词汇学相关的一些名词解释

isaprocessofwordbytwoareputtoThewordinthisiscalledcompoundisaofwordformationbywhichawordcreatedbypartsofwords.formedinthisaremorphologicalviewpoints,fourtypesofofformingnewwordsbyjoininglettersofnamesofsocialspecialnounphrasesandtechnicalWordsincalledonthewordsbyofEconomicCommunityareformedbyofaswords:OPEC:ofPetroleumExportCountriesAccordingtoLeonardBloomfield’spointofview,isaminimumfreethattosay,formthatisolation.aretypesoflinguisticforms:isthetheAonewhichoccuronae.g.affixes:de-,-tion,Aisonewhichcanoccuraseparateexample,thelovelyformthesuffix–ly.The–lyinlovely,ofisafreeform,becauseitbySoweitaboundform.AaminimumfreeformThebeastheunitin.1)areintotwotoisform,theboundform.2)Freemorphemes自由词素whichoccurwords.istosay,acanaloneaword.3)Boundmorphemes粘着词素aloneasTheyaretosay,aboundisonethatmustappearwithatleastothermorpheme,inaword.4)beintotwocategorieslexical5)andmorphemesareusedfortheconstructionofwordsasincompoundwordsareusedtobetweenawordanditscontext,suchpluralityarethreemorphology:SimplewordsConversionistypeofbasetoadifferent/

withnoofform.Fortheisconvertedthenounrelease.arekindspartialconversionasalreadyPartialisconversion,whereofinafunctionwhichisofanotherwordThetypesofcontainclasses:nouns,verbsandadjectives.Conversionfromnounfromverbtonounarethemostcategories.classifiedintotowordclasses.twoprefixationthedifferencesbetweenthemjustdifferencesbetweensuffixes.Theprefixesbeclassifiedintobytheirmeaning.否定前缀orprefixes反前缀Pejorative贬义前缀ofdegreesize范围和程度的前缀of表方向和态度的前缀Locativeprefixes方位前缀of表时间和顺序的前缀Number数字前缀Conversionprefixes化前缀prefixes其他类型的缀isoftheofwordstheirmeanings.EtymologybackgroundinformationandknowledgetheoriginanddevelopmenttheEnglishlanguageandincreasesthelearner’senjoymentandrealunderstandingofEnglishwordsfromtheirchangesofformsspellingsthatofthepartofstaysdifferentaretoit,example'in'driving‘Infix:inawordaffix:prefixsuffixprefix:agroupoflettersyoutheoftomakeword.In'unimportant','un-'isaprefix.withoppositeornegative-il;-im;-in;-ir;multi-many;pro-inof;ex-former;post-after;over-toounder-notisaofsymbolsphysiology,psychologyandItaspecificsocialactioncarrierinformationusedforcommunicationinaofincludingunits,nature,ofofbraches:phonetics,grammaranddealswiththeirdevelopment,structure,/

branchconcernedwithstudyofvocabularyofagivenAisantotheofpointofForexample:Shift:eachoftwoinwhichdifferentofworkerssameinAgroupofpeoplewhoworkinway.Adiachronicapproachantostudyofathatoverperiodoftime.黑市White白市Graymarket灰市wordisaminimalfreeofwhichasoundandfunction.(1)Aminimalfreeformofalanguage;(2)Asoundunity;(3)Aunityof(4)Aformfunctionaloneanologicalorintrinsicbetweenasounditto.Trelationbetweenmeaninisalmostalwaysorconventional.Thelanguagecanusesoundmeanlanguagesusedifferentsoundstorefertosamething.Allthewordsinalanguageareasvocabularycanbetoreferallthewordsinabook,oraparticularhistoricaloforinaorindiscipline,oreventoallwordsthatpersonpossesses.1:theearlyborrowedwhichhavebeenassimilatedtheEnglishwayofpronunciationandspelling.2)Aliens:wordshaveretainedforeignwayoforspellingandhavenotassimilatedinto:expressionsarefromEnglishbutonofanotherlanguage.(4)SemanticWordshavenotborrowedwithtoform,buttomeanings.withamaybecomewithderogatoryofor.What‘word’Wordbedefinedarelationbetweenmeaning.意义是名称与意思的联系。‘Meaning’iswhattheformstandsfor.Eg:desk:yousityoudowork2.What所关系?/

Itbetweenlanguageandtheworld.指是语言与客观外界之间的相互关系。Byofawhichinworldpersons)arebeingtalkedabout.过这种相互关系，说话人指称外界的事物或人。Itbetweenandtheactions,events,qualitiesstandfor.Forexample,theword‘tree’referstotheobject‘tree3.Whatconcept?Itthegeneralideawhichiswithorsymbolinperson’smind.指词或符号在人脑中的大致印象或意义What‘sthebetweenmeaningconcept?TheyarecloselyTheyaretoreferentsareofwordsbuttodifferentConcept,whichbeyondlanguage,istheresultofreflectingobjectiveworldthehumanmind.Conceptisuniversaltoofon.belongstolanguage,soisrestrictedtolanguageuse.Acanhaveasmanyreferringasareininsamethebeindifferentwords.Whatsense语义?TheofisitsplaceinasystemsemanticwithexpressionsWhat’sthedifferencebetweenreferenceandsense?Sensedenotestherelationships指语言内部的关系。denotestherelationshipbetweenwordsthethings,actions,qualitiesstandfor.wordthathasmeaningsensebutnoteveryhas每个词都有语义，但不一定都有所指。but,almost.Thesegrammaticalwordsdorefertoanything.Andwordsdragonandphoenixtoimaginary1.What理据?Itreferstotheconnectionbetweenthelinguisticsymbolandits理据解释语言符号与意义之间的关系.拟理据Itimitationofbysounds.WordscoinedinimitationofsoundsassociatedwithnamedcalledBears(bleat.Morphological形态理据Wordswhichwerebyofmorphologicalstructuretheofmotivationbymorphology.CompoundsandderivedwordswordsthemanyarethesumtotalofWordmeaningisupofcomponentsand/

monlytypesof词义有各种相互联系与相互依存的不同成分组成，这些成分就是词义的种类meaningindicatesgrammaticalconceptsuchasofofpluralmeaningofoftheirinflectionalparadigm.(法意义指词义中表示语法概念或关系的那部分意义。例如词类、名词的单复数、动词的时态意义及它们的屈折形式Forexample:girls,tables,joysLexicalmeaningtheofisolatedwordinadictionary.Thisofisidenticalallformsof(林承璋：词汇意义是词典中一个独立词的意义。在该词的所有形式中，其词汇意义相同。meaningisgivenindictionaryformsthecoreofword概念意义是词典中所给的意义，是词义的核心。AssociativethesecondarytoconceptualItfromtheconceptualinthatitindeterminate,theinfluenceoffactorsasculture,experience,religion,etc.联想意义是概念意义的补充意义是次要意义它受语言外界因素如文化、经历、宗教、地域、出身、教育等的影响而变化，所以是开放性的，是不定的。Itreferstotheovertonesassociationssuggestedbymeaning.内涵意义是由概念意义产生的言外之意或联想。1.WhatTheofanalysisisoftenseenaofdownthesenseofintoitsminimalwhichknownassemantic特征orcomponents语义成分.Componentialanalysisissemanticcontrast.ismadeupoforitofwhichbefromitsliteralmeaningits作为一个意义单位使用的，意义不能从其独立的组成部分得出的一种表达法。Forexample,theidiom“showthewhitefeather”means“toshowfear”,andthemeaningofthisidiomnothingtodowith“feather1.义的整体性isasemanticunity.semanticunitycanbereflectedbythefactthatofanidiomisverynottotalofthemeaningsofThesemanticunitycanalsobeintheillogicalbetweentheliteraloftheofthe2.stability构的固定性StructuralmeansthestructureofanusuallyInwords,ofanidiomcangenerallyspeaking,be1)Idiomsin名词性习语:Theyasnounsinawhiteelephant(昂贵而无用的东西brain（智囊团Jackofalltrades（博而不精的人（正式茶点shoulder（冷淡转移注意力的话或事物）whiteelephant（无用而/

累赘的东西dream（黄粱美梦chip（热门的股票）themedium（中庸之道（九死一生smoothtongue（嘴滑舌flyintheointment（美中足之处；使人扫兴的小事）anappleof（争端；祸根）aof（不愉快的境遇drugin（市场上的滞销商品at（有势力的朋友milkofhuman（天生的善心味）asnakeinthegrass（潜伏的危险；潜伏的敌人）asoldierof（军事冒险家，险家thelion‘s（最大或最好的份额Achilles’（唯一致命的弱点‘s（被人利用的人sweather（庆典时的晴朗天气mare's（骗人的东西；混乱estate（壮年）weartear（损耗；磨损rankfile（普通士兵们普通成员们blood（亲骨肉，亲属waysmeans（方法，办法（重要或必要的部分insthe（种种复杂详情ups（盛衰；沉浮thepros（赞成者和反对者；正面和反面的理由）anchor最后的或主要的靠山trust（智囊团amoot（尚未定论的问题brain（智囊枯竭)Idiomsadjectivalin形容词性习语：TheyfunctionadjectivesaE.g.:cutanddried（枯燥乏味的wideof（离目的远的）uptheairhighmighty（趾高气扬神气活现void（无效freeeasy（不拘形式的随便的fairand（正大光明的，此习语也可作状语用highdry（孤立无援，此习语也可作状语用dried（板的没有生气的onthe（忙个不停活跃着outofsorts（不舒服的；不高兴的the失宠；丢脸，此习语也可作状语用behindeightball（处于不利地位on紧张不安；易怒）wideof（远未射中目标；毫不相关theears（缺乏经验的upto第一流的，极好的inair十分激动；气愤；悬而未决此习语也可作状语用stiffasa（生硬刻板coolacucumber（泰然自若；极为冷静slipperyan（油滑的；不可靠的asmeeka（非常温顺（等待时机hang（延迟one‘stongueoff（后悔自己说过的话blank（于失败themusic（勇于承担后果thebeans（不慎泄密thequeue（插队fitbill（适合某人的目的theboat（坐失时机thegrade（成功beatabout（旁敲侧击bythe（中途退出uptree（攻击错了目标dipintoone‘s（乱花钱jumpdownone‘sthroat突然粗暴地回答或打断某人；使某人哑口无言（催逼某人干事；严密监视某人的行动forone'shand（为自己的利益而做burnatends（过分地耗费精力pullthewooloverone‘seyes（蒙蔽某人putaspokeinone‘swheels（破坏某人的计划theout对某人报复one‘sheadabove（免遭灭顶背债）headonone's（有见识或能力）makeshort（迅速处理makeabreast（和盘托出wind（风闻in在……中找毛病one’snose（探听；干涉attendance（奉承）go（从容不迫，安闲come（全盘招供（处于极为有利的条件过舒服的生活；成功fall完全失败low（不固执己见发表见解辞稳健good（成功Idiomsadverbialin副词性习语：inasentence:/

E.g.:tooth竭尽全力innothingflat不久throughthin不顾艰难险阻heartand（全心全意地nail（竭尽全力地hammerandtongs（全力以赴地and（完全地底地ina（轻而易举地withcolors（出色地；成功地thescenes（在幕后theway（顺便说betweenthethedeepblue（进退维谷andthin（不顾艰难险阻在任何情况下thatsupswithmustalong（和坏人打交道，必须提高警惕potthe（责人严而律己宽Themillsofgrindslowly.（天网恢恢，疏而不漏best（谁笑在最后，谁笑得最美OnecannotmakeasilkpurseoutofaNothingsucceedslikesuccess.（一事成功，事事顺利venture,nothing（不入虎穴，焉得虎子Likelike.（物以类聚Enoughisasgoodasafeast.（知足常乐sliversilenceis（雄辩是银沉默是金makessweetmalt.（好事多磨，慢工出细活at．(梁不正下梁歪。)Nevertotoswim.（不要班门弄斧Feedacoldandstarveafever.伤风时宜吃，发烧时宜饿Polysemy一词多义关Homonymy同形同音异义关系同义关系反义关系Hyponymy上下义关系Semantic语义场Polysemymeansthatonehasormoreatsametime.它是指一个单独的词同时有两个或更多的意义Diachronic时研究法Itassumedtobeofdevelopmentofsemanticstructureofsameword.一词多义是同一个词的语义结构历史发展的结果。Thefirstisprimary原始意义.Laterarecalled派生意义.共时研究方法polysemyisviewedcoexistencethesameinhistoricalof从共时的角度看，在同一个历史时期，同一个词可以拥有许多不同的意义。Theofawordiscalledcentralmeaning中心意义areinSemantically,r