第二章物流战略和规划

物流供应链战略和规划Logistics/SupplyChainStrategyandPlanningChapter2“Ifyoudon’tknowwhereyouwanttogo,anypathwilldo.”CR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.1公司战略CorporateStrategyCR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.·

战略是为公司的目标而定位的计划的提出过程Strategyistheprocesswherebyplansareformulatedforpositioningthefirmtomeetitsobjectives.

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战略的提出从定义公司的战略开始Strategyformulationbeginswithdefiningacorporatestrategy.Thisinvolves:

a.

Assessingneeds,strengths,andweaknessesofthe4majorcomponents:

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customers

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suppliers

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competitors

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thecompanyitself

b.

"Visioning"wherecounter-intuitive,unheardof,and

unconventionalstrategiesareconsidered.

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公司的战略转变为职能部门的战略Corporatestrategiesareconvertedtomorespecificstrategiesforthevariousfunctionalareasofthefirmsuchaslogistics.

2物流战略·

物流的目标Theobjectivesoflogisticsstrategyare:-成本最小Minimizecost-投资最小Minimizeinvestment-客户服务水平最大Maximizecustomerservice·

物流规划的层级Levelsoflogisticalplanning:-战略Strategic-战术Tactical-运作Operational·

供应链规划的4个问题The4problemareasofsupplychainplanning-客户服务水平Customerservicelevels-设施选址Facilitylocation-库存决策Inventorydecisions-运输决策Transportationdecisions·

什么时间规划Whentoplan?-Nodistributionnetworkcurrentlyexists.-Therehasbeennore-evaluationin5years.-Whencostsarechangingrapidly,especiallytransport&inventory.-Whenmarketshaveshifted.-Whencurrentdistributioneconomicsencourageshifts.-Whentherehasbeenamajorpolicyshiftinlogisticssuchasinprice,customerservice,orinvestmentlevel.Recallthelogisticsstrategytriangle物流资产回报率UseROLA3企业职能战略规划CorporatetoFunctionalStrategicPlanningCR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.经济Economic法规Regulatory技术Technological竞争Competitive外部因素Externalfactors企业战略规划Corporatestrategicplan营销Marketing财务Finance生产Manufacturing物流Logistics职能战略规划Functionalstrategicplans4物流规划过程FlowofLogisticsPlanningCR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.设施选址Facilitylocation

运作战略Operationsstrategy

库存管理Inventorymanagement

信息系统Informationsystems

物料搬运Materialhandling

交通和运输Trafficandtransportation

规划与控制方法Planningandcontrolmethods

组织Organization物流系统的个别环节IndividualLinkofLogisticsSystem企业目标和战略Businessgoalsandstrategies客户服务要求Customerservicerequirements整体物流规划Integratedlogisticsplanning一体化物流管理系统的设计Designofintegratedlogisticsmanagementsystem总体绩效评估Overallperformancemeasures5物流目标Logistics’Objective物流资产的回报率最大Maximizereturnonlogisticsassets(ROLA)物流对销售额的贡献Logistics’contributiontosales物流资产投入Investmentinlogisticsassets物流成本CostsoflogisticsoperationsCR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.6决策领域Decisionarea战略Strategic战术Tactical运作Operational运输Transportation方式选择ModeselectionSeasonalequip-mentleasingDispatching库存InventoriesLocation,ControlpoliciesSafetystocklevelsOrderfilling定单处理OrderprocessingOrderentry,transmittal,andprocessingsystemdesignProcessingorders,Fillingbackorders采购PurchasingDevelopmentofsupplier-buyerrelationsContracting,ForwardbuyingExpediting仓储WarehousingHandlingequipmentselection,LayoutdesignSpaceutilizationOrderpickingandrestocking设施选址Facility

locationNumber,size,andlocationofwarehousesStrategic,Tactical,andOperationalDecisionMakingCR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.2-77制定物流战略的六个原则SixConceptsforLogisticsStrategyFormulation·

总成本概念Totalcostconcept

Tradeoffconflictingcostsatoptimum

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多样化分拨Differentiateddistribution

Notallproductsshouldbeprovidedthesamelevelofcustomerservice

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混合战略Mixedstrategy

Apurestrategyhashighercoststhanamixedstrategy

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延迟生产Postponement

Delayformationofthefinalproductaslongaspossible

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运输合并Shipmentconsolidation

Smallershipmentsizeshavedisproportionatelyhighertransportationcoststhanlargerones

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产品的标准化Productstandardization

Avoidproductvarietysinceitaddstoinventory

CR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.8物流中的成本冲突ACostConflictinLogisticsCR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.9更多的成本冲突MoreCostConflictsCR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.2-1010Purevs.MixedStrategyCR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.11选择适当的渠道战略ChoosingtheRightSupplyChainStrategy可预测的成熟产品FunctionalProducts--Predictabledemand难以预测的新产品InnovativeProducts--Unpredictabledemand效率型供应链Efficientsupplychain主要的食品类产品Staplefoodproducts反应型供应链Responsivesupplychain电子设备Electronicequipment低利润Lowmargin高利润HighmarginCR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.12效率型供应链Efficientsupplychain经济生产批量Economicalproductionruns

成品库存Finishedgoodsinventories

经济采购批量Economicalbuyquantities

大批量运输Largeshipmentsizes

批量定单处理Batchorderprocessing反应型供应链Responsivesupplychain额外产能Excesscapacity

快速转换Quickchangeovers

提前期短Shortleadtimes

柔性过程Flexibleprocessing

高价运输Premiumtransportation

按订单处理Singleorderprocessing供给入库Supply-to-stock按单生产Supply-to-order选择正确的供应链战略ChoosingtheRightSupplyChainStrategy13产品分类ClassificationofProducts可预测的成熟产品Predictable/MatureProducts果冻Jello玉米片CornFlakes草坪化肥Lawnfertilizer圆珠笔Ballpointpens灯泡Lightbulbs汽车备胎Autoreplacementtires工业化工品Someindustrialchemicals番茄汤Tomatosoup难以预测的新产品Unpredictable/IntroductoryProducts新音乐磁带Newmusicrecordings新游戏Newcomputergames时装Fashionclothes艺术品Artworks电影Movies咨询服务Consultingservices现有产品的新款性Newproductoffe