2022年安徽省铜陵市大学英语6级大学英语六级重点汇总（含答案）

2022年安徽省铜陵市大学英语6级大学英语六级重点汇总（含答案）学校:________班级:________姓名:________考号:________

一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20题)1.Isn'tItTimetoRighttheWrong?

—ByTomSeligson

Inthesummerof1944,PortChicago—aNavybase30milesnortheastofSanFrancisco—wasthesceneofadevastatingexplosion.Hundredsofliveswerelostinwhat'sconsideredthedeadliesthome-frontdisasterofthewar.MostofthedeadandinjuredwereAfrican-Americans,putinharm'swaybyasegregatedmilitarylittleconcernedfortheirsafety.Worse,racismlayattheheartofthedisasterandlaterofaneventthathasbeencalledoneofthebiggestmiscarriagesofjusticeinourhistory.

Atthetime,PortChicagowasthebusiestammunitiondepotontheWestCoast.Thesailorsworkedaroundtheclock,loadingbombs,depthchargesandtorpedoesontoshipsheadedforthePacifictheater.InthesegregatedU.S.Navy,thejobofloadingthedeadlyammunitionwasperformedonlybyblacksailors.

"Tofindyourselfloadingammunitionwasadisappointment,"recallsRobertRouth,anAfrican-AmericansailorfromMemphiswhowas19atthetime."Weallwantedtobeactuallyfighting.Butweknewthatwhatwedidwasessentialtothewar."

Essentialbutrisky."Loadingammunitionwasextremelydangerous,"explainsRobertL.Allen,authorofThePortChicagoMutinyandtheforemostauthorityontheevents."Thesailorsweregivennotrainingforit.Ontopofthat,itwascommonpracticefortheofficerstopitthemenagainsteachother,bettingtoseewhocouldloadtheirboatthefastest."

ACoastGuarddetailworkingattheportwarnedtheNavythattheseunsafeconditionscouldleadtoadisaster.TheNavyrefusedtochangeitsprocedures,andtheCoastGuardwithdrewitsmen.

TheNightCalmWasShattered

OntheeveningofJuly17,1944,twocargoshipsweretiedupatthepier.TheE.A.Bryanwasalmostfullyloadedwith4600tonsofclusterbombs,depthchargesand40millimetershells.TheQuinaltVictoryhadjustdocked.RobertRouthandfellowsailorPercyRobinson,18,fromChicago,wereintheirbarracks.At10:19,thenightcalmwasshattered.

"Iwasinmybunkwhentheexplosionoccurred,"recallsRobinson."Iwaslookingoutthewindow,andallofasuddeneverythingturnedtosunlight.1jumpeduptoseewhatwashappening,andthenIfelttheconcussion.Iinstinctivelycoveredmyfacewithmyarms.Thenasecondexplosionliftedmeupandknockedmetothefloor."

RobertRouthalsoturnedtowardthewindowatthefirstexplosion."Itwasthegreatestfireworksyoueverwantedtosee,"herecalls.Italsowasthelastthingheeversaw."Withthesecondexplosion,glasswenteverywhere.Itwasacombinationoftheglassandtheconcussionthatdestroyedmyeyes."

Thesecondexplosionwassopowerfulthatseismographs(地震仪)atBerkeleyrecordeditasanearthquake.TheE.A.Bryanwasblownintotinypieces.TheQuinaltVictorywasrippedapart,andPortChicago'swoodenpierwascompletelydestroyed.Thehumancostwasevenworse.Everyoneonthepierandaboardthetwoshipswaskilled.Ofthe320fatalities,202wereblack.Andofthe390injured,233wereblack.

Asbadasitwas,though,thedisastermightnothavemadehistoryifitweren'tforwhatfollowed.

TheNavy'sInsult

ANavycourtofinquiryruledoutsabotage.Itheardtestimonyabouttheunsafeconditionsattheport,butitsfinalreportabsolvedthewhiteofficersofanyresponsibilityandblamedthetragedyon"roughhandling"oftheexplosivesbytheblacksailors.Thenthewhiteofficersweregranted30-dayleaves."Noneoftheblacksailorsweregrantedleaves,"saysRobinson,whosufferedlacerations(裂伤)tohisface,head

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2.

WhenGMtomatoesfirstenteredBritishsupermarket,itcausedasensationtothewholeimmediately.

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3.

Themainideaofthispassageisthataperson'simageisakeyfactorinthesuccessofhisorherjobapplication.

A.YB.NC.NG

4.

Adlerrecognizedthatformany,thejobchoiceislikelytohave______.

5.

JosephThsetanGerganservesforIndianDepartmentofScienceandTechnology.

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6.

Mr.Anglesaysaheterogeneousswarmofrobotswilltakecareofthehouseinsteadof______.

7.

Only______beallowedtoentertheancientOlympicGames.

8.ThecurrentruraldepopulationinEuropeistheresultoflong-termemigrationandindustrialization.

9.(11)

10.

Ifyouwanttogiveupajobwholesale,youshouldevaluate______fromit.

11.

Bionicsisastudyinsearchofprincipleapplicabletoengineeringbystudyingoflivingcreatures.

A.YB.NC.NG

12.

Amotorbikeisatypeofhybridbecauseitusestwo______torun.

13.TheBermudaTriangle

ThereisaplaceintheAtlanticOceanwhereshipsandairplanesseemtodisappearmoreoftenthananywhereelseonEarth.Itseemstoform.atrianglebetweenMiami,Bermuda,andtheoceaneastofPuertoRico.ThisplaceiscalledtheBermudaTriangle.Over100planesandshipshavebeenlosttheresince1945.Over1,000,peoplehavedisappeared.

Itisalmostasffthelostplaneshadgoneintoaholeinthesky,asiftheslipshadbeensuddenlysuckedclownintoahugewhirlpool.Thestrangestthingisthatnothingiseverfound:nobodiesinthewaterorwasheduponthebeach.

ThebiggestsinglelossofplaneshappenedinDecemberof1945.FiveNavyplanesfromFloridawereflyingtogether.Therewere14meninthem.TheyradioedbacktotheirBasethattheirflyinginstrumentswerenotworking,theydidnotknowwheretheywere.Thebaseradioedbacktothemtofollowthesunvest.Theyansweredthattheycouldnotseethesun,eventhoughtheweatherwasgood.Theyalsosaidthattheoceandidn'tlookasitshould.Finallytheysaidtheycouldnothearthebase.Butthebasetowercouldstillhearthemtalkingaboutstrange"whitewater".Thelastthingthetowerheardwas:"Don'tcomeafterus.Itlookslike..."Thentherewassilence.

Inthemeantime,13meninanotherplanehadbeensenttohelpthem.Buttheysentjustonemessage.Itsaidthattheywerecomingtotheplacewheretheplaneswerelost.Thenitalsodisappearedandwasneverheardfromagain.Aftercheckingandsearchingformanymonths,aNavyofficersaid,"It'salmostasiftheyhadgonetoMars."

SometimesaplaneorshipwilldisappearfightaftersendingamessagesayingthateverythingisOK.DuringChristmasof1963aDC-3passengerplanewascomingintoMiamiforalanding.Thepilotaskedforlandingdirections.Thenhesaid,"Wouldyoubelieveit?ThepassengersarestillsingingChristmascarols!"Thensuddenlytheplane'sradiowentofftheair.Neithertheplanenoranyofthepassengersinitwereeverheardfromagain.

ItisknownthatpilotsofplanesoftenhavetroublewiththeirinstrumentsintheBermudaTriangle.ManypeoplehavestudiedtheTriangletofindoutwhatcouldbecausingsuchthingstohappedthere.In1965aNavyplanewassenttostudythemagneticfieldintheBermudaTriangle.Soonafterflyingintothearea,theplanedisappeared.The10meninitweregone,too.

Instrumenttroublealonecan'tbethewholeanswer.Mostoftheshipsandplaneshavevanishedclosetoland,ingoodweather,andoftenindaytime.Whateverhappensseemstohappenveryquickly.AsmallboatoncedisappearedrightoffMiamiharbor.Itsowner,DanBurack,hadstoppedatBuoyNo.9toadmiretheChristmaslightsonshore.HesuddenlysentacallforhelptotheCoastGuard.Hedidn'tsaywhatwaswrong.ACoastGuardboathurriedtoBuoyNo.9.

Onitsradio,themenheardBuracksay,"I'veneverseenonelikethatbefore."Nobodyknowswhathemeant.BythetimetheCoastGuardboatgotthere,Burack'sboatanditspassengershaddisappeared.

Manylargeshipshavevanished,too.Oneweighed20,000tons.Anotherhadmorethan300peopleonboard.TheradioononelargeshipfromJapansentaverystrangelastmessage.Itsaid,"Dangerlikedaggernow.Comequickly!Wecannotescape."Afterthismessage,theshipvanishedfromthesea.

SomethingintheBermudaTrianglecausesflightinstrumentstogooutoforder.Thismightexplainhowplanesgetlostandcrash.Butitwouldnotexplainwhyplaneswouldvanishsuddenlyingoodweatherandsometimeswhentheyarecominginforalanding.Someoftheshipscouldhavebeenturnedoverordestroyedbyaccidents.Orasmallboatcouldberunintoandsunkbyalargerone.Thisisnotlikely,though.Andinanycase,somethingwouldhaveb

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14.

AndrewJohnsonwasamemberof______.

15.

Accordingtosomeexpertsinfitnessthosewhohavenodiseasearehealthy.

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16.

ItispossibleforanearlywarningtoalertHawaiiabouttsunamisbecauseHawaii______.

17.AccordingtoSunilBhartiMittal,whatwillrevolutionizethetraditionalmoney-transferbusiness?

A.AllianceoftelephoneoperatorsandMasterCard.

B.Thelargedemandofimmigrantsandmigrantworkers.

C.Sendingmoneybytextmessages.

D.Internationaltelephonenetworks.

18.

Medievaluniversitiesweremorelawschoolsratherthan______aswemistakenlybelieved.

19.

Whichofthefollowingstudentsismentionedtobeacrammer?

A.Cindy,fromLafayette,Pennsylvania.

B.Sarah,fromScarsdale,NewYork.

C.Roberta,fromPrinceton,NewJersey.

D.Christina,fromCambridge,Massachusetts.

20.

Theyadvertisementsarecleverandentertaining,they______peopletobuy.

二、3.ListeningComprehension(20题)21.【B6】

22.听力原文：M:IhopeIwon'toversleep.I'vesimplygottocatchthefirstflighttoNewYork.

W:IfIwereyou,I'drequestthewakeupcallfromthehotelreception,

Q:Whatdoesthewomanadvisethemantodo?

(19)

A.Tocancelhistrip.

B.Tocatchalaterflight.

C.Togotobedearly.

D.Toaskforawake-upcall.

23.听力原文：Youshouldnotfearspidersbecauseoftheirpoison.OfallthespidersinNorthAmerica,onlyonekindisverydangerous,andmostwouldnotbiteeveniftheywerehandled.Theymuchprefertorunawayortodroptothegroundonathreadofsilk.Evenso,whenaspiderrunsdirectlytowardaperson,itgivestheimpressionthatitisabouttoattack.Actually,itcannotseethepersoninitsway.Thespideristooshortsightedtoseethingsatadistance.Itonlywantstogowhereitwon'tbedisturbed.IntheUnitedStates,onekindofspiderisresponsibleforthefrighteningreputationoftherest.RistheBlackWidow,socalledbecausethefemale,whichislargerthanthemale,ofteneatsherhusbandaftermakinglove.TheBlackWidowisfoundinallstatesbutismostcommoninthesouthandthewest.Sheconstructsaloose,irregularwebunderapileofrocksornearthefoundationsofbuildingswheresheisseldomdisturbed.Sheisnotanattackingspiderandmanypeoplehaveproventhisbylettinghercrawlovertheirhands.Whenshebites,itisusuallyinself-defence.InspiteoftheBlackWidow'sfrighteningreputation,itisrareforapersontobebittenbyaBlackWidow,andevenmoreunusual.forthebitetoprovefatal.Butrememberthatherpoisonispowerful,andthateventhoughsheisshy,sheshouldberespected.

(30)

A.Howtohandlespiders.

B.SpidersintheUnitedStates.

C.People'sfearofspiders.

D.Aspecialkindofspider.

24.

【B10】

25.

【B11】

26.(44)

27.听力原文：FourschoolsaroundtheUnitedStatesaretakingpartinaprojectthathonorswomenpioneersinthearts,sports,media,andotherfields.(33)Theprogramisdesignedtoinspirestudentstopursuetheirdreamsdespitedifficultodds.The"EmpoweringAmerica"projecthasproducedaroundone-minuteaudiorecordsthatarealreadyairingonU.S.radiostations.Theaudioseriesisbeingintroducedinschools,alongwithstudymaterials,tostimulateclassroomdiscussions.Theprojectisgoingtoschoolswithlargeminoritypopulations,wheresomestudentsfaceaddeddifficulties.(34)Manyofthesekidsarebeingraisedbysingleparent.Someofthemarewomen.That'swhyit'ssoimportant,notjustforthegirlstoseekpositiveinspirationfromthesewomen,butalsotheboys,toseethedifferencethatwomenhavemadeinthisworldTheprojectoilpioneeringwomenwascreatedbyanorganizationcalledAmericanWomeninRadioandTelevision.ExecutivedirectorMariaBrennansays(35)theterroristattacksofSeptember2001gaveimpetustotheproject.TheideawasbornbeforeSeptember11,interestinglyenoughthatsummer.AfterthetragedyofSeptember11,Mariaandhercolleaguesputitallonafasttracktotrytogetitoutthere.TheyfeltthatthecountrywasatatimewhereheroesareneededLatertheywereabletogettheserecordsproduced,putonCDs,pressed,distributedThestoriesofpioneeringwomenarereachingstudentsatacriticaltime,inearlyadolescence.

(30)

A.Tohonorwomenpioneers.

B.Toencouragethestudentstopursuetheirdreams.

C.TohonortheSeptember11attack.

D.Tomakemoreheroes.

28.(22)

A.Sherequeststhemannottocallheragain.

B.Sherequeststhemantocallherinafewdays.

C.Sherequeststochangeasalesman.

D.Sherequestsacheaperpriceforwhatthemanoffers.

29.听力原文：M:Operasingershavetotrainforyears.Howdidyougetyourtraining?

W:Well,Ihavealwayslovedtosing,andIbegantakingvoicelessonsinhighschool.WhenIwastwenty,IcametoNewYorkonascholarshipandstudiedataninstitute.And,ofcourse,I'mstilllearning.

Q:Whatisthewoman'soccupation?

(18)

A.Sheisahighschoolstudent.

B.Sheisacollegestudent.

C.Sheisanoperasinger.

D.Sheisapopsinger.

30.

【B2】

31.(16)

A.Hedoesn'tknowDr,Jefferyverywell.

B.HethoughtDr.Jefferywouldgettheposition,

C.Hethoughtittooktoolongtomakethedecision.

D.He'snotsureDr,Jefferywillbeagoodchairperson.

32.听力原文：W:IsupposeIwasgoingabout60kilometres,officer.

M:60!Youmustbekidding.Youweredoingatleast85kilometreswhenIspottedyou.

Q:Whatistheprobablerelationshipbetweenthemanandwoman?

(14)

A.Doctorandpatient.

B.Policemanandcardriver.

C.Librarianandstudent.

D.Postclerkandcustomer.

33.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD,anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.

听力原文：W:Tom,thereissomethingwrongwithmybike.Willyoupleasefixitformenow?

M:Sorry.I'vegotmyhandsfull.

Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?

(12)

A.Hehashurthishand.

B.Hecan'tfixit.

C.Heisverybusyatthemoment.

D.Hewantsthewomantogivehimahand.

34.(14)

A.She'llchangeseatswiththeman.

B.She'llremainwheresheis.

C.Sheissufferingfrombronchitis.

D.Sheprefersawindowseat.

35.(29)

A.BecausehelikesBritishweather.

B.BecausetherainfallinBritainwasnotveryheavy.

C.Becauseyoucouldfeelcoldatalmostanytimeoftheyear.

D.Becauseyoucouldneverbecertainwhenitwouldrain.

36.【B8】

37.(26)

A.Effectivewaysofgrowingemotionalintelligence.

B.InteractionsbetweenemotionalintelligenceandIQ.

C.CorrelationsbetweenemotionalintelligenceandIQ.

D.GoodcombinationsofemotionalintelligenceandIQ.

38.(35)

A.Aboutfourmillion.

B.Aboutsevenmillion.

C.Aboutfivemillion.

D.Aboutsixmillion.

39.听力原文：M:Pleaseholdtheline,Mrs.Smith.Thedoctorwilltalktoyouinaminute.

W:I'mafraidImayhavetohangup.Idon'thaveanymorecoinsandthelinewillbecutsoon.1think1wouldcallbackassoonasIarrivehome.

Q:WhereisMrs.Smithmostprobably?

(16)

A.Athome.

B.Inatelephonebooth.

C.Atameeting.

D.Inthehospital.

40.(42)

三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20题)41.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

Areorganicallygrownfoodsthebestfoodchoices?Theadvantagesclaimedforsuchfoodsoverconventionallygrownandmarketedfoodproductsarenowbeingdebated.Advocatesoforganicfoods—atermwhosemeaningvariesgreatly—frequentlyproclaimthatsuchproductsaresaferandmorenutritiousthanothers.

ThegrowinginterestofconsumersinthesafetyandnutritionalqualityofthetypicalNorthAmericandietisawelcomedevelopment.However,muchofthisinteresthasbeensparkedbysweepingclaimsthatthefoodsupplyisunsafeorinadequateinmeetingnutritionalneeds.Althoughmostoftheseclaimsarenotsupportedbyscientificevidence,thepreponderanceofwrittenmaterialadvancingsuchclaimsmakesitdifficultforthegeneralpublictoseparatefactfromfiction.Asaresult,claimsthateatingadietconsistingentirelyoforganicallygrownfoodspreventsorcuresdiseaseorprovidesotherbenefitstohealthhavebecomewidelypublicizedandfromthebasisforfolklore.

Almostdailythepublicisbesiegedbyclaimsfor"noaging"diets,newvitamins,andotherwonderfoods.Thesearenumerousunsubstantiatedreportsthatnaturalvitaminsaresuperiortosyntheticones,thatfertilizedeggsarenutritionallysuperiortounfertilizedeggs,thatuntreatedgrainsarebetterthanfumigatedgrains,andthelike.

Onethingthatmostorganicallygrownfoodproductsseemtohaveincommonisthattheycostmorethanconventionallygrownfoods.Butinmanycasesconsumersaremislediftheybelieveorganicfoodscanmaintainhealthandprovidebetternutritionalqualitythanconventionallygrownfoods.Sothereisarealcauseforconcernifconsumers,particularlythosewithlimitedincomes,distrusttheregularfoodsupplyandbuyonlyexpensiveorganicfoodsinstead.

Theword"advocates”inthefirstparagraphisclosestinmeaningtowhichofthefollowing?

A.Consumers.B.Merchants.C.Inspectors.D.Proponents.

42.Whichofthefollowingdemographicgrowthpatternsismostsuitableforthelongthinpowderfuseanalogy?

A.Avirtuallystableorslightlydecreasingperiodandthenasuddenexplosionofpopulation.

B.Aslowgrowthforalongtimeandthenaperiodofrapid,dramaticincrease.

C.Toomanypeopleonearthandafewrapidincreaseinthenumberaddedeachyear.

D.Alongperiodwhendeathratesexceedbirthratesandthenashortperiodwithhigherfertilityandlowermortality.

43.(51)

44.

Whichofthefollowisthemostsuitabletothetitleforthispassage?

A.DNAandHeredity.

B.TheGeneticRevolution.

C.ABiomedicalRevolution.

D.HowtoApplyGeneticTechnology.

45.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

Talktoanyparentofastudentwhotookanadventurousgapyear(ayearbetweenschoolanduniversitywhensomestudentsearnmoney,travel,etc.)andamistylookwillcomeintotheireyes.Therearesomedisastersandeventhemostmotivated,organisedgapstudentdocsrequirefamilyback-up,financial,cmotionalandphysical.Theparentalmistinessisnotjustaboutthebrilliantexperiencethathasmaturedtheiroffspring;itisvicariousliving.Weallwishpre-universitygapyearshadbeenthefashioninourday.Wecanseehowmuchtougherourkidsbecome,howmuchmorepreparedtobenefitfromuniversityortodecidepositivelythattheyaregoingtodosomethingotherthanadegree.

Gapyearsarcfashionable,asisreflectedinthehugegrowthinthenumberofcharitiesandprivatecompaniesofferingthem.PicturesofPrinceWilliamtoilinginChilehavehelped,butthetrendhasbeengatheringsteamforadecade.Therangeofgappackagesstartswithbackpacking,andincludesworkingwithcharities,buildinghospitalsandschoolsand,verycommonly,workingasalanguageassistant,teachingEnglish.Withthistrend,however,comesadanger.Onceparentsfeelthatawell-structuredyearisessentialtotheirwould-beundergraduate'sprogresstoabetteruniversity,agooddegree,animpressiveCVandwellpaidemployment,asthegapcompanies'blurbs(产品推介)suggestitmightbe,thenparentswillstartorganizing--andpayingfor--thegaps.

Wheretherearedisasters,accordingtoRichardOliver,directorofthegapcompanies'umbrellaorganization,theYearOutGroup,itisusuallybecauseofpoorplanning.Thatcanbethefaultofthecompanyorofthestudent,hesays,butthebestinsuranceisthoughtfulpreparation."Whenpeoplegetitwrong,itisusuallymedicalor,especiallyamonggirls,itisthattheyhavenotbeenawayfromhomebeforeorbecauseexpectationdoesnotmatchreality."

Thepointofagapyearisthatitshouldbethetimewhentheschoolleavergetstodothethingthatheorshefancies.The18-year-old,whowasdispatchedbyhisparentsattwoweeks'noticetoCanadatolearntobeasnowboardinginstructoratacostof5800,probablycamebackwithlittlemorethanahangover.The18-year-oldonthesamepackagewhoworkedforhisfareandspenttherestofhisyearinstructinginresortsfromNewZealandtoSwitzerland.andcamebacktoapplyforuniversity,isthepositivecounterbalance.

Itcanbeinferredfromthefirstparagraphthatparentsofgapstudentsmay______.

A.helpchildrentobepreparedfordisasters

B.receiveallkindsofsupportfromtheirchildren

C.haverichexperienceinbringingtiptheiroffspring

D.experiencewatchingchildrengrowup

46.

Thereformsarestillin______.

A.agreementB.disagreementC.problemD.disputation

47.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,thereisashortpassagewith5questionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.

Today,moreandmorepeopleareusingcreditcardsinsteadofmoneytobuythethingstheyneed.Almostanyonewhohasasteadyincomeandagoodworkrecordcanapplyforacreditcard.Therearemanycreditcardsavailable:AmericanExpress,MasterChafe,VISA,andDiner'sClubarethenamesofsomeofthemostpopular.

Ifyouhaveacreditcard,youcanbuyacar,eatadinner,takeatrip,andevengetahaircutbychargingthecosttoyouraccount.Inthiswayyoucanpayforpurchasesamonthlaterwithoutanyextracharge.Oryoumaychoosetospreadoutyourpaymentoverseveralmonthsandpayonlypartofthetotalamounteachmonth.Ifyoudothis,thecreditcardcompany,orthebankthatsponsorsthecreditcard,willaddasmallservicechargetoyourtotalbill.Thisisveryconvenientforthecustomer.Withthecreditcardinyourwalletorpurse,youdon'thavetocarrymuchcash.Thissavesyourtripstothebanktocashchecksorwithdrawcash.Also,ifyoucarrycreditcardsinsteadofalotofcash,youdon'thavetobeconcernedaboutlosingyourmoneythroughcarelessnessortheft.Thecarduseronlyhastoworryaboutpayingthefinalbill.This,ofcourse,canbeaproblem,ifyouchargemorethanyoucanpayfor.

Creditcardsarebigbusiness.Manybankssponsortheirowncreditcardcompaniesandissuecardsfreetotheircustomers.Othercreditcardcompanieschargetheirmembersannualdues.Thestoresthatacceptcreditcardsmustpayasmallfeetothecreditcardcompany—apercentageofthepurchasepriceofthemerchandiseorservice,Inturn,thecreditcardcompanypromptlypaysthestoreforthemerchandiseorservice.Creditcardcompaniesmakeaprofitfromthefeestheychargethestoreandalsofromthefeescollectedfromcustomerswhopayfortheirchargesinmonthlyinstallments.However,creditcardcompaniessometimeshaveproblemscollectingoverduepaymentsfromunreliablecustomers.Also,theuseofstolen,lost,orcounterfeitcreditcardsbycriminalhasbecomeabigheadacheforthecreditcardcompanythat'sresponsibleforthegoodsandservicesillegallychargedtoitscustomers'accounts.

Peopleusecreditcardsonconditionthattheyhave______.

48.Theratiobetweenpaymentsintoandoutofacountryisknownasthecountry'sbalanceofpayments.Besidesthevalueofimports,andexports(thebalanceoftrade),thebalanceofpaymentsincludesprivateforeignloans(andinterest);loansbygovernments,centralbanks,andinternationalorganizations;andmovementsofgoldorreservecurrencies.

Aninternationalmediumofexchangeisrequiredforinternationaltrade.Fromthelate1800suntilWorldWarⅠ,mostcountriesoperatedonthegoldstandard.Goldcoinsofstandardspecificationscirculatedfreelybetweencountries,makinggoldineffectaninternationalcurrency.Thissystemprovidedanautomaticcorrectionforsometradeimbalances,butithadlittleliquidity(themoneysupplycouldnotexpandasrapidlyasrequiredbyexpandingtrade),anditwasvulnerabletoshort-termchangesinthegoldsupply.

Afterthefinancialinstabilityofthe1930s,theinternationalmonetary(货币的)systemwasrebuiltfollowingWorldWarⅡonthegold-exchangestandard.ThevaluesofmostnationalcurrencieswerefixedinrelationtotheU.S.dollar;reserveswerekeptindollars,whichcouldbeexchangedondemandforgoldatasetprice(＄35anounceuntil1968).TheInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF),akeyinstitutionsetupunderthissystem,makesinternationalloanswithcapitalsubscribedbyitsmemberswhichincludemostnoncommuniststates.Votingrightsareproportionaltotheamountssubscribed.TheIMFhasbeenable,throughitsloans,tostabilizefluctuatingcurrenciesandtoinfluencetheinternalfinancialpoliciesofrecipient(接受的)countries,afrequentlycriticizedpractice.

Thesuccessofthegold-exchangestandard,however,dependedonthesuperiorpositionoftheUnitedStatesinworldtrade.Inthe1960s,continualbalanceofpaymentsdeficits(赤字)loweredU.S.goldreservesandfatallyunderminedthesystem.In1968atwo-tiered(两极的)systemwasadopted.Governmentbanksmaintainedfixedgoldprices,whilenongovernmentalbuyerstradedfreely.Simultaneously,non-dollarspecialdrawingrights(SDRs)wereassignedtoIMFmembersinproportiontotheircontributions.ButthesechangesdidnotrelievestrainontheU.S.dollar.In1971PresidentRichardNixonannouncedthatdollarswouldnolongerautomaticallybeexchangedforgold,andsincethentherehasbeennosingleinternationalmonetarystandard.

Asameasureofmoneyflow,thebalanceo