2023学年完整公开课版海上通信

CommunicationatSea1海上通信ENTER

2WordsandExpressionsTextStudyTestpointsBackgroundKnowledge考试大纲要求：了解海上通信知识，GMDSS、VHF知识及海上遇险、紧急、安全通信知识考试大纲涉及到的内容：GMDSSVHF通信3BackBackgroundInformation

TheGlobalMaritimeDistressandSafetySystem(GMDSS)

TheSOLAS(SafetyOfLifeAtSea)Conventionisaninternationaltreatyresponsibleforensuringthesafetyofmerchantships.TheGlobalMaritimeDistressandSafetySystem(GMDSS)formsChapterIVoftheSOLASConventionandwasintroducedinstagesbetween1993and1February1999.Itscreationmarkedthebiggestchangetomaritimecommunicationssincetheinventionofradio.4BackgroundInformation

TheGlobalMaritimeDistressandSafetySystem(GMDSS)

TheGMDSSconsistsofseveralsystems,someofwhicharenew,butmanyofwhichhavebeeninoperationformanyyears.Thesystemwillbeabletoreliablyperformthefollowingfunctions:alerting(Includingpositiondeterminationoftheunitindistress),searchandrescuecoordination,locating(homing),maritimesafetyinformationbroadcasts,generalcommunications,andbridge-to-bridgecommunications.

GMDSS有一系列系统组成，有些系统是新加入的但是已经被使用多年。这些系统有着可靠的性能在：报警（包括海事船位指示），搜索和救援协调，定位，海事安全信息广播，驾驶台双向直接联系。

5Back1.GMDSSIntroductionBridge-to-bridgecommunicationsCommunicationsSafetyNETNAVTEXDSCEPIRBs6Introduction

WhatisGMDSSTheGlobalMaritimeDistressandSafetySystem(GMDSS)isanautomatedship-to-ship,shore-to-shipandship-to-shoresystemcoveringdistressalertingandrelay,theprovisionofmaritimesafetyinformation(MSI)andbasiccommunicationlinks.7NextStage---Introduction

WhatisGMDSSThebasicconceptofGMDSSisthatsearchandrescueauthoritiesashore,aswellasshippingintheimmediatevicinityoftheshipindistress,willberapidlyalertedtoadistressincidentsothattheycanassistinacoordinatedSARoperationwiththeminimumdelay.ThesystemalsoprovidesforagencyandsafetycommunicationsandthepromulgationofMaritimeSafetyInformation(MSI)-navigationalandmeteorologicalwarningsandforecastsandotherurgentsafetyinformationtoships.

8NextStage---Introduction

ComponentsofGMDSSGMDSSconsistsofseveraldifferentsafetysystemsbasedarounddifferentcommunicationstechnologies.TheseincludeDSC,NAVTEXandINMARSAT.

9NextStage---IntroductionShipsoperatingGMDSSareequippedaccordingtocarriagerequirementsthatrelatetotradingareasi.e.AreaA1,A2,A3andA4asstipulatedinSOLAS.10NextStage---Introduction"seaareaA1"(A1海區)meansanareawithintheradiotelephonecoverageofatleastoneVHFcoaststationinwhichcontinuousDSCalertingisavailable."seaareaA2"(A2海區)meansanareaexcludingseaareaA1,withintheradiotelephonecoverageofatleastoneMFcoaststationinwhichcontinuousDSCalertingisavailable."seaareaA3"(A3海區)meansanarea,excludingseaareasA1andA2,withinthecoverageofanINMARSATgeostationarysatelliteinwhichcontinuousalertingisavailable."seaareaA4"(A4海區)meansanareaoutsideseaareasA1,A2andA3.11NextStage---Introduction

全球海上遇险安全系统航行区GMDSSareas在全球海上遇险安全系统中，将全世界海域划分为四个航行区：

a.A1海区：系指至少由一个具有连续DSC报警能力的甚高频(VHF）岸台所覆盖的区域，该区域可由各缔约国政府规定。

b.A2海区：系指除A1海区外，至少由一个具有连续DSC报警能力的中频(MF)岸台所覆盖的区域，该区域可由各缔约国规定。

c.A3海区：系指A1和A2海区以外，由具有连续报警能力的INMARSAT静止卫星所筱盖的区域。

d.A4海区：系指A1,A2,A3海区以外的区域。12NextStage---Introduction

BenefitsofGMDSSThegreatestbenefitoftheGMDSSisthatitvastlyreducesthechancesofshipssinkingwithoutatraceandenablessearchandrescue(SAR)operationstobelaunchedwithoutdelay.GMDSSalsochangesthenatureofRoutineandSafetyRadiooperation.Thesebecomefullyautomatic,enablingship’sofficerswithaGeneralOperator’sCertificate(GOC)todealwithallincomingandoutgoingship’sradiocommunication.Itwillnolongerbenecessarytosailwithaspecialistradioofficer.13NextStage---Introduction

BenefitsofGMDSSThegreatestbenefitoftheGMDSSisthatitvastlyreducesthechancesofshipssinkingwithoutatraceandenablessearchandrescue(SAR)operationstobelaunchedwithoutdelay.GMDSSalsochangesthenatureofRoutineandSafetyRadiooperation.Thesebecomefullyautomatic,enablingship’sofficerswithaGeneralOperator’sCertificate(GOC)todealwithallincomingandoutgoingship’sradiocommunication.Itwillnolongerbenecessarytosailwithaspecialistradioofficer.14Back--Bridge-to-bridgecommunications

Definition"bridge-to-bridgecommunications"(駕駛台對駕駛台通訊)meanssafetycommunicationsbetweenshipsfromthepositionfromwhichtheshipsarenormallynavigated.

15NextStage---Minimumcommunicationsequipment

VHFradiotelephone(channels6,13and16)VHF(Channel70)transmitterandwatchreceiverSearchandRescueTransponder(SART)NAVITEXreceiverAnINMARSATEGCreceiver

EmergencyPositionIndicatingRadioBeacon(EPIRB)Two-wayhandheldVHFradios16VHFradiotelephone

(channels6,13and16)Channel6maybeusedship-to-shipforSARoperations.Channel13isusedforsafetyofnavigationship-to-ship.Channel16isusedfordistressandurgencytraffic,andmaybeusedbyaircraftforsafetypurpose.17BackVHF(Channel70)transmitter

andwatchreceiverDigitalSelectiveCalling(DSC)isusedforcallingandreplying,andfortransmittingacknowledgingandrelayingdistressalerts.Itallowsaspecificstationtobecontactedandmadeawarethatthecallingstationwishestocommunicatewithit,andtoindicatehowtoreply,orwhichstationtolistentoforsubsequentdistresstraffic.Callscanalsobeaddressedtoallshipsorallstations.18BackSearchandRescueTransponder(SART)SearchandRescueTransponder(SART)usedforprovidinghomingsignalsfromsurvivalcraftfordetectionby9GHzradar.19BackNAVITEXreceiverNAVITEXreceiverusedforreceivingmaritimesafetyinformationwhichisautomaticallyprintedbythereceiver.20BackAnINMARSATEGCreceiverAnINMARSATEGCreceiver,iftheshipisengagedonvoyagesinanyareaofINMARSATcoveragewhereMSIservicesarenotprovidedbyNAVTEX21BackEmergencyPositionIndicating

RadioBeacon(EPIRB)EmergencyPositionIndicatingRadioBeacon(EPIRB)usedinSARforalertingandforprovidinghomingsignalsforusebyaircraft.22BackTwo-wayhandheldVHFradiosTwosetsminimumon300-500grosstonscargovesselsandthreesetsminimumoncargovesselsof500grosstonsandupwardandallpassengerships23BackCommunications

INMARSATTheInternationalMaritimeSatelliteOrganization(INMARSAT),akeyplayerwithinGMDSS,isaninternationalconsortiumcomprisingover75internationalpartnerswhoprovidemaritimesafetycommunicationsforshipsatsea.Inaccordancewithitsconvention,INMARSATprovidesthespacesegmentnecessaryforimprovingdistresscommunications,efficiencyandmanagementofships,aswellasmaritimecorrespondenceservices.24NextStage---ThebasiccomponentsoftheINMARSATsystemincludetheINMARSATspacesegment,LandEarthStation(LES),alsoreferredtoasCoastEarthStation(CES),andmobileShipEarthStation(SES).25NextStage---Satellitecoverageisdividedintofourregions,whichare:AtlanticOcean–East(AOR-E)AtlanticOcean–West(AOR-W)PacificOcean(POR)IndianOcean(IOR)26NextStage---INMARSATSatellitesystemsoperatedbytheINMARSAT,undercontracttotheInternationalMobileSatelliteOrganization(IMSO),arealsoimportantelementsoftheGMDSS.FourtypesofINMARSATshipearthstationterminalsarerecognizedbytheGMDSS:theINMARSATA,B,CandF77.TheINMARSATBandF77,anupdatedversionoftheA,provideship/shore,ship/shipandshore/shiptelephone,telexandhigh-speeddataservices,includingadistressprioritytelephoneandtelexservicetoandfromrescuecoordinationcenters.TheF77ismeanttobeusedwiththeINMARSATC,sinceitsdatacapabilitydoesnotmeetGMDSSrequirements.(CHECKINMARSATSITE,thissaysotherwise).TheINMARSATCprovidesship/shore,shore/shipandship/shipstore-and-forwarddataandemailmessaging,thecapabilityforsendingpreformatteddistressmessagestoarescuecoordinationcenter,andtheINMARSATCSafetyNETservice.27BackSafetyNET

IntroductionSafetyNETisaserviceofINMARSATC’sEnhancedGroupCall(EGC)system.TheInmarsatCmaritimemobilesatellitesystemhasaninherentcapability,knownasEnhancedGroupCall(EGC),whichallowsbroadcastmessagestobemadetoselectedgroupsofshipstationslocatedanywherewithinasatellite'scoverage.Fourgeostationarysatellitesprovideworldwidecoverageforthesetypesofbroadcasts.TwotypesofEGCservicesareavailable:SafetyNETandFleetNET.FleetNETisacommercialmessagingservicesofferedbyInmarsat,andisnotrecognizedbytheGlobalMaritimeDistress&SafetySystem,orGMDSS.SafetyNET,alongwithNAVTEX,isrecognizedbytheGMDSSastheprimarymeansfordisseminatingmaritimesafetyinformation.ShipsregulatedbytheSafetyofLifeatSeaConventiontravellingoutsideareascoveredbyNAVTEXmustcarryanInmarsatCSafetyNETreceiverby1February1999.

28NextStage---SafetyNETServicesSafetyNETisaninternationaldirect-printingsatellitebasedserviceforthepromulgationofnavigationalandmeteorologicalwarnings,anddistressalerts,forecasts,andothersafetymessages.VirtuallyallnavigablewatersoftheworldarecoveredbyInmarsatsatellites.EachsatellitetransmitsEGCtrafficonadesignatedchannelat1.5GHz.AnyshipsailingwithinthecoverageareaofanInmarsatsatellitewillbeabletoreceiveallSafetyNETmessagesbroadcastoverthischannelbythatsatellite.

29NextStage---SafetyNETServicesInmarsatCSafetyNETservicescurrentlyinclude:UrgencymessagesandnavigationalwarningstorectangularorcircularareasCoastalwarnings(inplaceofNAVTEX;usedonlyinAustralia)Shore-to-shipdistressalertstocircularareasSearch-and-rescuecoordinationmessagestorectangularorcircularareasMeteorologicalandnavigationalwarningsandmeteorologicalforecaststoaNAVAREA

30NextStage---SafetyNETMessage

SafetyNETmessagesincludeaspecialheaderconsistingoffive"C"codes:C1-prioritycode-1digit-distress,urgency,safety,routineC2-servicecode-2digits-typeofmessagebroadcastC3-addresscode-12characters-areabroadcastinstructionsC4-repetitionrate-2digits-numberandfrequencyofbroadcastsC5-presentationcode-2digits-typeofalphabetused31Back--NAVTEX

WhatisNAVTEXNAVTEXisamaritimeradiowarningsystemconsistingofaseriesofcoaststationstransmittingradioteletype(standardnarrow-banddirectprinting,alsosometimescalledSitor)safetymessageontheintentionallystandardmediumfrequencyof518kHz.Navtexisaninternational,automatedsystemforinstantlydistributingmaritimenavigationalwarnings,weatherforecastsandwarnings,searchandrescuenoticesandsimilarinformationtoships.

32NextStage---NAVTEXHowdoesitWork?NAVTEXtransmissionsaresentviaasinglefrequencyfromlocalizedstationssituatedworldwide.Thepowerofeachtransmissionisregulatedsoastoavoidthepossibilityofinterferencebetweentransmitters.UserscansettheirNAVTEXreceiverstoreceivespecificmessagetypesandrejectothers.Messagessuchasnavigationalandmeteorologicalwarningsandsearchandrescueinformationarenon-rejectabletoensurethatshipsequippedwithNAVTEXalwaysreceivethemostvitalinformation.Userscanchoosetoreceiveinformationfromthesingletransmitterthatservestheseaareaaroundtheirposition,orfromanumberoftransmitters.33NextStage---NAVTEXmessageformat

ZCZCdefinestheendofthephasingperiod,theB1characterisaletter(A-Z)identifyingthetransmittercoveragearea.theB2characterisaletter(A-Z)foreachtypeofmessage.B3B4isatwo-characterserialnumberforeachmessage,startingwith01exceptinspecialcaseswheretheserialnumber00isused.34NextStage---NAVTEXmessagesaretransmittedusingthefollowingformat:

NAVTEXMessage

Thetransmitteridentificationcharacter(B1)isasingleletterallocatedtoeachNAVTEXshorestationtransmitter.NAVTEXreceiversallowtheoperatortoacceptorrejectmessagesfromanystation,basedonthissinglelettercode.

Thesubjectindicatorcharacter(B2)isalsosinglelettercodewhichservestoidentifythemessagesubject.NAVTEXreceiversalsoallowtheoperatortorejectcertainmessagesbasedonthesubjectindicatorcharacter.However,messagesconcerningNavigationalWarnings,MeteorologicalWarnings,andSearchAndRescueinformationcannotberejected.35NextStage---NAVTEXMessage

SubjectindicatorcharactersassignedtotheNAVTEXsystemareasfollows:A=Navigationalwarnings*B=Meteorologicalwarnings*C=IcereportsD=Search&rescueinformation,andpiratewarnings*E=MeteorologicalforecastsF=PilotservicemessagesG=DECCAmessagesH=LORANmessagesI=OMEGAmessages(noteOMEGAhasbeendiscontinued)J=SATNAVmessages(i.e.GPSorGLONASS)L=Navigationalwarnings-additionaltoletterA(Shouldnotberejectedbythereceiver)V=NoticetoFishermen(U.S.only-currentlynotused)W=Environmental(U.S.only-currentlynotused)X}Specialservices-allocationbyIMONAVTEXPanelY}Z=Nomessageonhand

36Back--DigitalSelectiveCallingDSCprovidesameansofautomatingallday-to-daymarineterrestrialcalling-makingmarineradioaseasytouseasatelephone.DSCeffectivelyprovidestheoperatorwithadigitaldialingsystemcapableofringinganalarmatadistantradiostationwhenacallisaddressedtothatstation.DSC’sprincipaluseareindistressalertingandsafetycalling.AnaddedbenefitofDSCisthatthedigitaldialingsignalcanalsocarryotherinformation,suchasyourvessel’sidentity,positionandthenatureofthecallaswellasinformationspecifyingthechanneluponwhichsubsequentcommunicationshouldtakeplace.

37Back--EmergencyPosition-IndicatingradioBeaconsEPIRBsaredesignedfortransmitasatellitealertintheeventofsuddenaccidenteitherautomaticallyormanually.COSPAS_SARSATisaninternationalsatellite-basedsearchandrescuesystem,establishedbyCanada,France,theUnitedStates,andRussia.Thesefourcountriesjointlyhelpeddevelopthe406MHzEmergencyPosition-IndicatingRadioBeacon(EPIRB),anelementoftheGMDSSdesignedtooperatewithCospas-Sarsatsystem.Theseautomatic-activatingEPIRBs,nowrequiredonSOLASships,commercialfishingvessels,andallpassengerships,aredesignedtotransmittoarescuecoordinationcenteravesselidentificationandanaccuratelocationofthevesselfromanywhereintheworld.NewestdesignsincorporateGPSreceiverstotransmithighlyaccuratepositionsofdistress.38Back--2.VHFCommunicationsSMCPDistress,UrgencyandSafetyproceduresBasicRulesfortheuseofRadiotelephone39SMCP

IntroductionTheStandardMarineCommunicationPhrases(SMCP)isasetofkeyphrasesintheEnglishlanguage(whichistheinternationallyrecognizedlanguageofthesea),supportedbytheinternationalcommunityforuseatseaanddevelopedbytheInternationalMaritimeOrganization(IMO).Theyaimtoexplain:1)externalcommunicationphrases–shiptoship&shiptoshorecommunication,2)onboardcommunicationphrases–communicationwithintheship.TheSMCPincludesphraseswhichhavebeendevelopedtocoverthemostimportantsafety-relatedfieldsofverbalshore-to-ship(andvice-versa),ship-to-shipandon-boardcommunications.Theaimistoreducetheproblemoflanguagebarriersatseaandavoidmisunderstandingswhichcancauseaccidents.40NextStage---SMCP

BasicCommunicativeFeaturesTheIMOSMCPbuildsonabasicknowledgeofEnglishandhasbeendraftedinasimplifiedversionofmaritimeEnglish.Itincludesphrasesforuseinroutinesituationssuchasberthingaswellasstandardphrasesandresponsesforuseinemergencysituations.

41NextStage---SMCP

BasicCommunicativeFeaturesFurthercommunicativefeaturesmaybesummarizedasfollows:avoidingsynonymsavoidingcontractedformsprovidingfullywordedanswersto“yes/no”-questionsandbasicalternativeanswerstosentencequestionprovidingonephraseforoneevent,andstructuringthecorrespondingphrasesaftertheprinciple:identicalinvariableplusvariable42Back--Distress,UrgencyandSafetyprocedures

Distressprocedures

(TOBEUSEDONLYIFYOURVESSELISINGRAVEORIMMINENTDANGER)1.SendDSCAlertEnsureradioisswitchedon.Pressandholdthered“distress”buttonfor5seconds.2.SenddistresscallonVHFCH16SwitchtoVHFCH16andtransmitdistresscallandmessage:

MAYDAYMAYDAYMAYDAY

THISIS___________________________(Vesselname3times)

MAYDAYfollowedbyvesselnameandMMSInumber

POSITION_________________________________________

NATUREOFDISTRESS______________________________

AIDREQUIRED_____________________________________

NUMBEROFPERSONSONBOARD___________________IfoutsideofVHFcoverage,sendthedistressmessageon

2182kHzoruseothersuitablemeansofcommunication.43NextStage---Distress,UrgencyandSafetyprocedures

Distressprocedures

(TOBEUSEDONLYIFYOURVESSELISINGRAVEORIMMINENTDANGER)3.ActivateEPIRBActivateEPIRB(orPLB)byfollowingdirectionsprintedonbeaconbody.TakeEPIRBwithyoutothesurvivalcraft.

EnsureEPIRBisvertical,withantennapointedupward.44NextStage---Distress,UrgencyandSafetyprocedures

Distress,UrgencyandSafetySignalMayday:meansamobileunitorpersonisthreatenedbygraveandimminentdangerandrequestsimmediateassistance.Mayday

Relay:meansthecallingstationisrelayingadistressmessageonbehalfofamobileunitorpersonisthreatenedbygraveandimminentdanger.PanPan:meansthecallingstationhasaveryurgentmessagetotransmitconcerningthesafetyofamobileunitoraperson.Sécurité:meansthecallingstationhasanimportantnavigationalormeteorologicalwarningtotransmit.45NextStage---Distress,UrgencyandSafetyprocedures

CancelingaFalseVHF-DSCDistressAlert

TransmitonVHFCH16:Allstations,Allstations,Allstations,thisis______(vesselname)MMSInumber______,position______North,______West,

Cancelmydistressalertofdateandtime.Thisis______

(vesselname)MMSInumber_____,Out.

46NextStage---Distress,UrgencyandSafetyprocedures

ExampleofDistressProcedure(MAYDAY)

Pressdistressalertbuttonfollowedbydistressmessage“MAYDAY,MAYDAY,MAYDAY,ThisisNONSUCH,NONSUCH,NONSUCH.MAYDAYNONSUCHMMSI316999999,position49°04.6’North123°18.8’West.Shiphastakenonwaterandindangerofcapsizing,Irequireimmediateassistance,4personsonboard,aretakingtoliferaft,Over.”47NextStage---Distress,UrgencyandSafetyprocedures

ExampleofUrgencyProcedure(PANPAN)

“PANPAN,PANPAN,PANPAN,St.John’sCoastGuardRadio,St.John’sCoastGuardRadio,St.John’sCoastGuardRadio,