2023年上海市浦东新区高考英语二模试卷-普通用卷

第=page11页，共=sectionpages11页2023年上海市浦东新区高考英语二模试卷1.EmilyDobekisaseventh-gradedatEastPrairieElementarySchool.Recentlyshe（1）______（win）anationalprizebydesigningaspacestationfortravellingtoMars.

Dobekracesherinterestinspaceandtheuniverseback（2）______GradeThreewhensheandherfatherwatchedabloodmoon—atotallunareclipse（月食）—ontheroofoftheirhouse.Shesaysthatnightwatchingthelunareclipseawakenedherpassion（3）______hasyettorunoutoffuel.

So（4）______herteacher，AndrewSmeeton，receivedinformationaboutthenationalchallenge，sheimmediatelyhadonestudentinmind.

"Iknewshewouldlovethechallengeandthatshewouldgowaybeyondinherresearch，"Smeetonsaid."Whenshestarted，bonedensity（骨密度）ofastronauts（5）______（research）immediatelytofigureouthowtosurviveonMars."

AccordingtoDobek'design，theMarsStorageStation（MSS）willbebuilt（6）______（accommodate）theneedforsufficientsupplies.Sheexplainshowherspacecraft—theAdventure—willbejoinedtoaspacestationbeforeflyingtotheMSStoloadsupplies.HerdesignincludestheSelfGrowingFarm，andshedetails（7）______itwouldworkwithelementsonMars.

ThenthereisphysicalandleisureactivityfortheastronautsunderDobek'sdesign.Asimulator（模拟器）allowsastronautstochoosetheirexercisemachineandvirtualrealityenvironment.Roomswithcircularceilingsallowastronautstowatch（8）______（download）showsandevenseeplacesonEarth，suchastheirhomes.

Chiefamongherimmediategoals，shesaid，istoinspire（9）______withthisproject."Iwanttotellotherkidstofollowtheirpassions，"Dobeksaid，"（10）______theywanttodo，theyshouldkindofjustpushforit.Theyshouldalwaystrytheirbest."(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)2.

A.absenceB.doubleC.extendedD.functionsE.fundF.outpacedG.prospectsH.recordI.shiftedJ.steadyK.upwardJapanbirthsfalltorecordlowaspopulationcrisisdeepensJapansaw799，728birthsin2022，thelowestnumberonrecord.Thatnumberhasnearlyhalvedinthepast40years；bycontrast，Japanrecordedmorethan1.5millionbirthsin1982.Japanalsoreporteda（n）（1）______highforpost-wardeathslastyear，atmorethan1.58million.Deathshave（2）______birthsinJapanformorethanadecade，posingagrowingproblemforleadersoftheworld'sthird-largesteconomy.Theynowfaceaballooningelderlypopulation，alongwithashrinkingworkforceto（3）______pensionsandhealthcareasdemandfromtheagingpopulationincreases.

Japan'spopulationhasbeenin（4）______declinesinceitseconomicboomofthe1980sandstoodat125.5millionin2021.Itsdeathrateof1.3isfarbelowtherateof2.1requiredtomaintainastablepopulation，inthe（5）______ofimmigration.

Thecountryalsohasoneofthehighestlifeexpectanciesintheworld；in2020，nearlyonein1，500peopleinJapanwereaged100orolder.TheseconcerningtrendsresultedinawarningfromPrimeMinisterthatJapanis"ontheedgeofnotbeingabletomaintainsocial（6）______"andJapan"simplycannotwaitanylonger"insolvingtheproblemofitslowbirthrate.Anewgovernmentagencywillbesetuptofocusontheissue，withPrimeMinistersayingthathewantsthegovernmentto（7）______itsspendingonchild-relatedprograms.

Butmoneyalonemightnotbeabletosolvethecomplexproblem，withvarioussocialfactorscontributingtothelowbirthrate.Japan'shighcostofliving，limitedspaceandlackofchildcaresupportincitiesmakeitdifficulttoraisechildren，meaningfewercouplesarehavingkids.Urbancouplesarealsooftenfarfrom（8）______familyinotherregions，whocouldhelpprovidesupport.In2022，Japanwasrankedoneoftheworld'smostexpensiveplacestoraiseachild.

Andyet，thecountry'seconomyhassloweddownsincetheearly1990s，meaningfrustratinglylowwagesandlittle（9）______mobility.

Theaveragerealannualhouseholdincomedeclinedfrom﹩50，600in1995to﹩43，300in2020.Attitudestowardmarriageandstartingfamilieshavealso（10）______inrecentyears，withmorecouplesputtingoffbothduringthepandemic.Arecentseriesofstudiesexaminedtheroleoftalentinthesportsworld.Theyfocusedonthreedifferentsports：WorldCupsoccer，professionalbasketball，andprofessionalbaseball.Theresultsaremixed.Forsoccerandbasketball，thestudiesrevealedthataddingtalentedplayerstoateamisindeeda（n）（1）______strategy，butonlyuptoapoint.Performance（2）______whenabout70%oftheplayerswereconsideredtoptalent.Abovethatlevel，theteam'sperformancebegantodecline.Interestingly，thistrendwasnotevidentinbaseball，whereadditional（3）______talentcontinuedtoenhancetheteam'sperformance.（Figure1and2）

Inlookingforanexplanationforthedifferentresultsfordifferentsports，theresearchers（4）______oneimportantfactor—theextenttowhichagoodperformancebyateamrequireditsmemberstocoordinate（协调）theiractions.Thistask（5）______distinguishesbaseballfrombasketballandsoccer.

Inbaseball，theperformanceofindividualplayersis（6）______teammatesthaninsoccerandbasketball.Theresearchersconcludedthatwhen，duringthecourseofplay，taskinterdependenceishigh，teamperformancewill（7）______whenthereistoomuchtalentinthegroup.Whentaskinterdependenceislower，（8）______individualtalentwillhaveapositiveeffectonteamperformance.

Oneexplanationforthisphenomenonisnotsofarfromthepeckingorder（等级排序）situationamongchickens.Ifabasketballstarispursuinghisownpersonalgoals，（9）______tryingtogatherahighpersonalpointtotal，hemaybeless（10）______thanteamplayer.Hemaytakeashothimselfwhenitwouldbebettertopasstheballtoateammate，thusmakingtheteam'soverallperformancesuffer."Thereisno（11）______inTEAM，"youngchildrenlearningtoplayteamsportsareoftentold.Apparentlystars（12）______followthisbasicprincipleofsportsmanship.

Anotherpossibilityisthatwhenthereisalotoftalentonateam，someplayersmaybeginto（13）______ThisisreferredtoastheRingelmanneffect.Ringelmannconductedanexperimentinwhichheaskedtwo，three，four，andupto28peopletoparticipateinagameoftug-of-war.Hemeasuredhowmuchforceeachpersonusedtopulltherope.Hefoundthatwheneverheaddedapersontotheteam，everyoneelsepulledwithlessforce.

（14）______theidealteam—forsports，business，science，orentertainment—ismorecomplicatedthansimplyhiringthebesttalent.AnA-teammayrequirea（15）______notjustAplayers，butafewgenerousBplayersaswell.3.

A.sensible B.partial C.alarming D.attainable4.

A.faded B.peaked C.evolved D.proceeded5.

A.team B.creative C.academic D.individual6.

A.identified B.overlooked C.considered D.concealed7.

A.explanation B.conclusion

C.discussion D.interdependence8.

A.moresuitablefor B.morecriticalto

C.lessdependenton D.lessinvolvedin9.

A.swing B.suffer C.endure D.function10.

A.inprinciple B.inasense

C.inotherwords D.ontheotherhand11.

A.asarule B.bycontrast

C.forexample D.asamatteroffact12.

A.stressed B.genuine C.sensitive D.generous13.

A.I B.HE C.THEY D.WE14.

A.closely B.rarely C.humbly D.jointly15.

A.makelesseffort B.causemoretrouble

C.takelessadvantage D.attachmoreimportance16.

A.Inspiring B.Intensifying C.Gathering D.Training17.

A.exploration B.balance C.stability D.flexibilityDItwasawinterafternoonwhen，rushingtoattendthefinalshowofmyartschooldegree，Icaughttheheelofmybootontheedgeofapavement.Suddenly，Iwasflyingthroughtheair.Ifthepasttwoyearsstudyingphotographyhadtaughtmeanything，itwasanappreciationofhowthingscanchangeinathousandthofasecond.Light，shadow，colours，allareinaconstantstateofflux（不断的变动）—asislife.Andsincecrash-landingontomyleftshoulder，Ihavebeenlivingthroughthetruthofthiswisdom.

Thatday，doctorsdiagnosedacrackedbone.Itwasonlythenextmorningwhen，instinctively，Itriedtocapturesomespectacularsunlightstreamingintomykitchen，thatIhadtofacetheharshreality：Icouldnolongerliftmycamera，letaloneusit.Latchthatweek，ahospitalappointmentconfirmedmyworstscar—thearmneededtotalrest.

Soon，Ibecamecantankerousandimpatient.Icouldn'ttravel，Icould'tgoanywheremuch.Surfingonline，Icameacrosstheconceptofgratitudeinterventionsandtheirroleinboostingmoodandwellbeing.ACalifornianpsychologist，SonjaLyubomirsky，haspioneeredresearchintousingadailyphotographypracticeasatoolforenhancedgratitude.Herinstructionsaresimple，butnotnecessarilycask.Takephotographsthroughoutthedayofthingsthatarecentraltowhoyouare.Takeatleastfivephotosaday.Initially，itfeltlikeademandingtask.Butreadinghowparticipantsassignedtothegratitudeinterventionshadexperiencedenhancedpositiveemotions，Idecidedtopersevere.

Painforcedmetoslowdown，becausecapturingasingleiPhonephotowaspainful.And，yet，thestruggletofindanythingtofeelgratefulabout，andthentorecordit，startedtodramaticallyimprovebothmymoodandmyimages.Ibegantophotographthemostboringdetailsofmydays，frommybreakfastcuptoaredpepperreflectedinthewindow.Despiteeverything，IfoundIcouldfindmagicintheordinary."Lifeseemsrepetitiveandboringwhenyoudon'tnoticetheuniquenessofeachmomentandtheconstantsubtlechangesthataregoingonallaroundyou，"writeAndyKarrinawonderfulbookonphotography.Iagree，butdon'tjusttakemywordforit—experienceitforyourself.18.Whathappenedtothewriteronthewinterafternoon？______A.Shewenttoherclassmate'sdegreeshowinahurry.

B.Shetrippedoverandbrokehershoulderbone.

C.Shewastaughtanunforgettablelessononphotography.

D.Shetookaphotoofatragiccrash-landingtobeonshow.19.Theunderlinedword"cantankerous"inparagraph3isclosestinmeaningto______.A.suspiciousofthehospitaldiagnosis

B.desperatetohavemyinjurytreated

C.enthusiasticaboutboostingwellbeing

D.bad-temperedandalwayscomplaining20.Thewriterphotographedtheboringliferoutinebecause______.A.underlyingmagicconsistedindailyaffairs

B.gratitudefuelledastruggleagainstboredom

C.itwascentraltotheessenceofphotography

D.shefeltlikebeingassigneddemandingtasks21.Whichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleforthepassage？______A.ExpressGratitudetoWinter

B.BecomeaMasterofPhotography

C.WitnessRebirthoutofInjury

D.PicturethisbeautyintheOrdinaryE

ENTERTAINMENT|RESTAURANTS|THEATRE|FILM|MUSIC|EXHIBITIONSAnotablehighlightoftheshowwastherealconfidenceofthesinging.SamHallwasajoytowatch，withperfectcomictiming，aswasEmmaWilliams，thoroughlybelievableandconvincinginherrole.Thesetwoyoungtalentsstoletheshow，inmyopinion.Theonlydisadvantageisappointmentswerethedancing，whichshowedalackoforiginality，andtheopeningscene，whichfellalittleflat.Despitetheoccasionaltechnicalflaws，thiswasahighlyenjoyableandgreatlyimpressiveproduction，whichthecompanyshouldbeproudof.IwasreallylookingforwardtoJonathanBaker'slatest，whichissetinanimagined，butrealistic，Londonofthescarfuture.ButIfoundthisneweffortwasactdownbytheslightlyone-dimensionalcharacterization，andthewritingisbelowstandardforthemostpart：someoftheearlyscentsbetweenMarthaandherhusbandareslightlyboring.Thesuperbcharacterizationandambitionthatbakerdemonstratedinhispreviousnovelsseemtobemissinghere.Baker'commitmenttodescribingthelivesofordinarypeopleisadmirable，butthewholethingislackinginenergy.Thisisepisodenumberthreeinthenearlytwenty-year-oldseries，deliveringaveryattractiveandinterestingstoryandloadsofcomedy.Thereissomestrongwritingandvoiceacting，butthenewepisodechoosestogoforalinear（线性的）narrative，withsomepuzzleincludedalongtheway，whichislessinvolvingthanthethemeofexplorationandconversationwhichpreviousepisodehavedependedon.Besides，thepuzzlearenotparticularlyengaging，andmanyofthemhavebeenseenbeforeinotheradventuregames.Thevisualsareextremelyimpressive，ofcourse，aswehavecometoexpect，thistimefeaturingvenuesinCatalonia.Butoverall，aslightdisappointment.22.Theunderlinedphrase"stoletheshow"mostprobablymeans______.A.disappointedtheproducer B.ruinedthewholeperformance

C.attractedthemostattention D.exhibitedexcessiveconfidence23.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutJonathanBakerisTRUE？______A.Heexcelsinone-dimensionalcharacterization.

B.Hisnovelscenteraroundordinarypeople'slives.

C.Hisnovelsshowconsistentsupercharacterizationandambition.

D.HeispassionateaboutpresentingrealisticimagesoffutureLondon.24.Thepuzzleinepisodenumberthree______.A.areintegratedinthenarrative

B.arcappealingtotheaudience

C.dealwiththethemeofexploration

D.areabsentinotheradventuregamesFPlugsacrossAmericaTheUnitedStateshasaround150，000fuelstationstoretillfossil-fuel-burningvehicles.Despitetherapidgrowthofall-electricvehicleinAmerica—400，000ofthemweresoldin2021，upfrombarelyla，000in2012—thecountryhasonly6，000fastelectricchargingstations，thekindthatcanrapidlychargeabattery-poweredcar.

AglanceatAmerica'schargingmaprevealsalotofchargingdeserts.Thismakessense，asEVs（electricvehicle）stillrepresentlessthan3%ofnewcarsales.Largecitieshaveagrowingnumberoffastcharges，butnotnearlyenoughtoaccommodatesomanyEVs.Awayfromcities，thesechartersarealonginterstatehighwayscloselyenoughtoallowelectriccarssafepassage.Otherwise，theyarenearlynonexistentinruralAmerica.AndEVstationshaveaproblemthatgasstationsdon't："EventhefastestTeslasuperchargerisstillgoingtotake15minutestoputacouplehundredmilesonthevehicle，"saysJeremyMichalek，aprofessoratCarnegieMellonUniversity.

MichaleksaysAmericanchargingfacilitiesfallfarbehindwhat'neededforthewholecountrytotransitiontoelectricdriving.Onthebrightside，thereistimetocatchup，becausenotallAmericanswillembraceatonce.Mostearlyadopterswerethosewithaccesstoachargeathomeintheirgarageorparkingspace.Thoseownerscanwakeupwithafullbatteryandonlyneedtorelyonpubliccharterswhentheyleavetownonanextendedtrip.ButasthecountrygetstohigherlevelsofEVadoption，thecurrentfacilitieswon'tbeenough.ThatiswhyMichaleksaystheUSneedstoprioritizeincreasingthenumberofchargesatreststopsalongwell-traveledhighways，especiallyasmorepeopleuseelectriccarsforsummer-timeroadtrips.

"AsweacttohigherlevelsofEVadoption，ifwedon'thaveenoughchargersforpeakdemand，thewaittimesaregoingtobeunlikewhatweseewithgasstations，"hesays.

ChargingdeadboneswillbelargerasmoreAmericansconsideranEV.Renterswhodonothavetheoptiontoinstallahomechargeswillbehesitanttogofullyelectricuntiltheycanfeelconfidentapublicplugwillbetherewhentheyneedit.Andasmorehouseholdsdriveonlyelectricvehicles，itwillbecrucialthatpeoplecangettoalltheplacestheywanttogo.

Inthebestcase，Michalekenvisionspublic-privatecooperationtobuildanationalchargingnetwork.TheUSgovernmenthaspromisedtoinstallplugsthroughoutruralareas，whilecompaniesconstructingchargingstationsacrossAmericawillhaveastrongmotivationtofillinthecountry'sbiggestcities.Afterall，companieslikeElectrifyAmerica，EVgo，andChargePointchargecustomersofenergytheyuse.25.Itcanbelearnedfromthe2ndparagraphthat______.A.thereisashortageofchargingstationsintheruralareasofAmerica

B.ittakesabout15minutesforanaveragechargetochargeabattery-poweredcar

C.moreelectricvehiclesaresoldthanfossil-fuelburningcarsinlargecitiesinAmerica

D.thereareenoughchargesinAmericaconsideringthelimitedsalesofnewelectricvehicles26.WhichofthefollowingstatementswouldMichalekmostprobablyagreewith？______A.Companiessettingupchargingstationsarehesitanttogoelectric.

B.Thosewhoalreadyhaveahomechargedon'thavetofindapublicplug.

C.Toppriorityneedstobegiventoaddingmorechargingstationsacrossthecountry.

D.Thereisenoughtimetoestablishachargingnetwork，becausenotmanyEVsareused.27.Whatcanbeinferredabouttherenters？______A.Somerentersdon'thavetheintentiontogoelectric.

B.Somerentersmightnotbeauthorizedtoinstallahomecharge.

C.Asmorerentersareunwillingtousepublicplugs，thechargingdeadbonesaregrowing.

D.Somerentersmightnothaveenoughconfidenceinthepublicplugsforthesafetyreasons.28.WhodoesMichalekexpecttoworktogethertoestablishthechargingnetworknationwide？______A.Thegovernmentandsomecompanies.

B.Thelocalgovernmentandeveryhousehold.

C.Thechargingfacilityprovidersandeveryfamily.

D.Thefederalgovernmentandthelocalruralgovernment.

A.Inrealitygardensareanythingbutnatural.

B.Whatarethethingstheyhavebeenattractedto？

C.Theyareidealizedlandscapeswithallthemud，pestsanddeadplantseditedout.

D.Howmuchbetteraplacetheplanetwouldbeifgardeningwasouroutletforthisneed!

E.Muchlikeagriculture，gardeningisauniversalhumandesirecodedintoourculturalDNA.

F.Thecalmnesscreatedbyowningatinygreenspaceundermycontrolhasapowerfuleffectonmymind.Asabotanistwhostudiesourculturalrelationshipwithplants，Iamforeverfascinatedwithwhatdrawspeopletogardening.

Admittedly，connectingwiththenaturalworldmightseemlikeanobviousmotivation，andundoubtedlyitisakeypartoftheattraction.（1）______Iftheywere，we'dabandonanyattemptsatdesign，plantingorcareandwatchhowwallsofweedsslowlygavewaytothemassofbushes.Butthatwouldn'tbegardening，ofcourse，becauseforalltheirdiversity，theonethingthatallgardenshaveincommonishowunnaturaltheyare.（2）______Dazzlingplants，waterfracturesandgloriousbloomsisallinterconnectedwellbeyondwhatwouldnaturallyoccur.WhetheritisgreenlawnscreatedinthedriestdesertsoratropicalparadiseonastormyNorthAtlanticisland，theyareallaboutshapingthenaturalworldtofitouridea

ofwhatit"should"be.

AsIworkonmytinyterrariums（玻璃花园）ondarkFebruarynights，somethingmagicalhappenstomybrain.（3）______Inaworldthathasbecomeincreasinglyuncertain，peopleareoftenfuelledbythesamepsychologicaldesire：theinstinctiveneedtohaveabitofcontrolamidchaos.

Asourworldbecomesmoreandmoreunpredictableandoftenfrightening，gardeningseemstobeabletoappealtoandreachouttoawholenewgeneration，oftenagainstallodds.

Ofcourse，gardeningisn'ttheonlythingpeopleturnto.Theriseofcultureconflictsandfixationonbodyimagehavealsobeenwidelydocumentedasbeingdrivenbyapsychologicalneedtofeeladegreeofcertainty，controlandsafety.However，Ican'thelpbutthinkofthesealternatives：（4）______29.

A.A B.B C.C D.D E.E F.F G.G30.

A.A B.B C.C D.D E.E F.F G.G31.

A.A B.B C.C D.D E.E F.F G.G32.

A.A B.B C.C D.D E.E F.F G.G33.Directions：roadthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint（s）ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.

Aplantorestoregreenspaces

TheUKgovernmenthasrevealedaplantoprotectandrestoreEngland'swildlife.Itfocusesonat-riskspeciesbymakingcanals，riversandstreamscleanerandexpandinggreenspaces.

ThenewEnvironmentalImprovementPlansetsgoalstocreateorrestoremorethan5，000squarekilometresofwildlifehabitatsacrossEnglandandrestore400milesofrivers.Itwillcreateorexpand25nationalnaturereserves.Newwoodlandwillalsobeplantedalongsiderivers.Atthemoment，accesstogreenspacesisnotequalacrosstheUK.Around4%ofpeoplelivemorethan10minutesawayfromtheirnearestpark.TheEnvironmentalImprovementPlanaimstomakesurehouseholdsinEnglandarewithina15-minutewalktoagreenspace.

Aswellashelpingmorepeopletoactclosetonature，theplanshouldincreaseEngland'sbiodiversity.AspeciesSurvivalFundwillbesetuptohelpsomeofEngland'smostendangeredanimals，suchasredsquirrels（松鼠）andwatchrats.TheGovernmenthassettargetstoboostthesespeciesby2030.Therearealsotargetstoreducefoodwaste，glass，metal，paperandplasticby2028，andtoimprovethequalityofwaterinrivers.

NewrulesmeanthattheGovernmentwillhavetoconsidertheenvironmentaleffectsofanypolicyitputsforward.Thesegoalsarepartofa25-yearplanthatwaslaunchedin2018.Theaimoftheplanistoimprovetheenvironment"withinageneration"whichisroughly25years.

Althoughlotsofpeoplehavewelcomedtheplan，noteveryoneisimpressed.PaildeZylva，fromthecharityFriendsoftheEarth，saiditwasn'tclearenoughhowthegoalswouldbemetandthatmanyofthemwerelikepromisestheGovernmenthadalreadymadebutnotyetdelivered.

________34.有了无人机，救援人员就可以安全地评估灾区的受灾状况。（enable）（汉译英）______35.他刚出差回来，就马不停蹄地赶到施工现场了解工程进度。（themoment）（汉译英）______36.这家酒店不但避免使用一次性塑料产品，而且还采用节能照明系统，开创了当地生态旅游的先河。（adopt）（汉译英）______37.这位来自奥地利艺术学院的油画家近期会在上海举办个人作品展，将呈现给参观者一场视觉盛宴。（which）（汉译英）______38.Directions：WriteanEnglishcompositionin120-150wordsaccordingtotheinstructionsgivenbelowinChinese.

假期即将来临，你的朋友李华计划完成一篇调查报告，他对去公共图书馆还是去自习室（self-studyroom）写报告犹豫不决，现征求你的建议。请参考以下信息，写一封邮件，内容需包括：

（1）你的建议；

（2）你建议的理由。

公共图书馆自习室收费标准免费20元/5小时开放时间9：00a.m—5：00p.m24小时交通时长45分种10分钟设施环境免费使用馆内资源免费茶点

答案和解析1.【答案】【小题1】has

won【小题2】to【小题3】that/which【小题4】when【小题5】was

researched【小题6】to

accommodate【小题7】how【小题8】downloaded【小题9】others【小题10】whatever【解析】（1）考查时态。句意：最近，她设计了一个前往火星的空间站，获得了国家奖。根据Recently可知，本句主句用现在完成时，主语为she，助动词用has。故填has

won。

（2）考查介词。句意：Dobek对太空和宇宙的兴趣可以追溯到三年级，当时她和父亲在他们的屋顶上观看了血月——月全食。短语back

to是固定搭配，表示"追溯到"，to是介词。故填to。

（3）考查定语从句。句意：她说，那天晚上看月食唤醒了她的激情，她的激情还没有耗尽。分析句子结构可知，句中含定语从句，修饰先行词passion，在从句中作主语，指物，所以用that或which引导从句。故填that/which。

（4）考查状语从句。句意：因此，当她的老师Andrew

Smeeton得知全国挑战赛的消息时，她马上想到了一个学生。根据句意及句子结构可知，空格处用来引导时间状语从句，表示"当……时候"，应用when。故填when。

（5）考查时态语态。句意：当她开始时，宇航员的骨密度立即被研究出来，以弄清楚如何在火星上生存。根据句意，主语与谓语构成被动关系，根据上文started可知为一般过去时的被动语态，主语为bone

density

of

astronauts，谓语用单数。故填was

researched。

（6）考查不定式。句意：根据Dobek的设计，火星储存站（MSS）的建造将满足充足供应的需要。此处accommodate作目的状语，应用不定式。故填to

accommodate。

（7）考查宾语从句。句意：她的设计包括自我生长的农场，她详细介绍了它将如何与火星上的元素一起工作。分析句子结构可知，句中含有宾语从句，空格处引导宾语从句，从句缺少方式状语，故用how。故填how。

（8）考查过去分词。句意：有圆形天花板的房间可以让宇航员观看下载的节目，甚至可以看到地球上的地方，比如他们的家。分析句子结构可知，空格处用来修饰后文名词shows，shows和download之间是被动关系，所以应用过去分词downloaded，作定语。故填downloaded。

（9）考查代词。句意：她说，她的首要目标是用这个项目激励其他人。空格处作宾语，表示"其他人"，应用代词others。故填others。

（10）考查状语从句。句意：无论他们想做什么，他们都应该推动它。根据句意及句子结构，句中含状语从句，空格处用来引导让步状语从句，表示"无论什么"，从句中do缺少宾语，应用whatever。故填whatever。

这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了Emily

Dobek是一名七年级学生，她设计了一个前往火星的空间站，获得了国家奖。

语法填空考查学生英语综合知识的运用，做题时要首先明确短文大意，从词语搭配，固定句型，语法，时态等方面综合考虑，结合上下文语境找出正确答案。

2.【答案】H【解析】（1）考查可数名词的单数。句意：日本还报告说，去年创下战后死亡人数记录历史新高，超过158万人。结合句意表示"记录"应填名词record，作宾语，不定冠词提示用单数。故填record。故选H。

（2）考查动词时态。句意：10多年来，日本的死亡人数一直超过出生人数，给这个世界第三大经济体的领导人带来了一个日益严重的问题。结合句意表示"超过"应填动词outpace，作谓语，结合上文have可知为现在完成时。故填outpaced。故选F。

（3）考查动词不定式。句意：他们现在面临着不断膨胀的老年人口，随着老龄化人口需求的增加，为养老金和医疗保健提供资金的劳动力也在减少。结合句意表示"提供资金"应填动词fund，此处to为不定式符号，应填动词原形。故填fund。故选E。

（4）考查形容词。句意：自20世纪80年代经济繁荣以来，日本人口一直在稳步下降，2021年为1.255亿。结合句意表示"稳步"应填形容词steady，作定语修饰decline。故填steady。故选J。

（5）考查不可数名词。句意：它的死亡率为1.3，远远低于在没有移民的情况下维持人口稳定所需的2.1。结合句意表示"没有，缺乏"应填名词absence，作宾语，为不可数名词。故填absence。故选A。

（6）考查可数名词的复数。句意：这些令人担忧的趋势导致首相警告说，日本"处于无法维持社会功能的边缘"，日本在解决低出生率问题方面"不能再等待了"。结合句意表示"功能"应填名词function，为可数名词，前文没有冠词，表示数量大于一应用复数。故填functions。故选D。

（7）考查动词不定式。句意：一个新的政府机构将被设立来关注这个问题，首相说他希望政府在儿童相关项目上的支出增加一倍。结合句意表示"翻倍"应填动词double，且为短语want…todosth."想要某人做某事"，已给出to，所以用动词原形。故填double。故选B。

（8）考查形容词。句意：城市夫妇往往远离其他地区的大家庭，他们可以帮助提供支持。结合句意表示"大家庭"应填形容词extended，构成extendedfamily。作定语。故填extended。故选C。

（9）考查形容词。句意：然而，自20世纪90年代初以来，这个国家的经济已经放缓，这意味着令人沮丧的低年龄和几乎没有向上流动的机会。结合句意表示"向上"应填形容词upward，作定语。故填upward。故选K。

（10）考查动词时态。句意：近年来，人们对婚姻和组建家庭的态度也发生了变化，越来越多的夫妇在疫情期间推迟了这两项计划。结合句意表示"变化"应填动词shift，结合上文have可知为现在完成时。故填shifted。故选I。

这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了随着人口危机的加深，日本的出生率降至历史最低。文章说明了出生率低，死亡率高对日本社会的影响。

如何做选词填空

1.根据语法，判断词性

一般的空缺都可以通过其所在的句式结构和句法成分来判断其词性，从而正确的选词，进一步缩小词的选择范围。

2.利用语境，确定词形

当确定了一个单词的词性后，可通过上下文来帮助判断其形式，如主谓一致，动词的时态，语态，固定短语，名词的数和所有格，形容词，副词的比较级等。

3~17.【答案】A、B、D、A、D、C、B、D、C、D、A、B、A、C、B【解析】（1）考查形容词及语境理解。A.sensible理智的；B.partial部分的；C.alarming令人担忧的；D.attainable可以达到的。句意：对于足球和篮球来说，研究表明，为球队增加有天赋的球员确实是一个明智的策略，但这只是在一定程度上。后文"when

about

70%

of

the

players

were

considered

top

talent"提到当大约70%的球员被认为是顶尖人才时，他们的表现达到顶峰，所以为球队增加有天赋的球员确实是一个明智的策略，故选A。

（2）考查动词及语境理解。A.faded褪色，消退；B.peaked到达高点；C.evolved逐渐形成；D.proceeded进行。句意：当大约70%的球员被认为是顶尖人才时，他们的表现达到顶峰。根据后文"Above

that

level，the

team's

performance

began

to

decline.（超过这个水平，球队的表现开始下降）"可知，当大约70%的球员被认为是顶尖人才时，他们的表现达到顶峰。故选B。

（3）考查名词和形容词及语境理解。A.team队伍；B.creative创造性的；C.academic学业的；D.individual单独的，个人的。句意：有趣的是，这种趋势在棒球运动中并不明显，在棒球运动中，个人天赋的增加会继续提高球队的表现。第三段中"In

baseball，the

performance

of

individual

players

is"提到了在棒球比赛中，球员的个人表现不像足球和篮球那样依赖于队友，所以在棒球运动中，个人天赋的增加会继续提高球队的表现。故选D。

（4）考查动词及语境理解。A.identified识别，确定；B.overlooked忽视；C.considered考虑；D.concealed隐藏。句意：为了解释不同运动项目的不同结果，研究人员确定了一个重要因素个团队的良好表现对其成员协调行动的要求程度。根据后文"one

important

factor"指研究确定了运动项目的重要因素。故选A。

（5）考查名词及语境理解。A.explanation解释；B.conclusion结论；C.discussion讨论；D.interdependence互相依赖。句意：这种任务的相互依赖性将棒球与篮球和足球区分开来。根据后文"task

interdependence

is

high"可知，这里指相互依赖性将棒球与篮球和足球区分开来。故选D。

（6）考查短语及语境理解。A.more

suitable

for更合适……的；B.more

critical

to更批判的；C.less

dependent

on对……没那么依赖的；D.less

involved

in少参与的。句意：在棒球比赛中，球员的个人表现不像足球和篮球那样依赖于队友。上文提到在相互依赖性中棒球与篮球和足球有区分，这是因为在棒球比赛中，球员的个人表现不像足球和篮球那样依赖于队友。故选C。

（7）考查动词及语境理解。A.swing摇摆；B.suffer变差，遭受；C.endure持续存在；D.function运转。句意：研究人员得出的结论是，在比赛过程中，当任务之间的相互依赖性很高时，当团队中有太多天才时，团队表现就会受到影响。根据上文"task

interdependence

is

high"以及后文"when

there

is

too

much

talent

in

the

group"可知，当任务之间的相互依赖性很高时，当团队中有太多天才时，团队表现就会受到影响。故选B。

（8）考查介词短语及语境理解。A.in

principle原则上；B.in

a

sense在某种意义上；C.in

other

words换句话说；D.on

the

other

hand另一方面。句意：另一方面，当任务相互依赖程度较低时，个体才能会对团队绩效产生积极影响。后文是在说明相互依赖程度低的情况，即"另一方面"。故选D。

（9）考查介词短语及语境理解。A.as

a

rule通常；B.by

contrast相比之下；C.for

example例如；D.as

a

matter

of

fact事实上。句意：如果一个篮球明星追求的是他自己的个人目标，例如试图获得更高的个人总得分，他可能没有团队球员慷慨。后文"trying

to

gather

a

high

personal

point

total"是对篮球明星追求的是他自己的个人目标进行举例，故选C。

（10）考查形容词及语境理解。A.stressed紧张的；B.genuine真正的；C.sensitive敏感的；D.generous慷慨的。句意：如果一个篮球明星追求的是他自己的个人目标，例如试图获得更高的个人总得分，他可能没