2022年GRE考试考前冲刺卷八1测

2022年GRE考试考前冲刺卷八

（本卷共分为2大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。）

单位:姓名：考号：

题号单选题多项选择判断题综合题总分

分值

得分

一、单项选择题（共25题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意）

1.

{{B}}Narrator（{/B}}

Listentoapartofalectureinacomputerclass.

whatdoestheprofessorcompareacomputervirusto

A.Acorruptprogram.

B.Airritatingperson.

C.Abiologicalorganism.

D.Ahumanprogrammer.

2.

{{B}}Narrator{{/B}}

ListentoapartofalectureinanecoIogyclass.

Whatdohydrologistsmainlystudy

A.Theroleofsolarenergyinthecycle.

B.Watermovementandstorageonland.

C.Biologicalreactionsthatusewater.

D.Theamountofwaterevaporatedfromtheland.

3.

{{B}}Narrator{{/B}}

Listentoapartofaconversationinanoffice.

HowlonghasAndrewworkedatthehospitaI

A.Fortwotears.

B.Forthreeyears.

C.Forfouryears.

D.Forfiveyears.

4.

{{B}}ListeningComprehensionSectionDirections{{/B}}

Thissectionmeasuresyourabilitytounderstandconversationsand

lecturesinEnglish.Youwi11heareachconversationorlectureonlyone

time.Aftereachconversationorlecture,youwi11answersomequestions

aboutit.ThequestionstypicaIIyaskaboutthemainideaandsupporting

detaiIs.Somequestionsaskaboutaspeaker9spurposeorattitude.Answer

thequestionsbasedonwhatisstatedorimpliedbythespeakers.

YoumaytakenoteswhileyouIisten.Youmayuseyournotestohelp

youanswerthequestions.Yournoteswi11notbescored.

IfyouneedtochangethevoIumewhileyouIisten,cIickontheVoIume

iconatthetopofthescreen.

Insomequestions,youwi11seethisicon:.Thismeansthatyouwi11

hear,butnotseepartofthequestion.

Someofthequestionshavespecialdirections.Thesedirectionsappear

inagrayboxonthescreen.

Mostquestionsareworthonepoint.Ifaquestionisworthmorethan

onepoint,itwi11havespeciaIdirectionsthatindicatehowmanypoints

youcanreceive.

Youmustanswereachquestion.Afteryouanswer,clickonNext.Then

clickonOKtoconfirmyouranswerandgoontothenextquestion.After

youclickonOK,youcannotreturntopreviousquestions.

Youwi11have20minutestoanswerthequestionsinthissection.A

clockatthetopofthescreenwi11showyouhowmuchtimeisremaining.

TheclockwiIInotcountdownwhileyouareIisteningtotestmaterial.

{{B}}ChangingtheVoIume{{/B}}

TochangethevoIume,clickontheVoIumeiconatthetopofthescreen.

ThevoIumecontrolwi11appear.Movethevolumeindicatortotheleft

ortotherighttochangethevoIume.

ToclosethevoIumecontrol,movethemousepointertoanotherpart

ofthescreen.

Youwi11beabletochangethevoIumeduringthetestifyouneedto.

{{B}}Set1Conversation:ProbIemwithAssignment{{/B}}

{{B}}Narrator{{/B}}

Listentoapartofaconversationbetweenastudentandaprofessor.

WhatarethereasonabIeexcusesforextensions

A.Planningproblems.

B.Problemswithassignmentdeadlines.

C.Personalillnessoraccident.

D.Frequentabsencesfromclass.

5.{{BUSet2{[/B]]

[{B}}MediterraneanDiet{{/B}}

TheMediterraneandietisbasedupontheeatingpatternsof

traditionalculturesintheMediterraneanregion.Severalnoted

nutritionistsandresearchprojectshaveconeIudedthatthisdietisone

ofthemosthealthfulintheworldintermsofpreventingsuchiIInesses

asheartdiseaseandcancer,andincreasingIifeexpectancy.

ThecountriesthathaveinspiredtheMediterraneandieta11surround

theMediterraneanSea.ThesecultureshaveeatinghabitsthatdeveIoped

overthousandsofyears.InEurope,partsofItaly,Greece,PortugaI,

Spain,andsouthernFranceadheretoprincipiesoftheMediterraneandiet,

asdoMoroccoandTunisiainNorthAfrica.PartsoftheBaIkanregion

andTurkeyfollowthediet,aswe11asMiddleEasterncountriesIike

LebanonandSyria.TheMediterraneanregioniswarmandsunny,and

produceslargesuppliesoffreshfruitsandvegetabIesalmostyearround

thatpeopIeeatmanytimesperday.Wine,bread,oliveoiI,nuts,and

IegumesareotherstapIesoftheregion,andtheMediterraneanSeahas

historicallyyieIdedabundantquantitiesoffish.

InternationalinterestinthetherapeuticquaIitiesofthe

Mediterraneandietbeganbackinthelate1950s,whenmedicaIresearchers

startedtoIinktheoccurrenceofheartdiseasewithdiet.Dr.AnceI

KeysperformedanepidemioIogicaIanalysisofdietsaroundtheworld

(epidemioIogybeingthebranchofpubIichealththatstudiespatterns

ofdiseasesandtheirpotentiaIcausesamongpopuIations).Entitledthe

SevenCountriesStudy,itisconsideredasoneofthegreateststudies

ofitskindeverperformed.Init,Keysgathereddataonheartdisease

anditspotentiaIcausesfromnearly13,000meninGreece,Italy,Croatia,

Serbia,Japan,Finland,theNetherlands,andtheUnitedStates.it

coneIudedthattheMediterraneanpeopIeinthestudyenjoyedsome

significanthealthadvantages.TheMediterraneangroupshadlower

mortalityratesinalIagebracketsandfromalIcauses,particularly

fromheartdisease.ThestudyalsoshowedthattheMediterraneandiet

isashighorhigherinfatthanotherdiets,obtainingupto40percent

ofalIitscaloriesfromfat.Ithas,however,differentpatternsoffat

intake.MediterraneancookingusessmalIeramountsofsaturatedfatand

higheramountsofunsaturatedfat,mostlyintheformofoliveoiI.

Saturatedfatsarefatsthatarefoundprincipallyinmeatanddairy

products,aIthoughavocados,somenuts,andsomevegetabIeoiIsalso

containthem.Saturatedfatsareusedbythebodytomakecholesterolr

andhighIeveIsofcholesterolhavesincebeendirectlyreIatedtoheart

disease.

SeveralotherstudieshavevaIidatedKeys'findingsregardingthe

goodhealthtopeopIeinMediterraneancountries.TheWorldHealth

Organization(WHO)showedina1990analysisthatfourmajor

Mediterraneancountries(SpaintGreece,France,andItaly)havelonger

Iifeexpectanciesandlowerratesofheartdiseaseandcancerthanother

EuropeancountriesandAmerica.Thedataaresignificantbecausethesame

MediterraneansfrequentIysmokeanddon'thavereguIarexerciseprograms

IikemanyAmericans,whichmeansthatothervariablesmayberesponsible.

Scientistshavealsoruledoutgeneticdifferences,because

Mediterraneanswhomovetoothercountriestendtolosetheirhealth

advantages.ThesefindingssuggestthatdietandIifestylearemajor

factors.

TheMediterraneandietgainedevenmorenoticewhenDr.WalterWillett,

headofthenutritiondepartmentatHarvardUniversity,beganto

recommendit.AlthoughIow-fatdietswererecommendedforsufferersof

heartdisease,groupofMediterraneansinhisstudieshadveryhigh

intakesoffat,mainlyfromoliveoil.Willettandothersproposedthat

theriskofheartdiseasecanbereducedbyincreasingonetypeofdietary

fat-monounsaturatedfat-thetypefoundinoliveoiI.WiIIettJs

proposalwentagainstconventionaInutritionalrecommendationstoreduce

alIfatinthediet.Ithasbeenshownthatunsaturatedfatsraisethe

levelofHDLcholesterol,whichissometimescalled11goodcholesterol”

becauseofitsprotectiveeffectagainstheartdisease.Wi11etthasalso

performedstudiescorrelatingtheintakeofmeatwithheartdiseaseand

cancer.

Thewordtheminparagraph3refersto

A.vegetableoils.

B.dairyproducts.

C.avocados.

D.saturatedfats.

6.{{BUSet5{{/B}}

{{B}}Temperature{{/B}}

ThreeseaIesoftemperature,eachofwhichpermitsaprecise

measurement,areinconcurrentuse:theFahrenheit,Celsius,andKelvin

scales.ThesethreedifferenttemperaturescaleswereeachdeveIopedby

differentpeopIeandhavecometobeusedindifferentsituations.

ThescalethatismostwidelyusedbythegeneralpubIicintheUnited

StatesistheFahrenheitscale.In1714,DanieIGabrielFahrenheit,a

GermanphysicistwhowaslivinginHollandandoperatinganinstrument

business,deveIopedamercury-in-gIassthermometerandthetemperature

seaIethatstillcarrieshisname.HisoriginalseaIehadtwofixedpoints:

0°wastheIowesttemperaturethathecouldachieveinasoIutionofice,

water,andsalt,and960waswhathebeIievedwasthenormaItemperature

ofthehumanbody(thoughthiswaslaterdeterminedtobe98.6°).Based

onthisscale,hecaIcuIatedthatthefreezingpoint(oricepoint)of

waterwas32°;inIaterstudies,itwasdeterminedthattheboiIingpoint

ofwater(thesteampoint)was212°.TheFahrenheitscalecametobe

acceptedasthestandardmeasureoftemperatureinanumberofcountries,

includingGreatBritain,andfromthereitwasspreadtoBritishcoIonies

throughouttheworld.Today,however,theUnitedStatesistheonlymajor

countryintheworldthatstillusestheFahrenheitscale.

ThescalethatisinuseinmanyothercountriesistheCelsiusscale.

AndersCelsius(1701〜1744),aSwedishastronomer,deveIopeda

thermometerin1741thatbasedtemperaturesonthefreezingandboiling

temperaturesofwater.OnthethermometerthatCelsiusdeveIoped,however,

0°wasusedtoindicatetheboilingtemperatureofwater,and100°was

usedtoindicatethefreezingtemperatureofwater.Afterhisdeath,the

scalewasreversedbyafriend,thebiologistCarIvonLinne(1707~

1748),whoachievedacclaimforhisdeveIopmentoftheLinnean

classificationsystemforpIantsandanimals.Onthenewscaleafterthe

reversalbyvonLinne,0°indicatedthefreezingtemperatureofwater,

and100°indicatedtheboilingtemperatureofwater.Ataroundthesame

timethatCelsiusandvonLinnewereworkingontheirthermometerin

Sweden,asimilarthermometerwasbeingdeveIopedinFrance.Afterthe

FrenchRevolution,thescaledeveIopedinFrancewasadoptedaspartof

themetricsysteminthatcountryunderthenamecentigrade,whichmeans

"ahundredunits,nandfromthereitspreadworldwide.In1948,an

internationalagreementwasmadetorenamethecentigradescalethe

Celsiusscaleinhonorofthescientistwhowasfirstknowntousea

100-degreeseaIe9thoughitshouldberememberedthatthescalethat

Celsiusactua11yusedhimseIfwasthereverseoftoday1sseaIe.

AthirdseaIe,theKelvinseaIe,isgenera11yusedtodayforscientific

purposes.ThisseaIewasfirstsuggestedin1854bytwoEngIishphysicists:

WilliamThomson,LordKelvin(1824~1907)andJamesPrescottJoule

(1818~1889).TheKelvinscaledefines0°asabsoIutezero,the

hypotheticaItemperatureatwhichalIatomicandmoIecuIarmotion

theoreticallystops,and100Oseparatesthefreezingpointandboiling

pointofwater,justasitdoesontheCelsiusseaIe.OntheKelvinseaIe,

with0°equaltoabsoIutezero,waterfreezesat273°,andwaterboils

atatemperature1000higher.TheKelvinscaleiswe11suitedtosome

areasofscientificstudybecauseitdoesnothaveanynegativevalues,

yetitstillmaintainsthe100°differencebetweenthefreezingpoint

andboiIingpointofwaterthattheCelsiusscalehasandcanthuseasily

beconvertedtotheCelsiusscalebymerelysubtracting273°fromthe

temperatureontheKelvinseaIe.

Whatisstatedinthepassageaboutthetemperaturescaledevelopedby

Fahrenheit

A.Onit,0°wasthefreezingpointofwater.

B.Itwasbasedonthelowestandhighesttemperaturesthathecouldachieve

withamixtureofsaltandwater.

C.Onit,100°wastheboilingpointofwater.

D.Itwasbasedonaninaccurateunderstandingofthenormaltemperature

ofthehumanbody.

7.{{BUSet3{{/B}}

{{B}}AMessengerfromthePast{{/B}}

HispeopIesaidgood-byeandwatchedhimwaIkofftowardthemountains.

Theyhadlittlereasontofearforhissafety:themanwaswe11dressed

ininsuIatedcIothingandequippedwithtooIsneededtosurvivetheAlpine

cIimate.However,asweekspassedwithouthisreturn,theymusthavegrown

worried,thenanxious,andfinallyresigned,Aftermanyyearseveryone

whoknewhimhaddied,andanoteevenamemoryofthemanremained.

Then,onanimprobablydistantday,hecamedownfromthemountain.

Thingshadchangedabit:itwasn'ttheBronzeAgeanymore,andhewas

acelebrity.

Whenameltingglacierreleaseditsholdona4,000-year-oldcorpse

inSeptember,itwasquiterightIycalledoneofthemostimportant

archeologicalfindsofthecentury.DiscoveredbyaGermancoupIehiking

at10,500feetintheItalianTyrolneartheAustrianborder,the

partiallyfreeze-driedbodystillworeremnantsofleathergarmentsand

bootsthathadbeenstuffedwithstrawforinsulation.Thehikersalerted

scientistsfromtheUniversityofInnsbruckinAustria,whosemore

compIeteexaminationrevealedthatthemanwastattooedonhisbackand

behindhisknee.AthissidewasabronzeaxofatypetypicaIinsouthern

centralEuropearound2000BC.Onhisexpedition-perhapstohuntor

tosearchformetalore-hehadalsocardedanalHpurposestoneknife,

awoodenbackpack,abowandaquiver,asmalIbagcontainingaflint

Iighterandkindling,andanarrowrepairkitinaleatherpouch.

SucheverydaygeargivesanunprecedentedperspectiveonIifeinearly

BronzeAgeEurope."ThemostexcitingthingisthatwegenuineIyappear

tobeIookingatamanwhohadsomekindofaccidentinthecourseof

aperfectlyordinarytrip,”saysarcheologistIanKinnesoftheBritish

Museum."ThesearenotartifactspIacedinagrave,butthefellow's

ownpossessions.n

UnliketheEgyptiansandMesopotamiansofthetime,whohadmore

advancedciviIizationswithcitiesandcentralauthority,theIceMan

andhiscountrymenIivedinasocietybuiltaroundsma11vstabIevi11ages.

HeprobablyspokeinatongueancestraltocurrentEuropeanIanguages.

Furthermore,thoughhewasamemberofafarmingculture,hemaywe11

havebeenhuntingwhenhedied,toaddmeattohisfamily'sdiet.X-rays

ofthequivershowedthatitcontained14arrows.WhiIehisbackpackwas

empty,carefulexplorationofthetrenchwherehediedreveaIedremnants

ofanimalskinandbonesatthesamespotwherethepacklay.Therewas

alsotheremainderofapiIeofberries.Clearlythemandidn9tstarve

todeath.

Thetrenchprovidedhimsowithshelterfromtheelements,andhe

alsohadabraidedmatofgrasstokeephimwarm.IfinjuryoriIIness

causedtheIceMan'sdeath,anautopsyonthe4,000-year-oIdvictimcouId

turnupsomeclues.Thecircumstancesofhisdeathmayhavepreserved

suchevidence,aswe11asotherdetaiIsofhisIife.Freeze-driedby

thefrigidcIimate,hisinnerorgansandothersofttissuesaremuch

betterpreservedthanthoseofdried-upEgyptianmummiesorthe

waterloggedScandinavian“BogMen"foundinrecentyears.

Oneconcern,voicedbyarcheologistColinRenfrewofCambridge

University,isthatthehotTVIightsthatgreetedthehunter1sreturn

tocivilizetionmayhavedamagedthesefragiIetissues,jeopardizinga

chancetorecoveradditionaIpreciousgeneticinformationfromhis

M

chromosomes.Ifnot,RenfrewsaysfitmaybepossibIetogetverylong

DNAsequencesoutofthismaterial.Thisisfarandawaythemostexciting

aspectofthediscovery.n

ForthetimebeingyalIbiologicalresearchhasIiterally68beenput

oniceattheUniversityofInnsbruckwhileaninternationalteamof

experts,ledbyresearcherKonradSpindler,puzzIeesoutawaytothaw

thebodywithoutdestroyingit.AssensationaIasitsounds,itremains

tobeseenhowusefuI4,000-year-oIdhumanDNAwi11reallybe."The

problemisthatwearedeaIingwithasingleindividual,Nsays

evolutionarybiologistRobertSokaloftheStateUniversityofNewYork

atStonyBrook.11InordertomakestatementsaboutthepopuIationthat

existedatthetime,weneedmorespecimens.M

Thewishformoremessengersfromthepastmayyetcometrue.Five

morebodiesofmountainclimbers,alIofwhomdiedwithinthepast50

years,haveemergedfrommeltingAustrianmountainicethissummer.The

IceMan'sreturnfrom

A.IceMan.

B.scientists.

C.hikers.

D.leathergarments.

8.{{BllSet4{{/B}}

{{B}}TheCuttingEdge{{/B}}

Economistsandgovernmentsagreethesedaysonthecrucialimportance

offoreigndirectinvest-ment(FDI).Theyseeitbothastheglobalmarket,

s"sealofapprovalnonacountry*spoliciesandprospects,andasa

force,especia11yindevelopingcountries,forfar-reachingeconomic

change.ThisconsensusissurprisingwhenyourememberthatFDIremains

politicallysensitiveinmanypoor,andsomenot-so-poor,countries.But

thebenefitsaresogreatthatreservationsonthisaccounthavebeen

putaside.ThepointaboutFDIisthatitisfarmorethanmere"capital":

itisauniquelypotentbundIeofcapital,contacts,andmanagerialand

technologicalknowIedge.ItisthecuttingedgeofgIobaIization.

TheoutIookforFDI-intotaI,andcountrybycountry-istherefore

amatterofgreatinterest.Forecastingit,however,isfarfromeasy.

ThedeterminantsarecompIicated,andnotaIwayssusceptibIeto

measurement.Uptonow,sofarasthiscoIumnisaware,detailedforecasts

havenotbeenattempted.InareportpubIishedthisweek,theEconomist

Inte11igenceUnit(EIU),asistercompanyofTheEconomist,hasventured

intothisunchartedterritory.ItprovidesaforecastforFDIextending

to2005fornofewerthan60countries(accountingforvirtuallyalIof

theworld1sactuaIandprojectedflowsofFDI).

ThemaindifficultyarisesfromthefactthatFDIdependscIoseIyon

whattheEIUcallsthebusinessenvironment-anecessarilybroadterm

thatincludes,onthefirm'sdefinition,70separateindicators.Some

ofthesearepolitical,andtotheextentthattheycanbemeasuredat

alIhavetobegaugedthroughsurveysthataskinvestorsquestionssuch

as,"IsthequaIityofthebureaucracyanditsabilitytocarryout

governmentpolicyveryhigh,high,moderate,loworverylownItisone

thingtocompiIethiskindofevidenceintoabackward-lookingaggregate

whichcanthenbetestedforitsabilitytoexplainpastmovementsin

FDI.Itisquiteanothertouseitforforecasting-becausetodothat

theresearcherhastopredicthowpoliticalandotherconditionswiII

change.

Thereisnoalternativebuttoblendtogetherdifferentkindsof

information.First,takewhateverevidenceeconometricscanyieldabout

thewaytheforcesdriving,FDI-sizeofhost-countrymarket,expected

growth,inputcosts,geographyandnaturalresources,andthepolicy

framework-haveworkedinthepast.Next,addconventionalforecastsof

relevanteconomicaggregates.Third,unavoidably,makemorequaIitative

andspecuIativeassessmentsofchangesinother,nnon-economic",

conditions.AlIthisthestudytriestodo.Itisacademica11yimpure,

becauseithastobe.Buttheworkingsandthesupportinginformation

areinplainview,andtheresultsareveryinteresting.

GIobaIFDIflowsareprojectedtoshrinkmarkedlythisyear,from

$1.1trillionin2000tolessthan$800billion.AImostalIofthe

reductionisforecasttobeinFDItorichcountries,drivenbythe

sIowdowninAmericaandbythediminishingpaceofmergersand

acquisitions(whichareaprincipaldriverofFDIinthedeveIoped

economies).FDItopoorcountriesmerelypauses,ataround$220

billion.Insubsequentyears,flowsrecoveracrosstheboard,butgrowth

inflowstopoorcountriescontinuestooutpace,modestIyfgrowthinflows

torichones.Bythen,thegIobaIstockofFDIwi11haverisento

morethan$10trillion,accordingtothereport,fromlessthan$6

trillionlastyear.

TheUnitedStates,unsurprisingly,isexpectedtodominatethe

rankingsin2001-2005,muchasitdoestoday,accountingformorethan

25%ofgIobaIinflows.TheanalysisshowsthatAmerica1sbusiness

environmentisaboutasgoodasonewouldinfer,statisticaIIyspeaking,

fromitsincome.Britain,incontrast,isoneof14countrieswitha

somewhatbetterbusinessenvironmentthanitsincomewouldleadyouto

expect(or,toputitlesskindly,withalowerincomethanitsbusiness

environmentwouldleadyoutoexpect).Britainisexpectedtoremainthe

world1ssecond-biggestrecipientofFDI,accountingformorethan9%

ofthetotalin2001-2005.IntermsofFDIperhead,Britaincurrently

ranksseventh,behind(indescendingorder)IreIand,BeIgiumfHongKong

SAR,Sweden,SingaporeandtheNetherlands.Onthismeasure,theUnited

Statesranksfourteenth.

Thestudy5smostencouragingfindingisthatscoresforb

A.thedeterminantsofFDIarecomplicatedandnoteasytomeasure.

B.mostinvestorsundertakingFDIrefrainfromreleasingdatatosurveyors

C.asatisfactoryforecastingmodelisyettobedesigned

D.feworganizationsareinterestedinconductingsuchaforecast.

9.

{{B}}ReadingSectionDirections{{/B}}

Inthissectionyouwi11readfivepassagesandanswerreading

comprehensionquestionsabouteachpassage.Mostquestionsareworthone

point,butthelastquestionineachsetisworthmorethanonepoint.

Thedirectionsindicatehowmanypointsyoumayreceive.

Youwi11have60minutestoreadalIofthepassagesandanswerthe

questions.SomepassagesincIudeawordorphrasethatisunderIinedin

blue.CIickonthewordorphrasetoseeadefinitionoranexpIanation.

Whenyouwanttomoveontothenextquestion,clickonNext.Youcan

skipquestionsandgobacktothemIaterasIongasthereistimeremaining.

Ifyouwanttoreturntopreviousquestions,cIickonBack.Youcanclick

onReviewatanytimeandthereviewscreenwi11showyouwhichquestion

youhaveansweredandwhichyouhavenot.Fromthisreviewscreen,you

maygodirectIytoanyquestionyouhaveaIreadyseeninthereading

section.

Whenyouarereadytocontinue,clickontheContinueicon.

{IB}}Set1{{/B}}

{{B}}OvercomingtheLanguageBarrier{{/B}}

ThediscoverythatIanguagecanbeabarriertocommunicationis

quicklymadebyalIwhotravel,study,governorsell.Whetherthe

activityistourism,research,government,policing,business,ordata

dissemination,theIackofacommonlanguagecanseverelyimpedeprogress

orcanhaltitaltogether."Commonlanguage"hereusuallymeansaforeign

language,butthesamepointappliesinprincipletoanyencounterwith

unfamiIiardialectsorstyleswithinasingleIanguage."Theydon'ttalk

thesameIanguagenhasamajormetaphorricalmeaningaIongsideits

Iiteralone.

Althoughcommunicationproblemsofthiskindmusthappenthousands

oftimeseachday,veryfewbecomepubIicknowledge.PubIicitycomesonly

whenafailuretocommunicatehasmajorconsequences,suchasstrike,

lostorders,legalproblems,orfatalaccidents-even,attimes,war.

Onereportedinstanceofcommunicationfailuretookplacein1970,when

severalAmericansateaspeciesofpoisonousmushroom.Noremedywasknown,

andtwoofthepeopIediedwithindays.Aradioreportofthecasewas

heardbyachemistwhoknewofatreatmentthathadbeensuccessfully

usedin1959andpubIishedin1963.WhyhadtheAmericandoctorsnotheard

ofitsevenyearslaterPresumablybecausethereportofthetreatment

hadbeenpubIishedonlyinjournalswritteninEuropeanIanguagesother

thanEnglish.

ButisoIatedexampIesdonotgiveanimpressionofthesizeofthe

problem-----somethingthatcancomeonlyfromstudiesoftheuseor

avoidanceofforeign-