2022年6月GRE阅读考点分析

2022年6月GRE阅读考点分析

GRE阅读的考点主要涉及三个方面：

一、文章的类型：（立论或驳论）考察文章主旨、构造或态度；

二、论述的过程：考察如何绽开论述、事物特征及相互关系等细节；

三、推理的结论：考察已解决的问题甚至待解决的问题、将来的论述方向等。

下面，我将结合阅读文章实例对以上问题进展一一讲解。

首先，一篇GRE文章，无论长阅读还是短阅读，文章的主旨和构造几乎是必考的题目，也是相对来说比拟简洁的题目。

解决这类问题的关键就是找出文章的TopicSentence和StructuralElements。第一遍读文章的时候要对这两者高度敏感，以便回头定位找出文章内容大意，布局谋篇方式，段落间的联系等。

例如：

Traditionally,thestudyofhistoryhashadfixedboundariesandfocalpoints—periods,countries,dramaticevents,andgreatleaders.Italsohashadclearandfirmnotionsofscholarlyprocedure:howoneinquiresintoahistoricalproblem,howonepresentsanddocumentsone’sfindings,whatconstitutesadmissibleandadequateproof.

Anyonewhohasfollowedrecenthistoricalliteraturecantestifytotherevolutionthatistakingplaceinhistoricalstudies.Thecurrentlyfashionablesubjectscomedirectlyfromthesociologycatalog:childhood,work,leisure.Thenewsubjectsareaccompaniedbynewmethods.Wherehistoryoncewasprimarilynarrative,itisnowentirelyanalytic.Theoldquestions“Whathappened?”and“Howdidithappen?”havegivenwaytothequestion“Whydidithappen?”Prominentamongthemethodsusedtoanswerthequestion“Why”ispsychoanalysis,anditsusehasgivenrisetopsychohistory.

Psychohistorydoesnotmerelyusepsychologicalexplanationsinhistoricalcontexts.Historianshavealwaysusedsuchexplanationswhentheywereappropriateandwhentherewassufficientevidenceforthem.Butthispragmaticuseofpsychologyisnotwhatpsychohistoriansintend.Theyarecommitted,notjusttopsychologyingeneral,buttoFreudianpsychoanalysis.Thiscommitmentprecludesacommitmenttohistoryashistorianshavealwaysunderstoodit.Psychohistoryderivesits“facts”notfromhistory,thedetailedrecordsofeventsandtheirconsequences,butfrompsychoanalysisoftheindividualswhomadehistory,anddeducesitstheoriesnotfromthisorthatinstanceintheirlives,butfromaviewofhumannaturethattranscendshistory.Itdeniesthebasiccriterionofhistoricalevidence:thatevidencebepubliclyaccessibleto,andthereforeassessableby,allhistorians.Anditviolatesthebasictenetofhistoricalmethod:thathistoriansbealerttothenegativeinstancesthatwouldrefutetheirtheses.Psychohistorians,convincedoftheabsoluterightnessoftheirowntheories,arealsoconvincedthattheirsisthe“deepest”explanationofanyevent,thatotherexplanationsfallshortofthetruth.

Psychohistoryisnotcontenttoviolatethedisciplineofhistory(inthesenseofthepropermodeofstudyingandwritingaboutthepast);italsoviolatesthepastitself.Itdeniestothepastanintegrityandwillofitsown,inwhichpeopleactedoutofavarietyofmotivesandinwhicheventshadamultiplicityofcausesandeffects.Itimposesuponthepastthesamedeterminismthatitimposesuponthepresent,thusrobbingpeopleandeventsoftheirindividualityandoftheircomplexity.Insteadofrespectingtheparticularityofthepast,itassimilatesallevents,pastandpresent,intoasingledeterministicschemathatispresumedtobetrueatalltimesandinallcircumstances.

第一题即是主旨题：

1.Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthemainpointofthepassage?

(A)Theapproachofpsychohistorianstohistoricalstudyiscurrentlyinvogueeventhoughitlackstherigorandverifiabilityoftraditionalhistoricalmethod.

(B)Traditionalhistorianscanbenefitfromstudyingthetechniquesandfindingsofpsychohistorians.

(C)Areasofsociologicalstudysuchaschildhoodandworkareoflittleinteresttotraditionalhistorians.

(D)Thepsychologicalassessmentofanindividual’sbehaviorandattitudesismoreinformativethanthedetailsofhisorherdailylife.

(E)Historyiscomposedofuniqueandnonrepeatingeventsthatmustbeindividuallyanalyzedonthebasisofpubliclyverifiableevidence.

解析：开篇第一句以traditionally为特征词（SE），叙述了一个对于studyofhistory的旧观点。其次段一开头以recent为特征词（SE）提出新观点，段末提出TS：Prominentamongthemethodsusedtoanswerthequestion“Why”ispsychoanalysis,anditsusehasgivenrisetopsychohistory.很明显这篇文章是驳论的立场。所以主旨题正确答案的句子应当重点表达新观点的特征，且是TS的改写，所以A为正确答案。

其次，论述过程中涉及事物与事物间的关系的内容经常是必考内容，这些关系包括一样、相像、相异、递进、转折、因果、相对性，比拟级，强比照等等。上面例文的其次题和第五题即是考察此点的题目：

2.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatonewayinwhichtraditionalhistorycanbedistinguishedfrompsychohistoryisthattraditionalhistoryusually

(A)viewspasteventsascomplexandhavingtheirownindividuality

(B)reliesonasingleinterpretationofhumanbehaviortoexplainhistoricalevents

(C)interpretshistoricaleventsinsuchawaythattheirspecificnatureistranscended

(D)turnstopsychologicalexplanationsinhistoricalcontextstoaccountforevents

(E)reliesstrictlyondatathatareconcreteandquantifiable

解析：从题目可知，“distinguishedfrom”考察的是“强比照”，文章的三段主要说新观点（psychohistory）的特征，第四段进一步论述其特点“italsoviolatesthepastitself.”其实”pastitself”指的就是traditionalhistory，那么只要对于其中论述psychohistory的特征（Itimposesuponthepastthesamedeterminismthatitimposesuponthepresent,thusrobbingpeopleandeventsoftheirindividualityandoftheircomplexity.）取反即可，所以A是正确答案。

另外，论证过程的涉及事物本身特征的细节也常是考察的内容。比方，上面例文的第五题就是考察事物特点的题目：

5.Theauthormentionswhichofthefollowingasacharacteristicofthepracticeofpsychohistorians?

(A)Thelivesofhistoricalfiguresarepresentedinepisodicratherthannarrativeform.

(B)Archivesusedbypsychohistorianstogathermaterialarenotaccessibletootherscholars.

(C)Pastandcurrenteventsareallplacedwithinthesamedeterministicschema.

(D)Eventsintheadultlifeofahistoricalfigureareseentobemoreconsequentialthanarethoseinthechildhoodofthefigure.

(E)Analysisisfocusedongroupbehaviorratherthanonparticulareventsinanindividual’slife.

解析：对于这样的题目，解题关键是精确的定位到原文，这也取决于第一次读全文捕获到的重点是不是到位。这道题原文的定位就是有级特征处（all）的“…itassimilatesallevents,pastandpresent,intoasingledeterministicschemathatispresumedtobetrueatalltimesandinallcircumstances.”对其进展改写，即得到正确答案C

最终，考察文章推论结论的题目几乎必考，比方上面例文的第六题：

6.Theauthorofthepassagesuggeststhatpsychohistoriansviewhistoryprimarilyas

(A)areportofevents,causes,andeffectsthatisgenerallyacceptedbyhistoriansbutwhichis,forthemostpart,unverifiable

(B)anepisodicaccountthatlackscohesionbecauserecordsoftheroleofchildhood,work,andleisureinthelivesofhistoricalfiguresarerare

(C)anunchartedseaofseeminglyunexplainableeventsthathavemeaningonlywhenexaminedasdiscrete