医学考博英语试题

MD全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知请考生首先将自己姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。试卷一(PaperOne)答案和试卷二(PaperTwo)答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。试卷一答题时必须使用2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在对应位置涂黑；如要更正，先用橡皮擦洁净。书面表示一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整齐净，以利评分。听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15秒左右答题时间。国家医学考试中心PAPERONEPart1：Listeningcomprehension（30%）SectionADirections: Inthissectionyouwillhearfifteenshortconversationsbetweentwospeakers,Attheendofeachconversation,youwillhearaquestionaboutwhatissaid,Thequestionwillbereadonlyonce,Afteryouhearthequestion,readthefourpossibleanswersmarkedA,B,C,andD.ChoosethebestanswersandmarktheletterofyourchoiceontheANSWERSHEET.ListentothefollowingexampleYouwillhearWoman: Ifeelfaint.Man: Nowonder.Youhaven’thadabiteallday.Question: What’sthematterwiththewoman?Youwillread:A.Sheissick.B.Shewasbittenbyanant.C.Sheishungry.D.Shespilledherpaint.HereCistherightanswer.SampleAnswerABCDNowlet’sbeginwithquestionNumber1.A.About12pints B.About3pints C.About4pints D.About7pintsA.Takeaholidayfromwork. B.Worrylessaboutwork.C.Takesomesleepingpills. D.Workhardertoforgetallhertroubles.A.Hehasnocomplaintsaboutthedoctor.B.Hewon’tcomplainanything.C.Heisingoodcondition.D.Hecouldn’tbeworse.A.Sheiskidding.B.Shewillgetaraise.C.Themanwillgetaraise.D.Themanwillgetapromotion.A.Herdaughterlikesballgames.B.Herdaughterisanexcitingchild.C.Sheandherdaughteraregoodfriends.D.Sheandherdaughterdon’talwaysunderstandeachother.A.Shehurtheruncle. B.Shehurtherankle.C.Shehasaswollentoe.D.Sheneedsaminorsurgery.A.Johnlikesgambling.B.Johnisveryfondofhisnewboss.C.Johnhasupsanddownsinthenewcompany. D.Johnhasapromisingfutureinthenewcompany.A.Shewillgetsomeadvicefromthefrontdesk. B.Shewillundergosomelabtests.C.Shewillarrangeanappointment. D.Shewillgetthetestresults.A.She’sanoddcharacter.B.Sheisverypicky.C.Sheiseasy-going.D.Shelikesfashions.A.Atastreetcorner.B.Inalocalshop.C.Inaward.D.Inaclinic.A.Seafood. B.Dairyproducts. C.Vegetablesandfruits. D.Heavyfoods.A.Heishavingagoodtime. B.Heverymuchlikeshisoldbicycle.C.Hewillbuyanewbicyclerightaway. D.Hewouldratherbuyanewbicyclelater.A.Itisonlyacough.B.It’saminorillness.C.Itstartedtwoweeksago.D.It’sextremelyserious.A.Thewomanistoooptimisticaboutthestockmarket.B.Thewomanwillevenlosemoremoneyatthestockmarket.C.Thestockmarketbubblewillcontinuetogrow.D.Thestockmarketbubblewillsoonmeetitsdemise.A.Thesmallpillsshouldbetakenonceadaybeforesleep.B.Theyellowpillsshouldbetakenonceadaybeforesupper.C.Thewhitepillsshouldbetakenonceadaybeforebreakfast.D.Thelargeroundpillsshouldbetakenthreetimesadayaftermeals.SectionBDirection: Inthissectionyouwillhearoneconversationandtwopassages,aftereachofwhich,youwillhearfivequestions.Aftereachquestion,readthefourpossibleanswersmarkedA,B,CandD,ChoosethebestanswerandmarktheletterofyourchoiceontheANSWERSHEET.DialogueA.Becausehehaddifficultyswallowingit.B.Becauseitwasupsettinghisstomach.C.Becausehewasallergictoit.D.Becauseitwastooexpensive.A.Hecan’tplaysocceranymore.B.Hehasaseriousfootproblem.C.Heneedsanoperation.D.Hehascancer.A.Abloodtransfusion. B.Anallergytest.C.Aurinetest.D.Abiopsy.A.Toseeifhehascancer. B.Toseeifhehasdepression.C.Toseeifherequiressurgery. D.Toseeifhehasafoodallergyproblem.A.Relieved.B.Anxious.C.Angry.D.Depressed.PassageOneA.ThecauseofCOPD.B.Harmfuleffectsofsmoking.C.Menmoresusceptibletoharmfuleffectsofsmoking.D.Womenmoresusceptibletoharmfuleffectsofsmoking.A.954.B.955.C.1909.D.1955.A.OnMay18inSanDiego. B.OnMay25inSanDiego.C.OnMay18inSanFrancisco. D.OnMay25inSanFrancisco.A.Whensmokingexposureishigh. B.Whensmokingexposureislow.C.Whenthesubjectsreceivedmedication.D.Whenthesubjectsstoppedsmoking.A.Hormonedifferencesinmenandwomen.B.Geneticdifferencesbetweenmenandwomen.C.Women’sactivemetabolicrate.D.Women’ssmallerairways.PassageTwoA.About90,000.B.About100,000.C.Severalhundreds.D.About5,000.A.WarningfromGoddardSpaceFlightCenter. B.WarningfromtheKenyanhealthministry.C.Experiencegainedfromthe1997outbreak. D.ProperandpromptAidfromNASA.A.Distributingmosquitonets. B.Persuadingpeoplenottoslaughteranimals.C.Urgingpeoplenottoeatanimals. D.Dispatchingdoctorstotheepidemic-strickenarea.A.ThehighersurfacetemperaturesintheequatorialpartoftheIndianOcean.B.Theshort-livedmosquitoesthatwerethehostsoftheviruses.C.ThewarmanddryweatherintheHornofAfrica. D.Theheavybutintermittentrains.A.WarningfromNASA.B.HowtotreatRiftValleyfever.C.ThedisastrouseffectsofRiftValleyfever.D.Satellitesandglobalhealth–remotediagnosis.PartIIVocabulary(10%)SectionADirection: Inthissection,allthesentencesareincomplete.Fourwordsorphrases,markedABCandD.aregivenbeneatheachofthem.Youaretochoosethewordorphrasethatbestcompletesthesentence.ThenmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET.Agoodnight’ssleepisbelievedtohelpslowthestomach’semptying,produceasmoother,lessabruptabsorptionofsugar,andwillbetter__________brainmetabolism.A.regulate B.activate C.retain D.consolidateTheexplosionandtheoilspillbelowthesurfaceoftheGulfofMexicoleftmymindinsucha________thatIcouldn’tgettosleep.A.catastrophe B.boycott C.turmoil D.mentalityCoronaryheartattacksoccurmorecommonlyinthosewithhighbloodpressure,intheobese,incigarettesmokers,andinthose_________toprolongedemotionalandmentalstrain.A.sympathetic B.ascribed C.preferable D.subjectedMostcoldsareacquiredbychildreninschoolandthen___________toadults.A.conveyed B.transmitted C.attributed D.relayedSeveralofthemostpopulousnationsintheworld________atthelowerendofthetableofrealGDPpercapitalastyear.A.fluctuated B.languished C.retarded D.vibratedPresentlythiskindofanti-depressantisstillinclinical_______,eventhoughtheconcepthasbeenaroundsince1900s.A.trials B.applications C.implications D.endeavorsStudiesrevealedthatexposuretolow-levelradiationforalongtimemayweakentheimmunesystem,________aging,andcausecancer.A.halt B.postpone C.retard D.accelerateThemayorcandidate’spersonalitytraits,beingmodestandgenerous,_______peopleinhisfavorbeforetheelection.A.predisposed B.presumed C.presided D.pressuredWithitsgracefulmovementsandsalubriouseffectsonhealth,TaiChihasastrong________toavastmultitudeofpeople.A.flavor B.thrill C.appeal D.implicationIfyouarecatchingatrain,itisalwaysbettertobe_______earlythanevenafractionofaminutetoolate.A.infinitely B.temporarily C.comfortably D.favorablySectionBDirections: Eachofthefollowingsentenceshasawordorphraseunderlined.Therearefourwordsorphrasesbeneatheachsentence,Choosethewordorphrasewhichcanbestkeepthemeaningoftheoriginalsentenceifitissubstitutedfortheunderlinedpart,MarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET.AllNobelPrizewinners’successisaprocessoflong-termaccumulation,inwhichlastingeffortsareindispensable.A.irresistible B.cherished C.inseparable D.requisiteTheQueen’spresenceimpartedanairofelegancetothedrinksreceptionatBuckinghamPalaceinLondon.A.bestowed B.exhibited C.imposed D.emittedPhysiciansareclearthatthyroiddysfunctionismanifestingrowingchildrenintheformofmentalandphysicalretardation.A.intensified B.apparent C.representative D.insidiousThemechanismthattheeyecanaccommodateitselftodifferentdistanceshasbeenappliedtoautomaticcamera,whichmarksarevolutionarytechniqueadvance.A.yield B.amplify C.adapt D.castDifferencesamongbelieversarecommon;however,itwasthepressureofreligiouspersecutionthatexacerbatedtheirconflictsandcreatedthesplitoftheunion.A.eradicated B.deteriorated C.vanquished D.avertedWhenPicassowasparticularlypoor,hemighthavetriedtoobliteratetheoriginalcompositionbypaintingoveritoncanvases.A.duplicate B.eliminate C.substitute D.compileForthesakeofanimalprotection,environmentalistsdeploredtheconstructionprogramofanuclearpowerstation.A.disapproved B.despised C.demolished D.decomposedPoliticalfiguresinparticularareheldtoverystrictstandardsofmaritalfidelity.A.loyalty B.morality C.quality D.stabilityThepatientcomplainedthathisdoctorhadbeennegligentinnotgivinghimafullexamination.A.prudent B.ardent C.careless D.brutalShehasbeenhandlingallthecomplaintswithoutwrathforawholemorning.A.fury B.chaos C.despair D.agonyPartIIICloze(10%)Directions: Inthissectionthereisapassagewithtennumberedblanks.Foreachblank,therearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andDontherightside.ChoosethebestanswerandmarktheletterofyourchoiceontheANSWERSHEET.Foryears,scientistshavebeenwarningusthattheradiationfrommobilephonesisdetrimentaltoourhealth,withoutactuallyhavinganyevidencetobackthese__51__up.However,researchnowsuggeststhatmobilephoneradiationhasatleastonepositivesideeffect:itcanhelppreventAlzheimer’s,__52__inthemicethatactedastestsubjects.It’sbeensuspected,thoughneverproven,thatheavyuseofmobilephonesisbadforyourhealth.It’sthoughtthatwalkingaroundwithacellphonepermanentlyattachedtothesideofyourheadisalmostsuretobe__53__yourbrain.Andthatmaywellbetrue,butI’dratherwaituntilit’sprovenbeforegivingupthatpartofmydailylife.Butwhathasnowbeenproven,inaveryperfunctorymanner,isthatmobilephoneradiationcanhaveaneffectonyourbrain.__54__inthiscaseitwasapositiveratherthannegativeeffect.AccordingtoBBCnews,theFloridaAlzheimer’sDiseaseResearchCenterconductedastudyon96micetoseeiftheradiationgivenoffbymobilephonescouldaffecttheonsetofAlzheimer’s.Someofthemicewere“geneticallyalteredtodevelopbeta-amyloidplaquesintheirbrains”__55__theyaged.TheseareamarkerofAlzheimer’s.all96micewerethen“exposedtotheelectro-magnetic__56__generatedbyastandardphonefortwoone-hourperiodseachdayforseventoninemonths.”Theluckythings.__57__theexperimentshowedthatthemicealteredtobepredisposedtodementiawereprotectedfromthediseaseifexposedbeforetheonsetoftheillness.Theircognitiveabilitiesweresounimpairedastobevirtually__58__tothemicenotgeneticallyalteredinanyway.Unfortunately,althoughtheresultsarepositive,thescientistsdon’tactuallyknowwhyexposuretomobilephoneradiationhasthiseffect.Butit’shopedthatfurtherstudyandtestingcouldresultinanon-invasive__59__forpreventingandtreatingAlzheimer’sdisease.Autopsiescarriedoutonthemicealsoconcludednoill-effectsoftheirexposuretotheradiation.However,thefactthattheradiationpreventedAlzheimer’smeansmobilephones__60__ourbrainsandbodiesinwaysnotyetexplored.Andit’ssuretherearenegativeaswellasthisonepositive.51. A.devicesB.risksC.phenomenaD.claims52. A.atleastB.atmostC.asifD.aswell53. A.blockingB.cookingC.exhaustingD.cooling54. A.ExceptB.EvenC.DespiteD.Besides55. A.untilB.whenC.asD.unless56. A.rangeB.continuumC.spectrumD.field57. A.ReasonablyB.ConsequentlyC.AmazinglyD.Undoubtedly58. A.identicalB.beneficialC.preferableD.susceptible59. A.effortB.methodC.huntD.account60. A.doaffectB.didaffectC.isaffectingD.couldhaveaffected PartIVReadingComprehension(30%)Directions: Inthisparttherearesixpassages,eachofwhichisfollowedbyfivequestions.ForeachquestiontherearefourpossibleanswersmarkedA,B,C,andD.ChoosethebestanswerandmarktheletterofyourchoiceontheANSWERSHEET.PassageoneIhavejustreturnedfromMexico,whereIvisitedafactorymakingmedicalmasks.Facedwithfiercecompetition,theownerhascuthiscostsbyoutsourcingsomeofhisproduction.Scoresofpeopleworkforhimintheirhomes,threadingelasticintomasksbyhand.Theyarepaidbelowtheminimumwage,withnojobsecurityandnohealthcareprovision.Usersofmedicalmasksandotherlaboratorygearprobablygivelittlethoughttowheretheirequipmentcomesfrom.Thatneedstochange.Asignificantproportionoftheseproductsaremadeinthedevelopingworldbylow-paidpeoplewithinadequatelaborrights.Thisleadstohumanmiseryonatremendousscale.Takelabcoats.ManyaremadeinIndia,wheremostcottonfarmersarepaidanunfairpricefortheircropsandfactoryemployeesworkillegalhoursforpoorpay.One-fifthoftheworld’ssurgicalinstrumentsaremadeinnorthernPakistan.WhenIvisitedtheareaacoupleofyearsagoIfoundmostworkerstoiling12hoursaday,sevendaysaweek,forlessthanadollaraday,exposedtonoise,metaldustandtoxicchemicals.Thousandsofchildren,someasyoungas7,workintheindustry.Towininternationalcontracts,factoryownersmustofferrock-bottomprices,andconsequentlydrivedownwagesandlaborconditionsasfarastheycan.Welaboratoryscientistsinthedevelopedworldmayunwittinglybeencouragingthis:weaskhowmuchourequipmentwillcost,butwhichofusaskswhomadeitandhowmuchtheywerepaid?Thisisnosmallmatter.Scienceissupposedtobenefithumanity,butbecauseoftheconditionsunderwhichtheirtoolsaremade,mayscientistsmayactuallybecausingharm.Whatcanbedone?Aknee-jerkboycottofunethicalgoodsisnottheanswer;itwouldjustmakethingsworseforworkersinthosemanufacturingzones.Whatweneedistostartaskingsupplierstobetransparentaboutwhereandhowtheirproductsaremanufacturedandurgethemtoimprovetheirmanufacturingpractices.Itcanbedone.Manyuniversitiesarecommittedtofairtradeintheformofethicallysourcedtea,coffeeorbananas.Thatmodelshouldbeextendedtolaboratorygoods.Therearesignsthatthingsaremoving.OverthepastfewyearsIhaveworkedwithhealthservicesintheUKandinSweden.Bothhaverecentlyinstitutedethicalprocurementpractices.Ifscienceistrulygoingtohelphumanity,itneedstofollowsuit.61.Fromthemedicalmaskstolabcoats,theauthoristryingtotellus________.A.thepracticeofoccupationalprotectioninthedevelopingworld B.thedevelopingcountriesplaguedbypovertyanddisease.C.thecheapestlaborinthedevelopingcountries. D.thehumanmiserybehindthem.62.Theconcerningphenomenontheauthorhasobserved,accordingtothepassage,________.A.isnothingbuttherepetitionofthemiserablehistory.B.couldhavebeenevenexaggerated.C.isunfamiliartothewealthywest.D.isprevailingacrosstheworld.63.Theauthorarguesthatwhenresearchersinthewealthywestbuythetoolsoftheirtrade,theyshould___________.A.havethesameconcernwiththedevelopingcountries.B.beblindtotheirsourcesforthesakeofhumanityC.pursuegoodbargainsintheinternationalmarket.D.spareathoughtforhowtheyweremade.64.Apropercourseofactionsuggestedbytheauthoris___________.A.torefusetoimporttheunethicalgoodsfromthedevelopingworld.B.toaskscientiststotellthetruthastheprimevalueoftheirwork.C.tourgethemanufacturerstoaddresstheimmoralissues.D.toimprovethetransparencyofinternationalcontracts.65.Bysayingattheendofthepassagethatifscienceistrulygoingtohelphumanity,itneedstofollowsuit,theauthormeansthat___________.A.thescientificcommunityshouldstandupforallhumanity B.theprimevalueofscientists’workistotellthetruth.C.laboratorygoodsalsoneedtobeethicallysourced. D.becauseofscience,thereishopeforhumanity.PassagetwoAlittleinformationisadangerousthing.Alotofinformation,ifit’sinaccurateorconfusing,evenmoreso.Thisisaproblemforanyonetryingtospendorinvestinanenvironmentallysustainableway.Investorsarebarragedwithindexespurportingtodescribecompanies’eco-credentials,someofdubiousquality.Greenlabelsonconsumerproductsareubiquitous,buttheirclaimsarehardtoverify.TheconfusionisevidentformNewScientist’sanalysisofwhetherpublicperceptionsofcompanies’greencredentialsreflectreality.Itshowsthatmanycompaniesconsidered“green”havedonelittletoearnthatreputation,whileothersdonotgetsufficientcreditfortheireffortstoreducetheirenvironmentalimpact.Obtainingbetterinformationiscrucial,becausedecisionsbyconsumersandbiginvestorswillhelppropelustowardsagreeneconomy.Atpresent,itistooeasytomakeunverifiedclaims.Takedisclosureofgreenhousegasemissions,forexample.TherearevoluntaryschemessuchastheCarbonDisclosureProject,butlittlescrutinyofthefigurescompaniessubmit,whichmeansinvestorsmaybemisled.Measurementscanbedifficulttointerpret,too,likethoseforwatersue.Inthiscase,contextiscrucial:alittlefromrain-soakedIrelandisnotthesameasalittledrawnfromtheArizonadesert.Similarproblemsbedevil“green”labelsattachedtoindividualproducts.Here,thecomputerequipmentratingsystemdevelopedbytheGreenElectronicsCouncilshowsthewayforward.ItscriteriacomefromtheIEEE,theworld’sleadingprofessionalassociationfortechnology/Otherschemes,suchasthe“sustainabilityindex”plannedbyUSretailgiantWalmart,arebroader.Developingrigorousstandardsforalargenumberofdifferenttypesofproductwillbetough,placingahugeburdenontheacademic-ledconsortiumthatisdoingtheunderlyingscientificwork.Ourinvestigationalsorevealsthatmanycompanieschoosenottodisclosedata.Somewillwanttokeepitthatway.Thisiswhyweneedlegalrequirementsforfulldisclosureofenvironmentalinformation,withtheclearmessagethatthepolluterwilleventuallyberequiredtopay.Thenmarketforceswilldrivecompaniestocleanuptheiracts.Let’shopewecanrisetothischallenge.Beforewecanhaveagreeneconomyweneedagreeninformationeconomy–andit’sthequalityofinformation,aswellasitsquantity,thatwillcount.66.“Theconfusion”atthebeginningofthe2ndparagraphrefersto________.A.wheretospendorinvestinasustainablewayB.anarrayofconsumerproductstochooseC.afogofunreliablegreeninformationD.littleinformationoneco-credibility67.FromtheNewScientist’sanalysisitcanbeinferredthatinmanycases________.A.eco-credibilityisabusedB.agreeneconomyiscrucialC.anenvironmentalimpactislessenedD.greencredentialspromotegreeneconomy68.Fromunverifiedclaimstodifficultmeasurementsandthentoindividualproducts,theauthorarguesthat________.A.eco-credibilityisagamebetweenscientistsandmanufacturesB.neitherscientistsnormanufacturesarehonestC.itisvitaltobuildagreeneconomyD.betterinformationiscritical69.Toaddresstheissue,theauthoriscryingfor________.A.transparentcorporatemanagementB.establishingsustainabilityindexesC.toughacademic-ledsurveillanceD.strictlegalweapons70.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebestinferencefromthelastparagraph?A.Thetoughestchallengeisthebestopportunity.B.Itistimeforanothergreenrevolution.C.Informationshouldbefreeforall.D.Noquantity,noquality.PassageThreePeopleareextraordinarilyskilledatspottingcheats–muchbetterthantheyaredetectingrule-breakingthatdoesnotinvolvecheating.Astudyshowingjusthowgoodweareatthisaddsweighttothetheorythatourexceptionalbrainpowerarosethroughevolutionarypressurestoacquirespecificcognitiveskills.Thestill-controversialideathathumanshavespecializeddecision-makingsystemsinadditiontogeneralizedreasoninghasbeenaroundfordecades.Itsadvocatespointoutthattheabilitytoidentifyuntrustworthypeopleshouldbefavoredevolutionarily,sincecheatsriskunderminingthesocialinteractionsinwhichpeopletradegoodsorservicesformutualbenefit.Thetestwhetherwehaveaspecialabilitytoreasonaboutcheating,LedaCosmides,anevolutionarypsychologistattheUniversityofCalifornia,SantaBarbara,andhercolleaguesusedastandardpsychologicaltestcalledtheWasonselectiontask,whichtestsvolunteers’abilitytoreasonabout“if/then”statements.Theresearcherssetupscenariosinwhichtheyaskedundergraduatevolunteerstoimaginetheyweresupervisingworkerssortingappliancesforadmissiontotwoschools;agoodoneinadistrictwhereschooltaxesarehigh,andapooroneinanequallywealthy,butlightlytaxeddistrict.Thehypotheticalworkersweresupposedtofollowarulethatspecified“ifastudentisadmittedtothegoodschool”,theymustliveinthehighlytaxeddistrict.Halfthetime,thetestsubjectsweretoldthattheworkershadchildrenoftheirownapplyingtotheschools,thushavingamotivetocheat;therestofthetimetheyweretoldtheworkersweremerelyabsent-mindedandsometimesmadeinnocenterrors.Thenthetestsubjectswereaskedhowtheywouldverifythattheworkerswerenotbreakingtherule.Cosmidesfoundthatwhenthe“supervisors”thoughttheywerecheckingforinnocenterrors,just9of33,or27percent,gottherightanswer–lookingforastudentadmittedtothegoodschoolwhodidnotliveinthehighlytaxeddistrict.Incontrast,whenthesupervisorsthoughttheywerewatchingforcheats,theydidmuchbetter,with23of34,or68percent,gettingtherightanswer.Thissuggeststhatpeopleare,indeed,moreadeptatspottingcheatthanatdetectingmererule-breaking,Cosmidessaid.“Anycuesthatit’sjustaninnocentmistakeactuallyinactivatethedetectionmechanism.”Otherpsychologistsremainskepticalofthisconclusion.“Ifyouwanttoconcludethatthereforethere’samoduleinthemindfordetectingcheaters,Iseezeroevidenceforthat,”saysStevenSloman,acognitivescientistsatBrownUniversityinProvince,RhodeIsland.“It’scertainlypossiblethatit’ssomethingwelearnedthroughexperience.There’snoevidentthatit’sanythinginnate.”71.Thefindingsofthestudywereinfavorof____________.A.thehighlydevelopedskillsofcheatingatschoolB.therelationbetweenintelligenceandevolutionC.thephenomenonofcheatingatschoolD.thehumaninnateabilitytocheat72.Thetest“supervisors”appearedtobemoreadeptat________.A.spottingcheatsthandetectingmererule-breakingB.detectingmererule-breakingthanspottingcheatsC.spottingtheirownchildrencheatingthanothersdoingitD.detectingcheatsinthehighlytaxeddistrictthaninthelightlytaxedone73.Whenshesaysthat…thatcan’tbetheonlythinggoingoninthemind,Cosmidesmostprobablyimpliesthat________.A.cheatingishighlymotivatedinthesocialinteractionsB.ourspecificcognitiveskillscanserveanevolutionarypurposeC.thereisnosuchamentalthingasaspecializeddecision-makingsystemD.theabilitytoidentifyuntrustworthypeopleshouldbefavoredevolutionary74.InresponsetoCosmides’claim,Slomanwouldsaythat________.A.itwasofgreatpossibilityB.itcouldbemisleadingC.itwasunbelievableD.it’sacquired75.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.CheatingatSchoolB.CheatingastheHumanNatureC.ImaginaryIntelligenceandCheatingD.IntelligenceEvolvedtoRootOutCheatsPassageFourFormanyenvironmentalists,allhumaninfluenceontheplanetisbad.Manynaturalscientistsimplicitlysharethisoutlook.Thisisnotunscientific,butitcancreatetheimpressionthatgreensandenvironmentalscientistsareauthoritariantree-huggerswhovaluenatureabovepeople.Thatdoesn’tplaywellwithmainstreamsociety,astheapparentbacklashagainstclimatesciencereveals.Environmentalistsneedtofindanewstorytotell.Likeitornot,wenowliveintheanthropocene(人类世)–anageinwhichhumansareperturbingmanyoftheplanet’snaturalsystems,fromthewatercycletotheacidityoftheoceans.Wecannotwishthataway;wemustrecognizeitandmanageourimpacts.JohanRockstrom,headoftheStockholmEnvironmentInstituteinSweden,andcolleagueshavedistilledrecentresearchonhowEarthsystemsworkintoalistofnine“planetaryboundaries”thatwemuststaywithintolivesustainably.Itispreliminarywork,andmanywilldisagreewithwheretheboundariesareset.Butthepointistoofferanewwayofthinkingaboutourrelationshipwiththeenvironment–ascience-basedpicturethatacceptsacertainlevelofhumanimpactandevenallowsussomeroomtoexpand.Theresultisabreathoffreshair:thoughwearealreadywellpastthreeoftheboundaries,wehaven’ttrashedtheplaceyet.ItisinthesamespiritthatwealsoprobethebasisforkeyclaimsintheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange’sreportonclimateimpacts.ThisreporthasbeenmuchdiscussedsinceourrevelationsaboutitsunsubstantiatedstatementonmeltingHimalayanglaciers.Whyreturntothetopic?BecausethereisasensethattheIPCCsharesthesameanti-humanagendaand,asaresult,istoocredulousofunverifiednumbers.Whilethemajorityofthereportisassuredlyrigorous,thereisnoescapingthefactthatpartsofitmakeclaimsthatgobeyondthescience.Forexample,thechapteronAfricaexaggeratesaclaimaboutcrashesinfarmyields,andalsohighlightsprojectionsofincreasedwaterstressinsomeregionswhileignoringprojectionsinthesamestudythatpointtoreducedwaterstressinotherregions.Thereerrorsarenottrifling.Theyareamongthereport’sheadlineconclusions.Aboveall,weneedadispassionateviewofthestateoftheplanetandourlikelyfutureimpactonit.There’snoroomforcomplacency:Rockstrom’sanalysisshowsusthatwefacerealdangers,butexaggeratingourproblemsisnotthewaytosolvethem.76.Asthefirstparagraphimplies,thereisbetweenenvironmentalist