专题01细节理解题定位信息巧比对-备战高考英语破解阅读理解讲练测

专题01细节理解题-定位信息巧比对一、明命题，懂考查方式和考查角度(一)命题解读1．命题人会要求学生根据不同的要求阅读文章，以获得某些特定的信息或准确地寻找所需的细节。2．细节理解题有时比较直接，理解字面意思即可答题；有时则较为间接，需要归纳、概括和推理才能答题。细节理解题在英语高考阅读理解中占了较大的比重，是重要的得分点。(二)考查特点1．把握细节理解题常见的考查方式特殊疑问句形式：以when,where,what,which,who等疑问词开头引出问题。2．掌握细节理解题的考查角度(1)高频考点：直接信息题；间接信息题；(2)低频考点：数字计算题；正误判断题；细节排序题。3．精准定位命题点所在众所周知，阅读理解的解题关键除了读懂文章之外就是对信息的精准定位。高考阅读理解虽然每篇文章很长，但并不是每一个词、每一句话都很重要；虽然信息很多，但并不是每一个信息点都是考点。因此在阅读过程中学会有的放矢、精准定位至关重要。二、细节理解题的解题捷径一般采用寻读法，解题分三步：(1)先读题干，抓住关键词；(2)带着问题快速阅读文章，找出与问题有关的词语或句子；(3)仔细对比选项和原文信息，继而找出答案。三、细节理解题的正确选项特征原词复现选项中的某个单词或短语与原文完全一致同义替换对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换语言简化把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化正话反说把原文中的意思反过来表达四、细节理解题的干扰选项特征扩缩范围与文章细节部分吻合，部分相悖无中生有明显与文章内容不符或没有提及偷梁换柱符合常识，但不是文章内容张冠李戴是文章细节，但不符合题干要求或不是要点正误参半部分正确，部分错误题型(一)直接信息题在解答直接信息题时，学生可以采取“关键词定位法”，即“带着问题找答案”的方法，通过定位找题眼。【典例】(2022·全国乙卷阅读B)In1916,twogirlsofwealthyfamilies,bestfriendsfromAuburn,N．Y.—DorothyWoodruffandRosamondUnderwood—traveledtoasettlementintheRockyMountainstoteachinaone-roomgirlshadgonetoSmithworeexpensiveforthemtomovetoElkhead,Colo.toinstructthechildrenwhoseshoeswereheldtogetherwithstringwasasurprise...24.WhydidDorothyandRosamondgototheRockyMountains？A．Toteachinaschool. B．TostudyAmericanhistory.writeabook. D．Todosightseeing.第一步找关键词：题干中的关键信息为gototheRockyMountains。第二步寻信息句：定位选段第一句中的DorothyWoodruff...toteachinaone-roomschoolhouse。第三步比对答案：Dorothy和Rosamond去落基山脉是为了到一所学校教学。自主解答__A__题型(二)间接信息题为了更好地考查学生的语言知识和思维品质，命题人往往会对具体细节信息加以修饰或转换，这就需要学生综合多处信息进行理解。常见的考查方式有以下3种命题形式：类型1换词类——对关键词进行同义转换原词复现【典例】(2022·全国乙卷阅读D)FirstannouncedinApril,2016,thetaxwhichappliestosoftdrinkscontainingmorethan5gofsugarper100ml,wasintroducedtohelpreducechildhoodobesity(肥胖)．Itisbelievedthattoday'schildren...32.Whywasthesugartaxintroduced？A．Ttectchildren'shealth.encourageresearchineducation.第一步找关键词：题干中的关键词为introduced。第二步寻信息句：定位选段第一句FirstannouncedinApril,2016,thetaxwhichappliestosoftdrinkscontainingmorethan5gofsugarper100ml,wasintroducedtohelpreducechildhoodobesity(肥胖)。第三步比对答案：征收糖税的目的是帮助减少儿童肥胖，保护孩子们的健康。自主解答__C__同义对应【典例】(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷阅读A)LateWorkAnessaynotsubmittedinclassontheduedatewilllosealettergradeforeachclassperioditisitisnotturnedinbythe4thdayaftertheduedate,itwillearnaassignmentsnotcompletedduringclasswillgetawritingsmissedasaresultofanexcusedabsencewillbeaccepted.23.Whatwillhappenifyousubmitanessayoneweekaftertheduedate?A．Youwillreceiveazero.willlosealettergrade.willbegivenatest.willhavetorewriteit.第一步找关键词：题干中的关键词为submit。第二步寻信息句：定位选段第二句Ifitisnotturnedinbythe4thdayaftertheduedate,itwillearnazero.。第三步比对答案：如果你在截止日期过后一周才上交，你的成绩将会是零分。自主解答__A__类型2计算类——对具体细节信息进行加工此类试题要求学生对具体细节信息，尤其是对相关的时间、数量等数字和信息进行分析和理解，利用加、减、乘、除等运算方法进行计算，但此类试题重点不在于计算，而在于考查学生对具体细节信息的处理能力，因此解题时必须找出计算背后所隐含的信息。【典例】(2022·全国乙卷阅读A)Admission￡4.Childrenunder12yearsaccompaniedbyanadultareadmittedfree.SchoolsandCollegesAspeciallowentrancechargeof￡2perpersonisavailabletoallinfull-timeeducation,uptoandincludingthoseatfirstdegreelevel,inorganisedgroupswithteachers.22.Howmuchwouldacouplewithtwochildrenunder12payforadmission？A．￡4. B．￡8.C.￡12. D．￡16.第一步找关键词：题干中的关键词为admission。第二步寻信息句：定位Admission中的￡4.Childrenunder12yearsaccompaniedbyanadultareadmittedfree。第三步比对答案：门票是4英镑，由一位成年人陪同的12岁以下的孩子是免费的。因此，一对夫妇带两个12岁以下的孩子应支付8英镑。自主解答__B__类型3概括类——概括和归纳为了增加细节理解题的难度，命题人有时候会采用较为概括的方式来进行命题，即一道试题中涉及一段或者几段的某些内容，需要学生进行概括和归纳后才能得出答案。此类试题虽然各个细节信息都能在文章中找到，但学生需要具备一定的概括和归纳能力才能正确作答。【典例】(2021·全国乙卷阅读A)Allthesestadiumsarestillfunctional,stillopenandstillhostingthebiggesteventsinworldsport.·Rungrado1stofMayStadium,Pyongyang,D．:150，000.Opened:May1，1989.·MichiganStadium,AnnArbor,Michigan,U．:107，601.Opened:October1，1927.·BeaverStadium,StateCollege,Pennsylvania,U．:106，572.Opened:September17，1960.·OhioStadium,Columbus,Ohio,U．:104，944.Opened:October7，1922.·KyleField,CollegeStation,Texas,U．:102，512.Opened:September24，1927.22.Ofthefollowingstadiums,whichistheoldest？A．MichiganStadium. B．BeaverStadium.C.OhioStadium. D．KyleField.第一步找关键词：题干中的关键词为whichistheoldest。第二步寻信息句：定位至文章最后一部分对各个体育场的介绍。第三步比对答案：四个选项中的体育场分别于1927年、1960年、1922年、1927年开放。因此，最古老的体育场是OhioStadium。自主解答__C__A(2022·马鞍山市教学质量监测二)HiddenGardensinLondonFromnaturereservestocommunityspace,we'vedugupsomeofLondon'smostsecretgardens,whereyou'llfindpocketsofsplendidnatureandforgetaboutallyourworries.Queen'sWoodAcrosstheroadfromthebetter-knownHighgateWood,thereissomethingmoremagicalandquieteraboutQueen'sWood—itspathwaysthroughthemountainashandcherrymightbeonlyafewhundredmetresfromHighgatetubestation,butnativebluebellsandcountlessspeciesofsmallanimalsmakethisawonderfulretreat.PhoenixGardenBehindCharingCrossRoadthisisasuperspotforacomfortablelunchtimeoutforfrogsandsparrows,whicharethrivingthankstoanenthusiasticconservationgardenclosedlastautumnforredevelopmentworkbuthasreopenedintimetotakeadvantageofalongspellofgoodweather.Postman'sParkAshortwalkfromStPaul'sCathedralliesoneofLondon'smosttouchingmonuments.WithinthequietPostman'sPark,nestledbeneatharoof,arejustover50ceramicplaques(匾牌),eachhonoringthememoryofanordinarypersonwholosthisorherlifetryingtosaveothers.RedCrossGardenOriginallyintendedtogiveSouthwarkchildrenaspacetoplay,thisVictoriangardenhasbeenrestoredtoitsoriginaldesign,completewithponds,cottages,bandstandsandformalrelaxingintherestoredbandstand,it'shardtoimaginetheviewbackin1887whenitwassurroundedbyworkhousesandfactories.语篇解读：本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了位于伦敦的四个秘密花园。1．Whichgardenisclosetoasubwaystation?A．Queen'sWood. B．PhoenixGarden.C．Postman'sPark. D．RedCrossGarden.解析：A细节理解题。根据Queen'sWood部分中的Itmightbe...Highgatetubestation可知，Queen'sWood离地铁站只有几百米远。2．WhatcanyoudoinPostman'sPark?A．Takephotosofoldworkhouses.B．Swiminthepond.C．Learnstoriesaboutselflessness.D．Enjoyabandshow.解析：C细节理解题。根据Postman'sPark部分中的Withinthequiet...tryingtosaveothers.可知，在Postman'sPark，有50多块陶瓷匾牌位于屋顶下，每一块都是为了纪念为拯救他人而牺牲的普通人。由此可知，在Postman'sPark，人们可以学习到无私奉献的精神。3．WhatdoPhoenixGardenandRedCrossGardenhaveincommon?A．Theyhavebeenrepaired.B．Theyweresurroundedbyfactories.C．Theywillbetemporarilyclosed.D．Theyhavethesameoriginaldesign.解析：A细节理解题。根据PhoenixGarden部分中的Thegardenclosed...goodweather.和RedCrossGarden部分中的thisVictoriangardenhasbeenrestoredtoitsoriginaldesign可知，两个地方的共同点是都经过了修复。B(2022·长春市教学质量监测)NewYear2020wasshapinguptobeaheartbreakerforMelaniefewweeksearlier,her33-year-oldsonhadlosthisbattlewithalongthetransmission(变速器)onher2007ChevroletTahoefailedtohadnomeansofpayingforittobefixed.“Whenitbrokedown,Ibrokedown，”LeetoldCNN.“NowIdon'thavemybaby,andIdon'thaveamIsupposedtostayactiveinmygrandchildren'slives？”EliotMiddleton,38,whoistheownerofabarbecuerestaurantandaformerautomechanic,inhisfreetime,repairsandgivesawayusedcars.He'dheardaboutLee'sdifficultsituationfromhernephewFrankMcClary,themayorofAndrews,SouththemorningoftheNewYear,MiddletonshowedupunannouncedatLee'shomewithagift：awhite1993Oldsmobile.“Ihadnoideawhatwasgoingon，”saidLee.“Hehandedmethekeysanddidn'taskforanything.”Onceagain,she'sabletopickuphergranddaughtersfromschoolandtakethemtohavedanceclasses.“Igotmyfreedomback.”TheideaofgivingawayusedcarscametoMiddletonayearearlierduringafooddrivehe'dofthosewho'dlinedupforamealwalkeduptofourmilestogettherebecausetheydidn'thavecars.“CarsarealifelineinthispartofSouthCarolina，”MiddletontoldCBS.“There'snopublictransportation,andnotaxistotakepeopletojobinterviews,doctorappointments,evenfoodshopping.”Sohepostedanofferonlinetotradehisrestaurant'sspecialty,barbecuedribs,forbroken-downthen,friendsandstrangershavedroppedoffmorethan100carsinvariousstatesofsitinMiddleton'syardwaitingtobepatched_upanddonated,usuallytothosehe'sheardaboutthroughwordofmouth.It'salistofnamesthatgrowdaily.“PeoplethinkEliotisagoodman，”MayorMcClarysaid.“AndIdo,too.”语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。MelanieLee遭遇了人生的寒冬：33岁的儿子因病去世，赖以代步的车子发生故障无钱维修，幸得EliotMiddleton帮助。他向MelanieLee捐赠了一辆汽车。4．WhatcanwelearnaboutMelanieLeefromthetext?A．Shelosthersoninacaraccident.B．Shewasdeeplydepressedwhenhercarbrokedown.C．Sherefusedtolo