托福写作核心知识点解析

目录

一、托福写作介绍和独立写作评分标准..................................................................................................2

二、题目分类.........................................................................................................................7

三、Essay结构.......................................................................................................................9

四、论证角度........................................................................................................................14

五、文章展开方式....................................................................................................................16

六、中间段落展开...................................................................................................................22

七、题目串讲........................................................................................................................29

八、综合写作........................................................................................................................29

九、语言............................................................................................................................32

一、托福写作介绍和独立写作评分标准

KEYPOINTSDETAILEDCONTENTS

核心知识点细化内容

综述IndependentWriting

考试界面截图、字数、时长

独立写作是argumentativeessay,和GREAnalyticalWriting和SAT作文相同。

评分标准

RubricsEffectivelyaddressesthetopicandtask

（1）有效的回答了题目和任务

Effectively

addressestheTopic

topicandtask题目

Inthemodernsociety,theabilitytospeakwellismoreimportantthantheabilitytowritewell.

Task

任务

Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?

Whichdoyouprefer?（机经中很少出现）

Whydoyouthink?（机经中不再出现）

例1：Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Inthemodernsociety,theabilitytospeakwellis

moreimportantthantheabilitytowritewell.

Addressthetopic:Formostpeople,speakingabilityismoreimportantthanwritingability.

Failtoaddressthetopic：Speakingabilityplaysavitalroleinaperson'ssuccess.

评分标准well-organized

Rubrics良好的组织

(2)两重意义：

well-organized整体well-organizedo要求:整篇文章分为introduction>body和conclusion；Thesisstatement一般位于

introduction最后；Body分bodyparagraphs；用transitionalwords或者repetition衔接bodyparagraphs；

conclusion重申thesisstatement0

段内well-organizedo要求：topicsentence尽量置于段首，段内的每个sentence支持topicsentenceo

评分标准well-developed

Rubrics两重意义：

(3)1.Thesisstatement得至ijwell-developed,意味着bodyparagraph(subpoint)的数量不能过少。

well-developed

2.每个topicsentence得到充分展开。

每个subpoint(bodyparagraph)的字数不能过少。经验表明，主要段落的字数不低于8o字。

评分标准Unity

RubricsIntroduction>Body>Conclusion必须完整；

（4）每个bodyparagraph支持thesisstatement；

Unity每个bodyparagraph中每个sentence支持topicsentenceo

评分标准Progression

RubricsBodyparagraphs使用transitionalwords和重复上文(repetition)。

(5)Bodyparagraphs中从抽象(topicsentence)到具体(exemplification)。

Progression

评分标准Coherence

Rubrics正确的使用代词。

(6)人称代词(they/she/he)

Coherence指示代词(this/those/that)

关系代词(which/that/who/whom/where/when)

评分标准syntacticvariety

Rubrics

(7)长短结合

syntactic

variety变化句子开头（状语提前、倒装、形式主语it的使用）

强调句、分词作状语等（参见语言部分）

评分标准appropriatewordchoice

Rubrics合适的用词

(8)

appropriate符合语境和习惯用法。

wordchoice使用搭配词典(co-builddictionary)和语料库。

字典：灵格斯

OxfordCollocationDictionaryforStudentsofEnglish

CollinsCo-BuildDictionary

CambridgeLearnersDictionary

语料库

BritishNationalCorpus

TheCorpusofContemporaryAmericanEnglish

评分标准Idiomaticity

Rubrics地道

(9)

Idiomaticity1.正确的搭配(勤查搭配词典OxfordCollocationDictionaryforStudentsofEnglish)

例如：decreasethequalityORreducethequality

2.使用idiomoIdiom指无法从字面含义看出实际含义的表达(Aspeechformoranexpressionofagivenlanguage

thatispeculiartoitselfgrammaticallyorcannotbeunderstoodfromtheindividualmeaningsofitselements),

如：keepupwitho

Appropriate和idiomaticity的区别：

Appropriate:Istayedlateintothenight.

Idiomaticity:Istayedup.

Appropriate:Watchingtelevisionexcessivelyharmschildren'shealth.

Idiomaticity:Watchingtelevisionexcessivelytakesatollonchildren'shealth.

设计练习教师搜集1篇高分范文，向学生展示并分析评分标准中的得分点

二、题目分类

分类(1)按背景分

按背景分parentsandchildren

分类应使用机经。

不要使用TWEschooleducation

185题库。campuslife(dorm)

teachers

按背景分类是为extracurricularactivities

了准备词汇和例thevalueofsubjects(artandmusic,history,sciences,secondarylanguage,economicclasses)

证。sportsandphysicalexercise

按背景分，类别之jobchoice

间重合较多，很难

做到彼此互斥Technology

(mutually(computergames...)

exclusive)和穷尽

所有(collectivelyMassMedia

exhaustive)television,movies,advertisements

government

investment

factorsinsuccess

creativeness,planning,theabilitytoread,theabilitytowrite,realityandambition

happiness等

分类（2）按是否包含比较关系分

按是否包含比较•单一事物类

关系分[2007-12-01]Peopleshouldnotpayforpublictransportation.

•比较选择类

[2009-02-27]Itisbettertohaveajobwithmorevacationsbutlowersalariesthanajobwithlessvocationsbut

highersalaries.（比较类文章需要涉及到另外一方的坏处或者好处）

分类（3）按是否包含绝对词分

按是否包含绝对包含绝对词的题目

词分[2008-05-12]Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Universityeducationisthemost

importantfactorinpeople'ssuccess.（包含绝对词汇的题目•般的文章结构是让步+转折）

不包含绝对词的题目

设计练习教师向学生展示15-20道机经题目，让学生辨识类别。教师需将09-10年题目按关键词分类，逐题辨识类别。

三、Essay结构

KEYPOINTSDETAILEDCONTENTS

核心知识点细化内容

总论Essay分为三大部分：Introduction>Body和Conclusion。

Introduction和conclusion不重要，body是得分关键。

Introduction方法较多，但实用的很少。一定要分清应试作文和平时作文的差别：很多开头方法只适用有充分时

间准备的平时作文，如：故事法、引言法。因此，开头尽量简洁。

Conclusion应尽可能简单处理，留出时间proofread,或对body部分进行进一步展开。

Introduction(1)Introduction最重要的是thesisstatemento

综述直接表明thesisstatement显得十分突兀。因此，thesisstatement前面往往加上一个引出。引出一般有三种方法：

反方观点、双方争议和设问。引出之前往往加上一个背景background。

文献引用：

Fromthewriter'spointofview,beginningmeansannouncingandlimitingthesubject,indicatingaplan,

catchingthereader'sattention,andestablishinganappropriatetoneandpointofview.(OxfordEssential

GuidetoWriting)

方法1先列反方观点

Inrecentyears,thereisagrowingtendencythatparentsgivesomehelpswhentheirchildrenaredoing

homeworkassignedbyschoolteachers.However,thisideanowisquestionedbysomepeople,whothinkthat

letchildrendotheirschoolworkaloneismuchbetter.Asforme,Ibelievethatencouragingchildrendowork

independentlyisgoodforthechildren'sgrowth.

方法2双方争议

Somepeoplebelievethatitisimportanttohavephysicalactivitiesaspartofachild'severydaycurriculumat

school.Othersdisagree,andarguethatstudentsshouldspendalloftheirtimeonacademicstudies.

Personally,Ibelievethatphysicaleducationisavitalpartofaneducationasitteacheschildrentotakecareof

theirbodies,howtoworkasateam,andgivesthemamethodofreleasingtensionandaggression.

方法3设问

Whichlearningstyleismoreproductive,studyingindividuallyorstudyingwithagroupofstudents?Some

wantindependentthinkingandaflexiblepace,whileothersvaluegroupdiscussion.Giventhechoice,Iprefer

tostudywithagroupofstudentsforthefollowingreasons.

Introduction(2)Thesisstatement

Thesisstatement回答topic,表明自己的倾向或观点

暗示下文走向

Thesisstatement实际是前置的conclusion

文献引用：

Makesanargumentativeassertionaboutatopic;itstatestheconclusionsthatyouhavereachedaboutyour

topic.

Makesapromisetothereaderaboutthescope,purpose,anddirectionofyourpaper.

Isgenerallylocatedneartheendoftheintroduction(/Handbook/thesis_def.html)

设计练习教师给出5-10个题目，让学生尝试用3种方式开头，写出明确的主题句。教师准备好范例

Body⑴Body由bodyparagraphs组成。

BodyParagraphs

Bodyparagraphs的数量：

一般情况下3个。2个bodyparagraphs可能无法对thesisstatement充分展开。4个bodyparagraphs由于时间

所限，可能无法充分展开。

Bodyparagraphs的字数：

每个paragraphs以80字为下限，保证充分展开；字为上限，保证不写废话。

当然，这是一般原则，实际操作中往往存在例外。

Bodyparagraphs不重合(mutuallyexclusive)

Bodyparagraphs的衔接：

使用Transitionalwords使用repetition

Bodyparagraphs的结构：

topicsentence+develop

Body(2)常用transitionalwords

Transitionalwords表顺序；Firstly,secondly,finally(lastbutnoleast)

表并列：besides,also

表对比：incontrast,incomparison

表递进：moreimportantly,furthermore,moreover,inaddition

也可以通过重复上文，实现bodyparagraphs的衔接。

常用句型：Notonly...butalso...

经典文本：

Loveandknowledge(重复上两个bodyparagraphs),sofarastheywerepossible,ledupwardtowardthe

heavens.Butalwayspitybroughtmebacktotheearth.Echoesofpainreverberateinmyheart.Childrenin

famine,victimstorturedbyoppressors,helplessoldpeopleahatedburdentotheirsons,andthewholeworld

oflongliness,poverty,andpainmakeamockeryofwhathumanlifeshouldbe.Ilongtoalleviatetheevil,butI

cannot,andItoosuffer.(BertrandRussell)

Body(3)Topicsentence支持thesisstatement；

TopicSentenceTopicsentence易于展开，不宜过宽、过窄、过于抽象；

Topicsentence是bodyparagraphs的主要结论

Topicsentence要前置

Topicsentence简洁

经典文本：

TheBigBullMarketwasdead(主要结论、前置、简洁).Billionsofdollars*worthofprofits-andpaper

profits-haddisappeared.Thegrocer,thewindow-cleaner,andtheseamstresshadlosttheircapital.Ineveiy

towntherewerefamilieswhichhadsuddenlydropped'fromshowyaffluenceintodebt.Investorswhohad

dreamedofretiringtoliveontheirfortunesnowfoundthemselvesbackoncemoreattheverybeginningofthe

longroadtoriches.Daybydaythenewspapersprintedthegrimreportsofsuicides.

Body(4)段落中每个sentence支持topicsentence

Topicsentence例：在这个例子中，作者没有做到每个sentence支持topicsentenceo

(12)Solivingindependentlyatanearlyageisnotsuitableforallyoungadults,(13)someyoungadultsmay

needtotakemoretimetopreparethemselvesbeforegoingouttostruggle.(14)Youngadultsneedtobeready

tosupportthemselves.(15)Takingtimetogetmoreeducationandlivingwithfamiliesforalongertimemay

leadthemtoabetterindependentlifebecausetheywillbewellpreparedforthehardlifeoutside.(16)Still,

livingwiththeirfamiliesfor“too”longwillnotbeagoodideabecausetheycouldgetusedtoitandtendtobe

lessindependent.

设计练习给学生io个thesisstatement,每个thesisstatement要求学生给出3个topicsentencec教师提前准备好范例。

由易到难。

给学生10个bodyparagraphs,让学生总结出合适的topicsentencea教师提前准备好范例。

Conclusion(1)总结上述理由+重申论点+(提出建议)

重申thesisInsum,itisinappropriatetoreckonthatadvertisingistheonlycauseofunhealthyeatinghabitbecauseheavy

statementworkloadandgoodtasteofjunkfoodsareanothertworeasons.Ihopeeveiyonecansaynotothejunkfoods,

reduceworkinghoursandenjoyamorehealthylife.

文献弓1用：Beginyourconclusionwithaparaphraseofyourthesis.Aconclusionshouldnotbe

lengthy.WritingPowerbyKaplanEducationCenter

设计练习给学生5个thesisstatement,要求学生改写成结尾重申句。教师提前准备好范例。

四、论证角度

KEYPOINTSDETAILEDCONTENTS

核心知识点细化内容

综述论证角度有2个：利弊分析、列举例证

包含应该(should)、必要(necessary)、重要(important)的题目大多是利弊分析

涉及抽象的价值观和证明现象是否存在的题目多是列举例证

利弊分析常用角Cost

度Convenience

Safety

Health

Stress

Academicperformances

Knowledgeandinformation

Character

Personalrelationship

Eco-friendly

范例Shouldcollegestudentstakepart-timejob?

Agree:Cost/Knowledge/Personalrelationship

Disagree:Academicperformances/Stress/Safety

练习设计给学生5-1。个题目，进行利弊分析

列举证明（1）涉及抽象的价值观和证明现象是否存在的题目一般来说用列举不同方面证明会比较好写。

涉及抽象的价值为了让例证更有普适性，采用分类（拆分）列举的方法。常分的类有：学习、工作、生活或者政治、经济、文

观化等等

基本价值观：Doyouagreeordisagreethatwiththefollowingstatement?Nowadays,itisnotnecessaryfor

peopletobepolitebecausetheyarebusy.

分类列举：Takecampuslifeforexample.

Takepoliticsforexample

Takethebusinessworldforexample.

列举证明（2）证明现象存在：

证明现象存在Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Parentstodaydonotunderstandtheirchildrenas

welltheydidfiftyyearsago.

分类列举：Considermusic.Today'schildrenareintogenresofmusicwhichtheirparentsfinddisagreeable

andevenrepellent.

Considerlanguage.Toda/schildrenhasdevelopedandusedavernacularwhichtheirparentscanhardly

makeanysenseof.

Considerclothing.

练习设计给学生3-5个题目，进行分类列举

五、文章展开方式

KEYPOINTSDETAILEDCONTENTS

核心知识点细化内容

综述(1)对于argumentativeessay而言，常用的文章展开方式有4种。

1.绝对论证(纯立论)

•不考虑任何不利内容，不考虑任何例外

•又称“一边倒”

2.立论+驳论

•考虑不利内容，对不利内容进行反驳

•又称“欲擒故纵”“以退为进”“2减1”

•优势：驳倒不利内容，增加了观点的说服力。利于在找不到第3个分论点时扩充文章内容

3.驳论+立论

一般用于绝对词汇题，先让步承认此观点有一定合理性，但其最高级形式不成立，还有其他观点更合理或同样合理

4.分情况讨论(dependon)的

•不同情况，给出不同观点

•又称“中立”

绝对观点Ifyouneedtodiscussupsettingorcontroversialproblemswithothers,willyouusee-mail/text

例题和范文分messagingORusetelephone/voice-messaging?

析

Whenitcomestowhichway,e-mailortelephone,isbetterfordiscussingupsettingorcontroversial

problemswithother,peoplewouldhardlyhavethesameopinion.Frommyperspective,theusing

ofe-mailisabettermethodasitcanstimulatein-depthdiscussionontheissue,avoidany

unnecessaryemotionalinfluenceandseemmoreformalinthefirstplace.

Writingdownwhatwewanttosayandwhatwethinkinheadcanmakeusseemoreclearlyonthe

controversialissue.Wewouldclarifyourstandbywritingthesupportingreasonsdown,andeven

developideaswhatwethinkisreasonable.Whafsmore,assometimeswejustarguewithother

peopleoutofprejudiceandpresumptions,wemaycorrectourownpointofviewandmakesome

modificationthroughwriting.Ouropponentwouldcertainlyrespondtowhatwewriteandmake

someconcession,too.Inthisway,thedisagreementwouldbesettledmoreeasily.

Debatingthroughe-mailisalsoapeacefulwaytosolvetheproblems.Theremaybesomewordsor

sentencesthatwouldcauseunpleasantfeelingatfirst,butafterreviewingandediting,wecan

finallypresentanobjectiveandlessoffendinglettertotheadversary.Incontrast,itisharderto

controlourmoodwhenmakingaphonecalltodisputewithothers.Theargumentcouldturninto

anunreasonablequarrel,achievingnodesiredresult.

Moreover,writingisusuallyformalcomparedtoaphonecallorvoicemessage.Itistime

consumingtoorganizewords,sentencesandparagraphsintoacompleteletter.Whenfinallythe

debategoesintoawrittenform,ouropponentswouldtakeitmoreseriously.Withbothsides'

efforts,theproblemswillbesolvedmorequickly.

Inconclusion,Ithinkthatpeopleshouldusee-mailinsteadoftelephonewhendealingwithsome

controversialproblems,aswi'itingmakesthedebatemorespecific,objectiveandformal.

立论+驳论Peopleholdingdifferentviewscannotachievesuccessasateam.

例题和范文分

析Isittruethateveryoneinateamshouldhavethesameopinionsinordertoachievesuccess?From

myperspective,itisnotthecase.Peopleholdingdifferentviewscanalsoachievesuccessasateam.

Sometimes,itisevennecessaryforpeopleinateamtooffertheirindividualideas.

Firstofall,itisimpossibleforpeopleinagrouptothinkexactlythesame.Weallknowpeopleare

differentduetotheirpersonalexperienceandgrowingenvironment.Thereprobablywouldbe

differentpointofviewsevenonasubtlefactor.Forinstance,Irememberwetriedtoorganizea

footballteaminmyclassduringhighschool.Weallwantedtobuythesameuniformtolooklikean

integrategroup.However,opinionsvariedonwhichuniformweshouldchoose.Somelikedthe

uniformofLoyalMadrid,whileotherspreferredtheoneofManchesterUnited.Wedidarguefora

whilebeforewefinallyreachedanagreementtobuytheuniformofMU.Thoughtheclassmates

wholikedLoyalMadrid'suniformwerekindofdepressedatfirst,westillfoughttogetherasa

strongteamduringtheleaguematchofschoolandfinallygotthefirstprize.So,aslongasweacted

asateamwhencompetinginmatch,itdoesnotmatterifwehaddifferentviewsonsomeirrelevant

aspects.

What'smore,havingdifferentviewsissometimesakeyfactorforateamtoreachitsgoal.

Obviously,themoreideaswehave,thebetterchoicewewouldmake.Ifpeopleinateamonlyhad

oneview,littleprogresswouldbemade.Thisisespeciallythecaseincreativerealm.Considerthe

designergroupofAppleCompany.Everytimethegroupwantstodesignsomenewkindofproduct

toastonishtheworld,suchasi-phone,i-pad,cantheysucceedbypromoteonlyonedesignidea?

Impossible!Everyoneinthegroupshouldattributeasmanyideasaspossibleforthedesignplan.

Onlybythatwaycanthegroupdecidewhichdesignideasarethebest,orcombinesomebrilliant

ideastogethertoformanexcellentone.Asaresult,wecanseethesignificancetoholddifferent

opinionsfortheultimatesuccessofthegroup.

Admittedly,itisunwisetoclaimthatateamwouldgetsuccesseasilywhenthegroupmembers

cannotreachabasicconsensus.Teamworkspiritisanindispensiblefactorforanygrouptoenjoy

success.Wecaneitherdisagreeonsomeunimportantaspectsorhavevariousopinionsatfirst,but

assoonaswebegintotakeaction,wemustabandonourpersonalthoughtsandactasone.

驳论+立论Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Advertisingistheonlycauseofunhealthy

例题和范文分eatinghabits.

析

Manyexpertshavewarnedusagainstsomediseasescausedbyunhealthyeatinghabits,andthensomepeople

attributethoseinappropriatehabitstocommercials.AlthoughIconcedethatadvertisingisoneofthefactors

accountingforpeople'sunhealthyeatinghabits,it'stooexaggeratedtosaythatadvertisingistheonlyreason,

becausethereareanothertwoelementsthatcannotbeneglected.

Admittedly,advertisingmaybeonecauseofunhealthyeatinghabits,fortheadvertisementsofjunkfoodsare

oftendesignedquitetemptinginordertoattractbuyers.Forexample,thecommercialofKFCistypicallya

combinationofmelodiousmusic,fancypicturesandasloganof“WedochickenrightJ,,luringpeopletopurchase

theunhealthyfood.However,itisanoverstatementtoassertthatadvertisingistheonlyreasonsincethetwo

followingreasonsexist.

Heavyworkloadkeepspeoplefromhavingtheirmealsregularly,whichisconsideredasoneofunhealthyeating

habits.Nowadays,peoplehavetoworkreallyhardtosurviveinthehighlycompetitivesociety,sotheybarelyhave

timetositatthetableandhavedinners.Takeabusinessmanforexample.Hemaykeepworkingforover8hours

adaytogetallhisworkdoneandhavenotimeforlunch.Consequently,heonlyhasonemealaday.Itis

definitelyanunhealthyeatinghabit,whichresultfromtoomuchbusinessandalongworkingtime.

Besides,theso-calledjunkfoods,suchasfriedchicken,cheeseburgersandcola,areindeedmoredelicious,

especiallyforchildren.Commonly,friedchickenwingsareusuallyspicyandcrispy,soitiseasytounderstand

whythosejunkfoodscansoonbecomepopularamongyoungchildren.However,thefriedwings,cornsandchips

aretoooily,containingexcessivefatandevensomepoisonousingredients,allofwhichdoharmtopeople's

health.SoIbelievethespecialtasteandflavorexplainwhypeoplelovethoseunhealthyfoods.

Insum,itisinappropriatetoreckonthatadvertisingistheonlycauseofunhealthyeatinghabitbecauseheavy

workloadandgoodtasteofjunkfoodsareanothertworeasons.Ihopeeveryonecansaynotothejunkfoods,

reduceworkinghoursandenjoyamorehealthylife.

分情况讨论的Somepeoplethinkthattheycanlearnbetterbythemselvesthanwithateacher.Othersthink

Dependonthatitisalwaysbettertohaveateacher.Whichdoyouprefer?Usespecificreasonsto

例题和范文分developyouressay.

析

Ateacheristoanewsubjectjustasatourguideistoanunknowncity.Whenwecometoanunknowncity

forthefirsttime,wedefinitelyneedatourguide.Wemighthaveadetailedmap,butitisunlikelyfunctional

一itisn'tsurprisedthatwecanhardlyinterpretthosemysterioussymbols.Likewise,whenwearebeginners,

itiswisetolearnwithteachers.Theycantelluswheretobeginwith,whatweshoulddo,andwhich

referenceweshouldchoose.Whenweconfrontdifficulties,wecanaskthemforhelp,andtheiradviceswill

alwaysbetremendouslyhelpful.Withteachers,assistance,wemightlearneasier,faster,andmore

interestingly.

Afteraperiodoftime,wehavelearnedalot.Wenowknowthecityprettywell,eventhoughtherestillare

manyplaceswehaven'tbeen.Itdoesn'tmatter.Nowthatweareabletorecognizethosemysterioussymbols

onthemap,whatweneedperhapsisnotatourguidebutamoredetailedmap.Similarly,weneedricher

referencesforlearning.Yes,therearestillmanyfieldsunexplored;theyare,nevertheless,nolongerpuzzling.

Thetaskissimple:wewillexplorethemonebyone,littlebylittle.Ifweareworkingonacertainskill,

practicemore;ifwearepreparingatest,practicemore;whateverwearelearning,justremember,likepeople

alwayssay,practicemakesperfect.

Afteranotherperiodoftime,wemighthavebecomeothers*tour