高中英语 高考英语

2009-2018十年高考英语江苏卷真题阅读D篇汇编

2009年DHaveyouevernoticedthecolourofthewaterinariverorstreamafteraheavyrainfall?Whatdoyouthinkcausedthischangeincolour?Itissoilthathasbeenwashedintotheriverfromtheriverbankorfromthenearbyfields．ComponentsofSoilSoilismadeupofanumberoflayers（层），eachhavingitsowndistinctivecolourandtexture．Theupperlayerisknownasthelitter．Itactslikeablanket,

limitingtemperaturechangesandreducingwaterloss．Thetopsoillayerismadeupofsmallparticlesofrockmixedwithrottenplantandanimalmattercalledhumus（腐殖质），whichisblackandgivesthetopsoilitsdarkcolour.

Thislayerisusuallyrichinnutrients，oxygen，andwater．Belowthetopsoilisthesubsoil，alayerthatcontainsmorestonesmixedwithonlysmallamountsoforganicmatter．Thislayerislighterincolourbecauseofthelackofhumus．Beneaththesoilliesalayerofbedrock．Soilformsfromthebottomup．Overtimebedrockisattackedbyrain,wind，frost,andsnow．Itisgraduallybrokendownintosmallerparticlesinaprocesscalledweathering．Plantsbegintogrow，androttenmaterialsenrichthetopsoil．MostofthesoilinEasternCanada,

forexample．Wasformedfromweatheredrockthatwasexposedwhentheicedisappearedl2,000yearsago．WaterBeneaththeSoilSurfacewatercollectsandflowsabovethegroundinlakes,

ponds

andrivers．Onceinthesoilorrock，itiscalledgroundwater．Gravitypullsgroundwaterthroughthesoilinaprocesscalledpercolation（渗透）．Eventuallythewaterreachesalayercalledthewatertable．Underthisisbedrockthroughwhichwatercannotpercolate．Aswaterpercolatesdownward，itdissolvesorganicmatterandmineralsfromthesoilandcarriesthemtodeeperlayers．Thiscausesaseriousproblembecauseplantsrequirethesenutrientsforgrowth.SoilpHSoilcanbeacidic,

neutral,

orbasic．ThepHofthesoilisdeterminedbythenatureoftherock

fromwhichitwasformed．andbythenatureoftheplantsthatgrowandrotinit．TheacidityofrainandsnowcanlowerthepHofthegroundwaterthatentersthesoil．Byburningfossilfuelssuchascoal，oilandgasoline，humanshavebeencontributingtohigherlevelsofacidityinmanysoils．Whenfossilfuelsareburned,

gasesarereleasedintotheairandthenfallbacktoearthasacidrain．Acidsoilincreases出eproblemofcarryingnutrientstolowersoillevels．Asnutrientsareremoved，soilislessfertile．Plantsgrowmoreslowlyinacidicsoil，andalsobecomeeasilyattackedbydiseases．67．Thelayerofsoilthatprovidesnecessarynutrientsforplantgrowthiscalled．A．1itter

B．topsoil

C．humusD．subsoil68．Accordingtothetext．whichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?A．Soilformsfromweatheredrockontheearthsurface．B．Thedeeperlayerofsoilisdarkerincolourthanthesurfacesoil．C．Airpollutionispartiallyresponsibleforacidsoil．D．Groundwatertendstocarryawaynutrientsforplantgrowth．69．Wecaninferfromthepassagethatthewatertablelies

．A．betweenthetopsoillayerandthesubsoillayerB．inthesubsoillayerabovebedrockC．betweenthesubsoillayerandbedrockD．inthebedrocklayerbeneaththesubsoil70．Theunderlinedword“dissolve”isusedtoexpresstheideathatorganicmatterandmineralsfromsoilare

．A．rushedawayintotheriverB．cleanedandpurifiedbywaterC．destroyedandcarriedawaybywaterD．mixedwithwaterandbecomepartofit2010年DImagine,oneday,gettingoutofbedinBeijingandbeingatyourofficeinShanghaiinonlyacoupleofhour,andthen,afterafulldayofwork,goingbackhometoBeijingandhavingdinnerthere.Soundsunusual,doesn’tit?Butit’snotthatunrealistic,withthedevelopmentofChina’shigh~speedrailwaysystem.Andthat’snotall.Chinahasanevengreaterhigh-speedrailwayplan—toconnectthecountrywithSoutheastAsia,andeventuallyEasternEurope.Chinaisnegotiatingtoextenditsownhigh-speedrailwaynetworktoupto17countriesin10to15years,eventuallyreachingLondonandSingapore.Chinahasproposedthreesuchprojects.ThefirstwouldpossiblyconnectKunmingwithSingaporeviaVietnamandMalaysia.AnothercouldstartinUrumqiandgothroughKazakhstanandUzbekistan,andpossiblytoGermany.ThethirdwouldstartinthenortheastandgonorththroughRussiaandthenintoWesternEurope.IfChina’splanforthehigh-speedrailwaygoesforward,peoplecouldzipoverfromLondontoBeijinginundertwodays.ThenewsystemwouldstillfollowChina’shigh-speedrailwaystandard.Andthetrainswouldbeabletogo346kilometersanhour,almost!asfastassomeairplanes.China’sbullettrain(高速客车),theoneconnectingWuhantoGuangzhou,alreadyhastheworld’sfastestaveragespeed,itcovers1,069kilometersinaboutthreehours.Ofcourse,therearesometechnicalchallengestoovercome.Therearesomanyissuesthatneedtohesettled,suchassafety,railgauge(轨距),maintenanceofrailwaytracks.So,it’simportanttopayattentiontoeverydetail.Butthekeyissueisreallymoney.Chinaisalreadyspendinghundredsofbillionsofyuanon

domesticrailwayexpansion.Chinaprefersthattheothercountriespayinnaturalresourcesratherthanwithcapitalinvestment.ResourcesfromthosecountriescouldstreamintoChinatosustaindevelopment.It’llbeawin-winproject.Forothercountries,therailwaynetworkwilldefinitelycreatemoreopportunitiesforbusiness,tourismandsoon,nottomentionthebettercommunicationamongthosecountries.ForChina,suchaprojectwouldnotonlyconnectitwiththerestofAsiaandbringsomemuch-neededresources,butwouldalsohelpdevelopChina’sfarwest.Weforeseethatinthecomingdecades,millionsofpeoplewillmigratetothewesternregions,wherethelandisemptyandresourcesunused.Withhigh-speedtrains,peoplewillsetupfactoriesandbusinesscentersinthewestonceandforall.Andthey’lltradewithCentralAsianandEasternEuropeancountries.67.China’snewhigh-speedrailwayplanwillbeawin-winprojectbecause____________

.

A.Chinawillgetmuch-neededresourcesanddevelopitswesternregions

B.ChinaandthecountriesinvolvedwillbenefitfromtheprojectinvariouswaysC.ChinawilldevelopitsrailwaysystemandcommunicationwithothercountriesD.theforeigncountriesinvolvedwilldeveloptheirrailwaytransportation,businessandtourism68.Accordingtothepassage,thegreatestchallengetothenewhigh-speedrailwayplanis____________.A.technicalissues

B.safetyofthesystemC.financialproblems

D.maintenanceofrailwaytracks69.Whichofthefollowingwordsbestdescribestheauthor’sattitudetowardsChina’shigh-speed

railwayplan?A.Critical.

B.Reserved.

C.Doubtful.

D.Positive.70.Whichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.NewRailwayStandards

B.BigRailwayDreamsC.High-speedBulletTrains

D.InternationalRailwayNetwork2011年DShayandhisfatherhadwalkedpastaparkwheresomeboysShayknewwereplayingbaseball.Shayasked,“Doyouthinkthey’llletmeplay?”Shay’sfatherknewthatmostoftheboyswouldnotwantsomeonelikeShayontheirteam,butthefatheralsounderstoodthatifhisson,mentallyandphysicallydisabled,wereallowedtoplay,itwouldgivehimamuch-neededsenseofbelongingandsomeconfidence.Shay’sfatherapproachedoneoftheboysonthefieldandaskedifShaycouldplay,notexpectingmuch.Theboylookedaroundandsaid,“We’relosingbysixruns(分)andthegameisintheeighthinning(局).Iguesshecanbeonourteamandwe’lltrytoputhimintobatinthefinalinning.Shaystruggledovertotheteam’sbenchandputonateamshirtwithabroadsmileandhisfatherhadasmalltearinhiseyeandwarmthinheart.Theboyssawthefather’sjoyathissonbeingaccepted.Inthebottomoftheeighthinning,Shay’steamscoredafewrunsbutwasstillbehindbythree.Inthetopofthefinalinning,Shayputonagloveandplayedinthefield.Eventhoughnohitscamehisway,hewasobviouslyjoyfuljusttobeinthegameandonthefield.Inthebottomofthefinalinning,Shay’steamscoredagain.Now,Shaywasscheduledtobenextatbat.WouldtheyletShaybatandgiveawaytheirchancetowinthegame?Surprisingly,Shaywasgiventhebat.Everyoneknewthatahitwasalmostimpossible.Thefirstpitch(投)cameandShaymissed.ThepitcheragaintookafewstepsforwardtothrowtheballsoftlytowardsShay.Asthepitchcamein,Shayswungattheballandhitaslowgroundballrightbacktothepitcher.ThepitchercouldhaveeasilythrowntheballtothefirstbasemanandShaywouldhavebeenoutandthatwouldhavebeentheendofthegame.Instead,thepitcherthrewtheballrightovertheheadofthefirstbaseman,beyondthereachofallteammates.Theaudienceandtheplayersfrombothteamsstartedscreaming,“Shay,runtofirst!”NeverinhislifehadShayeverrunthatfarbutmadeittofirstbase,wide-eyedandshocked.Everyoneshouted,“Runtosecond!”Catchinghisbreath,Shayawkwardlyrantowardssecond.BythetimeShayroundedtowardssecondbase,thesmallestguyontheirteam,whohadachancetobetheheroforhisteamforthefirsttime,couldhavethrowntheballtothesecondbaseman,butheunderstoodthepitcher’sintentionsandhetoointentionallythrewtheballhighandfaroverthethirdbaseman’shead.Allwerescreaming，“Shay，Shay，Shay，allthewayShay.”Shayreachedthirdbasewhenoneopposingplayerrantohelphimandshouted,“Shay,runtothird.”AsShayroundedthird,allwereontheirfeet,crying,“Shay,runhome！”Shayrantohome,steppedonthehomebaseandwascheeredastheherowhowonthegameforhisteam.Thatday,theboysfrombothteamshelpedbringapieceoftrueloveandhumanityintothisworld.Shaydidn’tmakeittoanothersummeranddiedthatwinter,havingneverforgottenbeingtheheroandmakinghisfathersohappyandcominghomeandseeinghismothertearfullyhugherlittleherooftheday!66.Notexpectingmuch,Shay’sfatherstillaskedtheboyifShaycouldplay,mainlybecausethefather_________.A.noticedsomeoftheboysonthefieldwerehesitatingB.guessedhispresencewouldaffecttheboy’sdecisionC.learnedsomeoftheboysonthefieldknewShaywellD.understoodShaydidneedafeelingofbeingaccepted67.InthebottomofthefinalinningShaywasgiventhebatbecausetheboys_________.A.believedtheyweresuretowinthegameB.wouldliketohelpShayenjoythegameC.foundShaywassoeagertobeawinnerD.fellforcedtogiveShayanotherchance68.Thesmallestboythrewtheballhighandfaroverthethirdbaseman’shead,probablybecausethatboy________.A.wasobviouslyawareofthepitcher’spurposeB.lookedforwardtowinningthegameforhisteamC.failedtothrowtheballtothesecondbasemanD.sawthatShayalreadyreachedsecondbase69.WhichofthefollowinghasnothingtodowithShay’sbecomingtheheroforhisteam?A.Thepitcherdidnotthrowtheballtothefirstbaseman.B.Theaudienceandtheplayersfrombothteamscheeredforhim.C.Theopposingplayersfailedtostophisrunningtohome.D.Oneoftheopposingplayersrantohelphim.70.Whatdoyouthinkisthethemeofthestory?A.Truehumannaturecouldberealizedinthewaywetreateachother.B.Everyonehashisownstrengthevenifmentallyorphysicallydisabled.C.Everyonecandevelophisteamspiritinsportsandpleasehisparents.D.Theresultsofthegameshouldnotbetheonlyconcernoftheplayers.2012年DFranzKafkawrotethat"abookmustbetheax(斧子)forthefrozenseainsideus."Ioncesharedthissentencewithaclassofseventhgraders,anditdidn'tseemtorequireanyexplanation.We’djustfinishedJohnSteinbeck'snovelOfMiceandMen.Whenwereadtheendtogetheroutloudinclass,mytoughestboy,astarbasketballplayer,weptalittle,andsodidI."Areyoucrying?"onegirlasked,asshegotoutofherchairtotakeacloserlook."Iam,"Itoldher,"andthefunnythingisI'vereaditmanytimes."Buttheyunderstood.WhenGeorgeshootsLennie,thetragedyisthatwerealizeitwasalwaysgoingtohappen.Inmy14yearsofteachinginaNewYorkCitypublicmiddleschool,I'vetaughtkidswithimprisonedparents,abusiveparents,irresponsibleparents;kidswhoareparentsthemselves;kidswhoarehomeless;kidswhogrewupinviolentneighborhoods.Theyunderstand,morethanIeverwill,thenovel'sterriblelogic—thegivingwayofdreamstofate(命运).Forthelastsevenyears,Ihaveworkedasareadingenrichmentteacher,readingclassicworksofliteraturewithsmallgroupsofstudentsfromgradessixtoeight.Ioriginallyproposedthisideatomyheadmasterafterlearningthataformerexcellentstudentofminehadtransferredoutofaselectivehighschool--onethatoftenattractstheliterary-mindedchildrenofManhattan'supperclasses—intoalesscompetitivesetting.Thedaughterofimmigrants,withafatherinprison,sheperhapsfeltuncomfortablewithhernewclassmates.Ithoughtadditional"culturalcapital"couldhelpstudentslikeherdevelopbetterinhighschool,wheretheywouldunavoidablymeet,perhapsforthefirsttime,studentswhocamefromhomeslinedwithbookshelves,whoseparentshadearnedPh.D.'s.AlongwithOfMiceandMen,mygroupsread:Sounder,TheRedPony,LordoftheFlies,RomeoandJulietandMacbeth.Thestudentsdidn'talwaysreadfromtheexpectedpointofview.AboutTheRedPony,onestudentsaid,"it’saboutbeingaman,it’saboutmanliness."IhadneverbeforeseentheparallelsbetweenScarfaceandMacbeth,norhadIheardLadyMacbeth'ssoliloquies(独白)readasraps(说唱),butbothmadesense;theinterpretationswereplayful,butserious.OnceintroducedtoSteinbeck'swriting,oneboywentontoreadTheGrapesofWrathandtoldmerepeatedlyhowamazingitwasthat"allthesepeoplehateeachother,andthey'reallwhite."Hishistoricalviewwasbroadening,hissenseofhisowncountrydeepening.Yearafteryearformerstudentsvisitedandtoldmehowpreparedtheyhadfeltintheirfirstyearincollegeasaresultoftheclasses.Yearafteryear,however,weareincreasingthenumberofpracticetests.Wearetryingtoteachstudentstoreadincreasinglycomplextexts,notforemotionalpunch(碰撞)butfortextcomplexity.Yet,wecannotenrich(充实)themindsofourstudentsbytestingthemontextsthatignoretheirhearts.Weareteachingthemthatwordsdono.amazebutconfuse.Wemaysucceedinraisingtestscores,butwewillfailtoteachthatreadingcanbetransformativeandthatitbelongstothem.66.

TheunderlinedwordsinParagraph1probablymeanthatabookhelpsto________A.realizeourdreams

B.givesupporttoourlife

'C.smoothawaydifficulties

D.awakeouremotions67.

WhywerethestudentsabletounderstandthenovelOfMiceandMen?A.

Becausetheyspentmuchtimereadingit.B.

Becausetheyhadreadthenovelbefore.C.

Becausetheycamefromapublicschool.,D.

Becausetheyhadsimilarlifeexperiences.68.

Thegirllefttheselectivehighschoolpossiblybecause_______.A.shewasaliterary-mindedgirlB.herparentswereimmigrantsC.shecouldn'tfitinwithherclass

D.herfatherwastheninprison69.

Totheauthor'ssurprise,thestudentsreadthenovels

________.A.creativelyB.passively

C.repeatedly

D.carelessly70.

Theauthorwritesthepassagemainlyto________.A.

introduceclassicworksofliteratureB.

advocateteachingliteraturetotouchtheheartC.

argueforequalityamonghighschoolstudentsD.

defendthecurrenttestingsystem2013年DMarkTwainhasbeencalledtheinventoroftheAmericannovel.Andhesurelydeservesadditionalpraise:themanwhopopularizedthecleverliteraryattackonracism.Isaycleverbecauseanti-slaveryfictionhadbeentheimportantpartoftheliteratureintheyearsbeforetheCivilWar.H.B.Stowe’sUncleTom’sCabinisonlythemostfamousexample.Theseearlystoriesdealtdirectlywithslavery.Withminorexceptions,Twainplantedhisattacksonslaveryandprejudiceintotalesthatwereonthesurfaceaboutsomethingelseentirely.Hedrewhisreadersintotheargumentbydrawingthemintothestory.Againandagain,inthepostwaryears,Twainseemedforcedtodealwiththechallengeofrace.Considerthemostcontroversial,atleasttoday,ofTwain’snovels,AdventuresofHuckleberryFinn.OnlyafewbookshavebeenkickedofftheshelvesasoftenasHuckleberryFinn,Twain’smostwidelyreadtale.Onceuponatime,peoplehatedthebookbecauseitstruckthemasrude.Twainhimselfwrotethatthosewhobannedthebookconsideredthenovel“trashandsuitableonlyfortheslums(贫民窟).”MorerecentlythebookhasbeenattackedbecauseofthecharacterJim,theescapedslave,andmanyoccurrencesofthewordnigger.(ThetermNiggerJim,forwhichthenovelisoftenseverelycriticized,neverappearsinit.)

Buttheattackswereandaresilly—andmissthepoint.Thenovelisstronglyanti-slavery.Jim’ssearchthroughtheslavestatesforthefamilyfromwhomhehasbeenforciblypartedisheroic.AsJ.Chadwickhaspointedout,thecharacterofJimwasafirstinAmericanfiction—arecognitionthattheslavehadtwopersonalities,“thevoiceofsurvivalwithinawhiteslavecultureandthevoiceoftheindividual:Jim,thefatherandtheman.”

Thereismuchmore.Twain’smysterynovelPudd’nheadWilsonstoodasachallengetotheracialbeliefsofevenmanyoftheliberalsofhisday.WrittenatatimewhentheacceptedwisdomheldNegroestobeinferior(低等的)towhites,

especiallyinintelligence,Twain’stalecenteredinpartaroundtwobabiesswitchedatbirth.Aslavegavebirthtohermaster’sbabyand,forfearthatthechildshouldbesoldSouth,switchedhimforthemaster’sbabybyhiswife.Theslave’slight-skinnedchildwastakentobewhiteandgrewupwithboththeattitudesandtheeducationoftheslave-holdingclass.Themaster’swife’sbabywastakenforblackandgrewupwiththeattitudesandintonationsoftheslave.

Thepointwasdifficulttomiss:nurture(养育),notnature,wasthekeytosocialstatus.Thefeaturesoftheblackmanthatprovidedthestuffofprejudice—mannerofspeech,forexample—were,toTwain,indicativeofnothingotherthantheconditioningthatslaveryforcedonitsvictims.Twain’sracialtonewasnotperfect.Oneisleftuneasy,forexample,bythelengthypassageinhisautobiography(自传)abouthowmuchhelovedwhatwerecalled“niggershows”inhisyouth—mostlywithwhitemenperforminginblack-face—andhisdelightingettinghismothertolaughatthem.YetthereisnoreasontothinkTwainsawtheshowsasrepresentingreality.Hisfrequent

attacksonslaveryandprejudicesuggesthiskeenawarenessthattheydidnot.

WasTwainaracist?Askingthequestioningthe21stcenturyisaswiseasaskingthesameofLincoln.Ifwereadthewordsandattitudesofthepastthroughthe“wisdom”oftheconsideredmoraljudgmentsofthepresent,wewillfindnothingbuterror.Lincoln,whobelievedtheblackmantheinferiorofthewhite,foughtandwonawartofreehim.AndTwain,raisedinaslavestate,brieflyasoldier,

andinventorofJim,mayhavedonemoretoangerthenationoverracialinjusticeandawakenitscollectiveconsciencethananyothernovelistinthepastcentury.65.HowdoTwain’snovelsonslaverydifferfromStowes?A.Twainwasmorewillingtodealwithracism.B.Twain’sattackonracismwasmuchlessopen.C.Twain’sthemesseemedtoagreewithplots.D.Twainwasopenlyconcernedwithracism.66.RecentcriticismofAdventuresofHuckleberryFinnarosepartlyfromits_____.A.targetreadersatthebottomB.antislaveryattitudeC.ratherimpolitelanguageD.frequentuseof“nigger”67.WhatbestprovesTwain’santislaverystandaccordingtotheauthor?A.Jim’ssearchforhisfamilywasdescribedindetail.B.Theslave’svoicewasfirstheardinAmericannovels.C.Jimgrewupintoamanandafatherinthewhiteculture.D.Twainsuspectedthattheslaveswerelessintelligent.68.Thestoryoftwobabiesswitchedmainlyindicatesthat

.A.slaveswereforcedtogiveuptheirbabiestotheirmastersB.slavesbabiescouldpickupslaveholderswayofspeakingC.blackssocialpositionwasshapedbyhowtheywerebroughtupD.blackswerebornwithcertainfeaturesofprejudice69.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“they”inParagraph7referto?A.Theattacks.B.Slaveryandprejudice.C.Whitemen.D.Theshows.70.Whatdoestheauthormainlyarguefor?A.Twainhaddonemorethanhiscontemporarywriterstoattackracism.B.TwainwasanadmirablefigurecomparabletoAbrahamLincoln.C.Twain’s

workshadbeenbannedonunreasonablegrounds.D.Twainsworksshouldbereadfromahistoricalpointofview.2014年D

65.WhyisJune6,1990aspecialdayforMommy?A.Herdreamofbeingamothercametrue.B.ShefoundheroriginfromherChinesemother.C.Shewrotethelettertoherdaughter.D.Herfemalelinewaswelllinked.66.HowdoesMommyfeelaboutherbeinggivenaway?A.Itisbitteranddisappointing.B.Itispainfulbutunderstandable.C.Shefeelssorrybutsympathetic.D.Shefeelshurtandangry.67.Whatdoes“Istoodoutlikeasorethumb”inParagraph5mean?A.Iwalkedclumsilyoutofpains.B.Iwasnoteasytoloveduetojealousy.C.Iwasimpatientoutoffear.D.Ilookeddifferentfromothers.68.WhatcanbeinferredfromMommy’sAnglofamilylife?A.Sheusedtoexperienceanidentitycrisis.B.ShefoughtagainstherAmericanidentity.C.Sheforgotthepainsofherearlyyears.D.ShekeptherloveforAsiafromchildhood.69.WhydidMommynameherdaughter“Shao-ming?”A.Tomatchherownbirth-name.B.Tobrightenthelivesofthefamily.C.ToidentifyherwithChineseorigin.D.TojustifyherprideinChineseculture.70.By“Yourpastismorecompletethanmine,”Mommymeans________.A.herpastwascompletedearlierthanShao-ming’sB.Shao-minghasgotmotherlycareandasenseofrootsC.hermotherdidn’tcomfortherthewayshedidShao-mingD.herpastwasspentbrokenly,firstinAsia,thenintheUS

2015年DFreedomandResponsibilityFreedom’schallengeintheDigitalAgeisaserioustopic.Wearefacingtodayastrangenewworldandweareallwonderingwhatwearegoingtodowithit.

Some2,500yearsagoGreecediscoveredfreedom.Beforethattherewasnofreedom.Thereweregreatcivilizations,splendidempires,butnofreedomanywhere.EgyptandBabylonwerebothtyrannies,oneverypowerfulmanrulingoverhelplessmasses.

InGreece,inAthens(雅典),alittlecityinalittlecountry,therewerenohelplessmasses.AndAthenianswillinglyobeyedthewrittenlawswhichtheythemselvespassed,andtheunwritten,whichmustbeobeyediffreemenlivetogether.Theymustshoweachotherkindnessandpityandthemanyqualitieswithoutwhichlifewouldbeverypainfulunlessonechosetolivealoneinthedesert.TheAtheniansneverthoughtthatamanwasfreeifhecoulddowhathewanted.Amanwasfreeifhewasself-controlled.Tomakeyourselfobeywhatyouapprovedwasfreedom.Theyweresavedfromlookingattheirlivesastheirownprivateaffair.EachonefeltresponsibleforthewelfareofAthens,notbecauseitwasforcedonhimfromtheoutside,butbecausethecitywashisprideandhissafety.Theessentialbeliefofthefirstfreegovernmentintheworldwaslibertyforallmenwhocouldcontrolthemselvesandwouldtakeresponsibilityforthestate.

Butdiscoveringfreedomisnotlikediscoveringcomputers.Itcannotbediscoveredonceforall.Ifpeopledonotprizeit,andworkforit,itwillgo.Constantwatchisitsprice.Athenschanged.Itwasachangethattookplacewithoutbeingnoticedthoughitwasoftheextremeimportance,aspiritualchangewhichaffectedthewholestate.IthadbeentheAthenian’sprideandjoytogivetotheircity.Thattheycouldgetmaterialbenefitsfromherneverenteredtheirminds.Therehadtobeacompletechangeofattitudebeforetheycouldlookatthecityasanemployerwhopaidhercitizensfordoingherwork.Nowinsteadofmengivingtothestate,thestatewastogivetothem.Whatthepeoplewantedwasagovernmentwhichwouldprovideacomfortablelifeforthem;andwiththisastheprimaryobject,ideasoffreedomandself-relianceandresponsibilitywereneglectedtothepointofdisappearing.Athenswasmoreandmorelookedonasacooperativebusinesspossessedofgreatwealthinwhichallcitizenshadarighttoshare.

Athensreachedthepointwhenthefreedomshereallywantedwasfreedomfromresponsibility.Therecouldbeonlyoneresult.Ifmeninsistedonbeingfreefromtheburdenofself-dependenceandresponsibilityforthecommongood,theywouldceasetobefree.Responsibilityisthepriceeverymanmustpayforfreedom.Itistobehadonnootherterms.Athens,theAthensofAncientGreece,refusedresponsibility;shereachedtheendoffreedomandwasnevertohaveitagain.

But,“theexcellentbecomesthepermanent”,Aristotlesaid.Athenslostfreedomforever,butfreedomwasnotlostforeverfortheworld.AgreatAmerican,JamesMadison,referredto:“Thecapacity(能力)ofmankindforself-government.”NodoubthehadnotanideathathewasspeakingGreek.Athenswasnotinthefarthestbackgroundofhismind,butoncemanhasagreatandgoodidea,itisnevercompletelylost.TheDigitalAgecannotdestroyit.Somehowinthisorthatman’sthoughtsuchanidealivesthoughunconsideredbytheworldofaction.Onecanneverbesurethatitisnotonthepointofbreakingoutintoactiononlysurethatitwilldososometime.65.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“tyrannies”inParagraph2referto?A.Countrieswheretheirpeopleneedhelp.B.Powerfulstateswithhighercivilization.C.Splendidempireswherepeopleenjoyfreedom.D.Governmentsruledwithabsolutepower.66.Peoplebelievinginfreedomarethosewho________.A.regardtheirlifeastheirownbusinessB.seekgainsastheirprimaryobjectC.behavewithinthelawsandvaluesystemsD.treatotherswithkindnessandpity67.WhatchangeinattitudetookplaceinAthens?A.TheAtheniansrefusedtotaketheirresponsibility.B.TheAtheniansnolongertookprideinthecity.C.TheAtheniansbenefitedspirituallyfromthegovernment.D.TheAthenianslookedonthegovernmentasabusiness.68.Whatdoesthesentence“Therecouldbeonlyoneresult.”inParagraph5mean?A.