02016年6月英语四级考试第2套

A)ThebiggestincreaseinnicotinecontenttendedtobeinbrandsyoungsmokersBigtobaccocompanieswerefrankwiththeircustomersabouthazardsofBrandswhichcontainhighernicotinecontentwerefoundtobemuchmoreTobaccocompaniesrefusedtodiscussthedetailednicotinecontentoftheirA)TheypromisedtoreducethenicotinecontentinTheyhavenotfullyrealizedtheharmfuleffectofTheywerenotpreparedtocommentonthecigarettesTheywillpaymoreattentiontothequalityoftheirPartDirections:Inthissection,youwillheartwolongconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,youwillhearfourquestions.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions8to11arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustA)A)TalkingwithherboyfriendinAcquiringthenecessaryabilitytoGettingacoachwhocanofferrealLearningalanguagewhereitisnotA)PracticingreadingaloudasoftenasListeningtolanguagesprogramsontheTryingtospeakitasmuchasoneMakingfriendswithnativeA)ItprovidesopportunitiesforlanguageIttrainsyoungpeople’sleadershipItoffersvariouscourseswithcreditItcreatesanenvironmentforQuestions12to15arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustA)TheimpactofenginedesignonroadTherolemenyintrafficAsense domdrivingRulesandregulationsforA)MakecarswithautomaticMakecarsthathavebetterMakecarsthatarelessMakecarswithhigherA)TheytendtodriveTheyliketogoathighTheykeepwithinspeedTheyfollowtrafficrulesA)ItisabadItisnotItisaseffectiveasspeedItshouldbecombinedwithDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearthreepassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearthreeorfourquestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions16to18arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustA)ThecardgotThecardwasfoundThecardreaderfailedtodotheThecardreaderbrokedownA)BycoveringthecreditcardwithalayerofBycallingthecredit forByseekinghelpfromthecardreadermakerBytythecreditcardnumberintothecashA)Affectthesalesofhigh-techChangethelifestyleofmanyGivebirthtomanynewtechnologicalProducemanylow-techfixesforhigh-techQuestions19to21arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustA)TheyaresetbythedeanofthegraduateTheyaredeterminedbytheadvisingTheyleavemuchroomforTheyvaryamongdifferentA)ByconsultingtheexaminingByreadingtheBulletinofBycontactingthedepartmentalA)TheyspecifythenumberofcreditsstudentsmustTheyarehardertomeetthanthoseforTheyhavetobeapprovedbytheexaminingTheyarethesameamongvariousdivisionsoftheQuestions22to25arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustA)Ph.D.CandidatesinStudentsmajoringinStudentsinhealthMiddleandhighschoolA)ItsemphasisonItchangesthecriteriaforItsmistakenconceptionofItoverestimatestheeffectofA)TodemonstratethemagiceffectofdietingonToexinhowcomputerimagescanbeToprovethattechnologyhasimpactedourToillustrateherpointthatbeautyisbutskinA)TohelpstudentsridthemselvesofbadlivingToestablishanemotionalconnectionwithTopromoteherownconceptofTopersuadegirlstostopPartIIIReadingComprehension (40minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions26to35arebasedonthefollowingSignsbarringcell-phoneuseareafamiliarsighttoanyonewhohaseversatinahospitalwaitingroom.Butthe26popularityofelectronicmedicalrecordshasdhospital-baseddoctorsto e27oncomputersthroughouttheday,anddesktops,whichdoctorskeepbesidetheirdesks,are28givingwaytowirelessAsclericalloadsincreased,”somethinghadto29,andthatwasalwaysgoingtobefacetimewithpatients,”saysBhaktiPa,aformerchiefresidentintheUniversityofChicago’sinternal-medicineprogram.Infall2010,shehelped30apilotprojectinChicagotoseeiftheiPadcouldimproveworkingconditionsandpatientcare.Theexperimentwasso31thatallinternal-medicineresidentsattheuniversitynowgetiPadswhentheybegintheprogram.JohnsHopkins’sinternal-medicineprogramadoptedthesame32in2011.MedicalschoolsatYaleandStanfordhavenewlabcoats33withlargepocketsto modatetabletcomputers.AstudyoftheUniversityofChicagoiPadprojectfoundthatpatientsgottestsand34fasteriftheywerecaredforbyiPad-equippedresidents.Inaddition,manypatientsalso35abetterunderstandingoftheillnessthatlandedtheminthehospitalinthefirstce.Directions:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter:AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.Isitpossibletoenjoyapeacefullifeinaworldthatisincreasinglychallengedbythreatsanduncertaintiesfromwars,terrorism,economiccrisesandawidespreadoutbreakofinfectiousdiseases?Theanswerisyes,accordingtoanewbookThe10goldenrules:AncientWisdomfromtheGreekPhilosophersonLivingaGoodLife.Thebookisco-authoredbyLongIslandUniversity’sphilosophyprofessor,MichelSoupios,andeconomicsprofessor,PanosThewisdomoftheancientGreekphilosophersistimeless,saysSoupios.Thephilosophyprofessorsaysitisasrelevanttodayaswhenitwasfirstwrittenmanycenturiesago.“Thereisnoexpiration(失效)dateonwisdom,”hesays,“thereisnoshelflifeoninligence.Ithinkthatthingshave everygloomythesedays,lotsofmisunderstanding,misleadingcues,alotofwhattheancientswouldhavecalledsophistry(诡辩).Thenicethingaboutancientphilosophy,asofferedbytheGreeks,isthattheytendedtoseelifeclearandwhole,inawaythatwetendnottoseelifetoday.”Soupios,alongwithhisco-authorPanosMourdoutas,developedtheir10goldenrulesbyturningtothemenbehindthatphilosophy–Aristotle,Socrates,EpictetusandPythagoras,amongothersThefirstruleexamineyourlife–isthecommonthreadthatrunsthroughtheentirebook.Soupiossaysthatitisbasedonto’sobservationthattheunexaminedlifeisnotworthliving.“TheGreeksarealwaysconcernedaboutboxingthemselvesinintermsofconvictions(信念),”hesays,“sotakeastepback,switchofftheautomaticpilotandactuallystopandreflectaboutthingslikeourpriorities,ourvalues,andourrelationships.”Aswebegintoexamineourlife,SoupiossayswecometoRuleNo.2:Worryonlyaboutthingsthatyoucancontrol.“TheindividualwhopromotedthisideawasaStoicphilosopher.HisnameisEpictetus,”hesays.“AndwhattheStoicssayingeneralissimplythis:Thereisalargerninlife.Youarenotreallygoingtobeabletounderstandallofthedimensionsofthisn.Youarenotgoingtobeabletocontrolthedimensionsofthisn.”So,Soupiosexins,itisnotworthittowasteourphysical,inlectualandspiritualenergyworryingaboutthingsthatarebeyondourcontrol.“IcannotcontrolwhetherornotIwindupgettingthediseaseswineflu,forexample,”hesays.“Imean,therearesomecautionsstepsIcantake,butultimayIcannotguaranteemyselfthat.SowhatEpictetuswouldsayissittinghomeworryingaboutthatwouldbewrongandwastefulandirrational.Youshouldliveyourlifeattemptingtoidentifyandcontrolthosethingswhichyoucangenuinelycontrol.”Tohaveameaningful,happylifeweneedfriends.ButaccordingtoAristotle—astudentoftoandteacherofAlexandertheGreat—mostrelationshipsdon’tqualifyastruefriendships.“JustbecauseIhaveabusinessrelationshipwithanindividualsandIcanprofitfromthatrelationship,itdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthis ismyfriend,”Soupiossays.“Realfriendshipiswhentwoindividualssharethesamesoul.It’sabeautifuluncharacteristicallypoeticimagethatAristotleInourpursuitofthegoodlife,hesays,it’simportanttoseekouttruepleasures—advicewhichwasoriginallyofferedbyEpicurus.ButunlikethemoderndefinitionofEpicureanism,alifeofindulgence()andluxury,fortheancientGreeks,itmeantfindingastateofcalm,tranquilityandmentalease.“ThiswasthehighestandmostdesirableformofpleasureandhappinessfortheancientEpicureans,”Soupiossays.“Thisissomethingthatisverymuchwellworthconsideringhereinthemodernera.Idonotthinkwespendnearlyenoughtimetryingtoconcentrateonachievingasortofcalmness,asortofcontentmentinamentalandspiritualway,whichwasidentifiedbythesepeopleasthehighestformofhappinessandpleasure.”DoGoodtoOthergoldenrulescounselustomasterourselves,toavoidexcessandnotbeaprosperous(发迹的)fool.Therearealsorulesdealingwithinter alrelationships:Bearesponsiblehumanbeinganddonotdoeviltoothers.“ThisisHesiod,ofcourse,ayoungercontemporarypoet,webelieve,withHomer,”SoupiossaysHesiodoffersanideawhichyouveryoftenfindinsomeoftheworld’sgreatreligions,intheJudeo-Christiantradition,inIslam,andothers,thatinsomesense,whenyouhurtanotherhumanbeing,youhurtyourself.Thatdamagingotherpeopleinyourcommunityandinyourlife,trashingrelationships,resultsinakindofself-inflicted(自己相致的)spiritualInstead,Soupiossays,ancientwisdomurgesustodogood.GoldenRuleNo.10foragoodlifeisthatkindnesstowardotherstendstoberewarded.“ThisisAesop,thefabulist(寓言家),themanofthosecharminglittletales,oftentoldintermsofanimalsandanimalrelationships,”hesays.“IthinkwhatAesopwassuggestingisthatwhenyouofferagoodturntoanotherhumanbeing,onecanhopethatgooddeedwillcomebackandsortofpayaprofittoyou,thedoerofthegooddeed.Evenifthereisnoconcretebenefitpaidinresponsetoyourgooddeed,attheveryleast,thedoerofthegooddeedhastheopportunitytoenjoyakindofspirituallyenlightenedmoment.”Soupiossaysfollowingthe10GoldenRulesbasedonancientwisdomcanguideustothepathofthegoodlife—wherewestoplivingasonlookersand eengagedandhappierhumanbeings.Andthat,henotes,isalifeworthliving.AccordingtoanancientGreekphilosopher,itisimpossibleforustounderstandeveryaspectofourlife.AncientphilosopherssawlifeinadifferentlightfrompeopleofNotallyourbusinesspartnersareyoursoulWecanliveapeacefullifedespitethevariouschallengesofthemodernThedoerofagooddeedcanfeelspirituallyrewardedevenwhentheygainnoconcreteHowtoachievementalcalmnessandcontentmentiswellworthourconsiderationMichaelSoupiossuggeststhatweshouldstopandthinkcarefullyaboutourprioritiesinAncientphilosophersstronglyadvisethatwedoThewiseteachingsofancientGreekthinkersaretimeless,andareapplicabletocontemporaryDoharmtoothersandyoudoharmto Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingAttitudestowardsnewoftenfallalonggenerationallines.Thatis,generally,youngerpeopletendtooutnumberolderpeopleonthefrontendoftechnologicalshift.Itisnotalwaysthecase,though.Whenyoulookatattitudestowarddriverlesscars,theredoesn'tseemtobeacleargenerationaldivide.Thepublicoverallissplitonwhetherthey'dliketouseadriverlesscar.Inastudylastyear,ofallpeoplesurveyed,48percentsaidtheywantedtorideinone,while50percentdidnot.Thefactthatattitudestowardself-drivingcarsappeartobesosteadyacrossgenerationssuggestshowtransformativetheshifttodriverlesscarscouldbe.Noteveryonewantsadriverlesscarnow—andnoonecangetoneyet—butamongthosewhoareopentothem,everyagegroupissimilarlyengaged.Actually,thisisn'tsurprising.Whereasoldergenerationsaresometimesreluctanttoadoptnew,driverlesscarspromiserealvaluetotheseagegroupsinparticular.Olderadults,especiallythosewithlimitedmobilityordifficultydrivingontheirown,areoneoftheclassicuse-casesfordriverlesscars.Thisisespeciallyinterestingwhenyouconsiderthatyoungerpeoplearegenerallymoreinterestedintravel-relatedthanolderones.Whenitcomestodriverlesscars,differencesinattitudearemorepronouncedbasedonfactorsnotrelatedtoage.Collegegraduates,forexample,areparticularlyinterestedindriverlesscarscomparedwiththosewhohavelesseducation:59percentofcollegegraduatesaidtheywouldliketouseadriverlesscarcomparedwith38percentofthosewithahigh-schooldiplomaorless.Wherea livesmatters,too.Morepeoplewholiveincitiesandsuburbssaidtheywantedtotrydriverlesscarsthanthosewholivedinruralareas.Whilethere'sreasontobelievethatinterestinself-drivingcarsisgoingupacrosstheboard,a'sagewillhavelittletodowithhowself-drivingcarscan emainstream.Oncedriverlesscarsareactuallyavailableforsale,theearlyadopterswillbethepeoplewhocantobuyWhathappenswhenanewtechnologyItfurtherwidensthegapbetweentheoldandtheItoftenleadstoinnovationsinotherrelatedItcontributesgreatlytotheadvanceofsocietyasaItusuallydrawsdifferentreactionsfromdifferentageWhatdoestheauthorsayaboutthedriverlessItdoesnotseemtocreateagenerationalItwillnotnecessarilyreduceroadItmaystartarevolutioninthecarIthasgivenrisetounrealisticWhydoesthedriverlesscarappealtosomeoldItsavestheir ItaddstothesafetyoftheirIthelpswiththeir D)ItstirsuptheirinterestinWhatislikelytoaffectone'sattitudetowardthedriverlessThelocationoftheirThefieldoftheirspecialTheamountoftrainingtheyThelengthoftheirdrivingWhoarelikelytobethefirsttobuythedriverlessThe TheThe D)ThetechPassageQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingInagrarian（农业的）pre-industrialEuropeyou'dwanttowakeupearly,startworkingwiththesunrise,haveabreaktohavethelargestmealandthenyou'dgobacktoworksaysKenAbala,aprofessorofhistoryattheUniversityofthePacificLaterat5or6,you'dhaveasmallersupper."Thiscomfortablecycle,inwhichtherhythmsofthedayhelpedshapetherhythmsofthemeals,gaverisetothecustomofthelargemiddaymeal,eatenwiththeextendedfamily."Mealsarethefoundationofthefamily,"saysCaroleCounihan,aprofessoratMillersvilleUniversityinPennyslvaniasotherewasaveryimportantinterconnectionbetweeneatingtogetherSinceindustrialization,maintainingsuchaslowculturalmetabolismhasbeenmuchharder,withthelongmiddaymealshrivelingtowhatevercouldbestuffedintoalunchbucketorboughtatafoodstand.Certainly,therewerebenefits.Moderntechniquesforproducingandshipfoodledtogreatervarietyandty,includingatremendousincreaseintheamountofanimalproteinanddairyproductsavailable,makingusmorerobustthanourancestor.Yetplentyhasbeenlosttoo,eveninculturesthatstilllivetoeat