousHuxleywasamostunfortunateman.Whenhediedin1963hemusthaveexpiredintheconfidentbeliefthattheeventwouldbegivenwidecoverageinthepressthenextday.Afterall,hiscareerhadnotbeenwithoutdistinction.WherehemadehisbigmistakewasindyingonthesamedaythatJohnF.Kennedywasassassinated.AsaresultHuxleygotaboutthreecolumninchesatthebottomofpage27.InthesamewaythedeathofVictorFarrishasgonewidelyunnoticedbecausehefoolishlyshuffledoffthismortalcoilatthesametimeasMr.KonstantinCherenkov.Now,asyouallknow,VictorFarriswasthechapwhoinventedthepaperclip.Thepapermilkcartontoo.Andpaperclipsandmilkcartonswillbeinuselong,aftereveryonehasforgottenthenameofthecomradewhocamebetweenAndropovandwhateverthisnewblokeiscalled.ThesamegoesfortheinventorofthesupermarkettrolleywhodiedinSwitzerlandafewmonthsago.Felloffhistrolley,sotospeak.ForallIknow,hemaybeahouseholdnameinhisowncantonandtheyareputtingupastatueofhomewheelinghistrolley,andaregoingtocommemoratehimononeofthoseever-so-tastefulSwisspostagestampsweusedtocollectwhenwewereyoungerandwiser,butIdoubtifhisnamewillberememberedoutsidethebordersofhissmallcountry.PersonallyIforgotitwithinminutesofreadingofhisdecease.Notthatitmatters.Somehowitishardtoimaginethingslikepaperclipsandsupermarkettrolleyshavinghadanamedinventor.It'slikediscoveringthatataparticularmomentofhistoryaparticularpersoninventedthespoon,orthechair,orsocks.Oneassumesthattheseeverydayobjectsjusthappened,orevolvedthroughnaturalselection.Itisn'tnecessarilyso.IreadonlytheotherdaythatRichardIIinventedthehandkerchief.AlmosteverythingelsewasinventedeitherbyLeonardodaVinci(scissors,bicycles,helicopters,andprobablyspoons,socksandtheRubikcubeaswell)orbyBenjaminFranklin(lightning-conductor,rocking-chair,bifocals)orelsebyJosephStalin(television).It'squitepossiblethatLeonardoorBenjaminFranklinorStalinalsoinventedthesupermarkettrolley.Certainlyithasbeeninventedmorethanonce.HardlywasHerrEdelweiss(orwhatevertheSwisschapwascalled)inhisgrave,thannewscameofthedeathofSylvanN.Goodmanattheageof86.Sylvanalsoinventedthesupermarkettrolleyor,astheLosAngelesTimesreportcallsit,theshoppingcart.Bethatasitmay,HerrEdelweissorSylvanGoodman,orboth,didagrandjobandmadesupermarketshoppingfarlesshellishthanitwouldotherwisebe.Thenextstepwillbetogetthetrolleysoutoftheshopsandintothestreets.Youcouldputanengineinthefrontandcallitacar.Orgiveitbigwheelsandacanopyandcallitapram.Thepossibilitiesareendless.26. ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatHerrEdelweiss[A] wasrememberedbythepeoplealloverworld[B] madealotofmoneyfromhisinvention[C] wasnotveryfamous[D] wasabusinesspartnerofSylvanGoodman27. Theauthorwritesthisarticleinordertoillustratethat.[A] thenamesofthepeoplewhoinventedthemostusefulthingsareusuallyforgotten[B] everydayobjectsareinventedandevolvethroughnaturalselection[C] manyeverydayobjectsareinventedmorethanonce[D] manyfamouspeoplehavepassedawaywithoutbeingnoticed28. Whoprobablyinventedspoons?[A] LeonardodaVinci.[B] BenjaminFranklin. [C] VictorFarris.[D] Apersonunknown.29. BystatingthatLeonardodaVinciinventedhelicopters,theauthormeans[A] hereallydidit[B] heisamilitaryscientist[C] hepaintedinoneofhismasterpiecesahelicopters[D] peopleturntoascribeinventionstohimbuttheyarewrong.30. WhatcanbeinferredaboutAldousHuxley?[A] HisdeathWasnotreportedbythepress.[B] Hewasafamousinventor.[C] Hemadeavery,bigmistakeinhislateyears.[D] HediedonthesamedayasJohnF.Kennedy.II. Vocabulary(10%:0.5markeach)31. thesightofthepoliceofficers,themenranoff.[A]In [B]At[C]on [D]With32. thewall,wedecidedthatweshouldneedthreetinsofpaint.[A1Makingup [B]Doingup[C]Puttingup [D]Sizingup33. thewhole,earlyAmericancityplanningwasexcellent.[A]In [B]From[C]On [D] Above34. wearehavingthesedays![A]Whatalovelyweather [B]Whatlovelyweathers[C]Whatlovelyweather [D]Whatlovelyaweather35.,amanwhoexpresseshimselfeffectivelyissuretosucceedmorerapidlythanamanwhosecommandoflanguageispoor.[A]Otherthingsbeingequal[B]Wereotherthingsequal[C]Tobeequaltootherthings [D]Otherthingstobeequal36.,hedoesnotloveher.[A]Ashelikesherverymuch[B]Thoughmuchhelikesher[C]Muchalthoughhelikesher[D]Muchthoughhelikesher37.Adrunkmanwalkedin,inappearance.[A]repulsive[B]reluctant[C]reproachful[D]reputed38.Agoodmanyhousesknockeddownbyearthquake.[A]was[B]were[C]is[D]are39. Agoodteachermustknowhowtohisideas.[A]convey [B] display[C] consult [D] confront40. Alargepartofhumanactivity,particularlyinrelationtotheenvironment,isconditionsorevents.[A]inresponseto [B]infavorof[C] incontrastto [D]inexcessof41. Duetopersonality,thetwocolleaguesnevergotonwellinwork.[A]contradiction [B] conflict[C] confrontation [D] competition42.Duringthesummervacation,kidsareoftenseenhanginginthestreets.[A]about [B]on[C]over [D]out43. Therewere150attheinternationalconferencethissummer.[A]spectators [B]viewers[C]participants [D] onlookers44. SchoolstartedonacolddayinFebruary.[A]severe [B]bitter[C]such [D]frozen45. Inthefaceofunexpecteddifficulties,hedemonstratedatalentforquick,action.[A]determining [B] defensive[C]demanding [D]decisive46. Theteamhasbeenworkingovertimeontheresearchproject.[A]lately [B]justnow -[C]late [D]longago47. Becauseoftheeconomiccrisis,industrialoutputintheregionremained.[A]motionless [B]inactive[C]stagnant [D] immobile48. Thepolicehaddifficultyinthefansfromrushingontothestagetotakephotoswiththesinger.[A]limiting [B] restraining[C]confining [D] restricting49. Joanisinthedorm,puttingthefinaltoherspeech.[A]details [B]remarks[C]comments [D]touches50. Hisingamblinghaseventuallybroughtabouthisruin.[A]indulgence[B]habit[C]action[D]engagementIII.Cloze(10%;0.5markeach):TherearemanysuperstitionsinBritain,butoneofthemost(51)heldisthatitisunluckytowalkunderaladderevenifitmeans(52)thepavementintoabusystreet!(53)youmustpassunderaladderyoucan(54)badluckbycrossingyourfingersand(55)themcrosseduntilyouhaveseenadog.(56),youmaylickyourfingerand(57)acrossonthetoeofyourshoe,andnotlookagainattheshoeuntilthe(58)hasdried.Anothercommon(59)isthatitisunluckytoopenanumbrellainthehouseitwilleitherbring(60)tothepersonwhoopeneditortothewhole(61).Anyoneopeninganumbrellainfineweatheris(62),asitinevitablybringsrain!Thenumber13issaidtobeunluckyforsome,andwhenthe13thdayofthemonth(63)onaFriday,anyonewishingtoavoidabadeventhadbetterstay(64).theworstmisfortunethatcanhappentoapersoniscausedbybreakingamirror,(65)itbringssevenyearsofbadluck!Thesuperstitionissupposedto(66)inancienttimes,whenmirrorswereconsideredtobetoolsofthegods.BlackcatsaregenerallyconsideredluckyinBritain,eventhoughtheyare(67)witchcraftitis(68)luckyifablackcatcrossesyourpath-althoughinAmericatheexactoppositebeliefprevails.Finally,acommonlyheldsuperstitionisthatoftouchingwood(69)luck.Thismeasureismostoftentakenifyouthinkyouhavesaidsomethingthatistemptingfate,suchas"mycarhasnever(70),touchwood?"51. [A]broadly [B]widely [C]quickly [D]speedily52. [A]runningfrom [B]jumpingoff [C]steppingoff [D]keepingfrom53. [A]If [B]As [C]Though [D]Unless54. [A]erase [B]remove [C]avoid [D]ease55. [A]keep [B]keeping [C]kept [D]keep56. [A]Consequently [B]However [C]Comparatively [D]Alternatively57. [A]make [B]print [C]perform [D]produce58. [A]label [B]symbol [C]mark [D]cut59. [A]argument [B]superstition [C]opinion [D]idea60. [A]loss [B]difficulty [C]tragedy [D]misfortune61. [A]house [B]household [C]home [D]circle62