2022年甘肃省白银市大学英语6级大学英语六级真题一卷(含答案)

2022年甘肃省白银市大学英语6级大学英语六级真题一卷(含答案)学校:________班级:________姓名:________考号:________

一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20题)1.

Whatdolocalresidentsclaimfor?

A.Theyaresickbecauseofyearsofpollution.

B.Theyaresickbecauseofindustriesontheirdoorsteps.

C.Theyaresickbecauseofpesticidesfromagriculture.

D.Theyaresickbecauseofairpollution.

2.

Birthratesdecline,andmortalityofyoungandadultsincreaseswhenthepopulationapproaches______.

3.

Whatdolocalresidentsclaimfor?

A.Theyaresickbecauseofyearsofpollution.

B.Theyaresickbecauseofindustriesontheirdoorsteps.

C.Theyaresickbecauseofpesticidesfromagriculture.

D.Theyaresickbecauseofairpollution.

4.

Historywasshownthatthebeliefthat______isdangerous.

5.

Generallyspeaking,youngkidsinAmericaprefertakingpartinsportstoattendingclass.

A.YB.NC.NG

6.IntellectualProperty

Thephraseintellectualproperty(IP)referstothebundleoflegalrightsthatarisefromthecreativegeniusofthehumanmind.IPrightsplayanimportantroleintheeconomicprosperityofacountryandserveasamotivatingforceforcreativeindividualstosharetheirgeniuswithsociety.Likerealandpersonalpropertyrightsprotectone'sownershipinterestintangible(有形的)objects,suchaslandandautomobiles,IPrightsprotectone'sownershipinterestinintangibleobjects,suchastheideabehindaninvention,themusicscoreforaBroadwayplayandthenameorlogousedtobrandaproduct.Withoutenforcementoftheserightsinthelaw,itwouldbedifficultforsocietytoprosperandgrow.Inthisarticle,youwilllearnwhatintellectualpropertyrightsareandthedifferencesbetweenitsvariousforms.

GeneralIntroduction

Whenmostpeoplethinkofintellectualpropertyrights,patents,trademarksandcopyrightscometomind.ThiscoresetofIPrightsrewardandprotectthecreativeworksofinventors,authors,ownersandsellersofgoodsandservicesinthemarketplace.Whilethelegalprinciplesthatunderlieeachoftheserightsaredistinct,theyeachshareacommonsetofprinciples.

Anawardofpatent,trademarkorcopyrightprotectionrequiresadelicatebalancebetweentheinterestsoftheinventororauthorandtheinterestofsocietyasawhole.Thisbalanceisverymuchlikethetradeoffrequiredbyzoninglaws,whichattempttoprotecttheownershipinterestandexclusiverighttousethatalandownerhaswithsociety'sinterestinthelimiteduseoftheowner'slandforsociety'sgreatergood.Publicutilityeasementsandrightofwaysareexamplesofthisbalance.

Thegrantofapatentonanimportantinventionofalifesavingdrugrepresentsasimilarsetoftradeoffs.Isitfairtotheinventortoallowsocietyfreeaccesstothepatenteddrug?Isitfairtosocietytobedeniedaccessforitsgreatergood?Itistheroleofintellectualpropertylawtoharmonizetheseseeminglyconflictinginterests.

Intellectualpropertyrightsalsofosteracompetitivemarketplace.Theydosobyencouragingdisclosureofinnovationthroughprotectingthefruitsofthatinnovationforaperiodoftime.Disclosureallowsotherstobuildandimproveuponpriorinnovationsothatthestateoftheartcontinuestoevolveanddevelop.Withoutthebenefitsprovidedbyintellectualpropertyprotection,themarketplacewouldnotoperateeffectively.Imaginewhattheworldwouldbelikeifeverycompetitorhadtocontinuously"reinventthewheel"ratherthanbeingabletorefineandimproveupontheworksofothers.

Finally,intellectualpropertyrightsareregionalinnatureandtheconditionsoftheirgrantandenforceabilityaregovernedbythelawsofeachjurisdiction(权限).AUSpatentcanbeonlygrantedandenforcedinaccordancewiththelawsoftheUnitedStates.AtrademarkcanonlyberegisteredandenforcedinCanadainaccordancewiththelawsofCanada,andacopyrightcanonlyberegisteredandenforcedinMexicoinaccordancewithitslaws.Whilethereisadesiretobesomewhatuniform.andconsistent,countrieshavedifferentapproachestointellectualpropertyrightsprotection.VariationsintheprocedureforobtainingIPrightsaccountforalargepercentageofthesedifference,ratherthanthedifferencesinthesubstantiverightsgrantedineachcountry.

Thewords"patent"and"trademark"areoftenusedinterchangeably.Manytimes,wehearthatapatentisusedtoprotectalogoandthatatrademarkisusedtoprotectaninvention,andviceversa.Whilepatentsandtrademarksmaybeassociatedwiththesameproduct,thetwowordshaveverydifferentmeaningsandrefertoverydifferentformsofintellectualpropertyrights.Theycanseldombeusedinterchangeably,astheunderlyingrightsthat

A.Land.B.Automobile.C.Broadway.D.Logo.

7.

Beforetheambulancearrives,thepatientsufferingfromchestpainisadvisedto______.

8.

Recruitersmaintain______anduseavarietyofmethods,includingsigningbonusesjustlikeproathletes,totrytocoaxthemtosignonthebottomline.

9.

Foodsvaryinthequantityofproteinstheycontainpertypicalserving.

A.YB.NC.NG

10.

ThebookThePlayofPowerisnotdifficulttoread,sinceitisnot______.

11.

Riversaremoreeffectivethancoasterosionindeliveringrockdebristothesea.

A.YB.NC.NG

12.AccordingtotheWHO,increasesinmalaria,water-bornediseaseandmalnutritioncouldthreaten______.

13.

ManyoftheproblemsfacedbyWHOinitseffortstoimproveworldhealtharesubjecttothelackofresourcesandtoolittlepoliticalcommitment.

A.YB.NC.NG

14.

Treescanindirectlyhelptheexpositionofcalciumandmagnesiumwiththeirroots______.

15.

Thedecadeofthe1960swascharacterizedbytheever-growingsuspicionofthecivilizedworld'sattempttocontrolnaturethroughtheuseoftechnology.

A.YB.NC.NG

16.

Fromthestudents'pointofview,______isthefirstreasontotaketestsperiodicallyonaccumulatedknowledge.

17.ThemostobviousdifferencebetweenrealessaysandthethingsonehastowriteinschoolisthatrealessaysarenotexclusivelyaboutEnglishliterature.Certainlyschoolsshouldteachstudentshowtowrite.Butduetoaseriesofhistoricalaccidentstheteachingofwritinghasgottenmixedtogetherwiththestudyofliterature.AndsoalloverthecountrystudentsarewritingnotabouthowabaseballteamwithasmallbudgetmightcompetewiththeYankees,ortheroleofcolorinfashion,orwhatconstitutesagooddessert,butaboutsymbolisminDickens.

Howdidthingsgetthisway?Toanswerthatwehavetogobackalmostathousandyears.Around1100,Europeatlastbegantocatchitsbreathaftercenturiesofchaos,andoncetheyhadtheluxuryofcuriositytheyrediscoveredwhatwecall"theclassics."Theeffectwasratherasifwewerevisitedbybeingsfromanothersolarsystem.TheseearliercivilizationsweresomuchmoresophisticatedthatforthenextseveralcenturiesthemainworkofEuropeanscholars,inalmosteveryfield,wastoassimilatewhattheyknew.Duringthisperiodthestudyofancienttextsacquiredgreatprestige.Itseemedtheessenceofwhatscholarsdid.AsEuropeanscholarshipgainedmomentumitbecamelessandlessimportant;by1350someonewhowantedtolearnaboutsciencecouldfindbetterteachersthanAristotleinhisownera.Butschoolschangeslowerthanscholarship.Inthe19thcenturythestudyofancienttextswasstillthebackboneofthecurriculum.Whattippedthescales,atleastintheUS,seemstohavebeentheideathatprofessorsshoulddoresearchaswellasteach.ThisideawasimportedfromGermanyinthelate19thcentury.BeginningatJohnsHopkinsin1876,thenewmodelspreadrapidly.Writingwasoneofthecasualties.CollegeshadlongtaughtEnglishcomposition,Buthowdoyoudoresearchoncomposition?Theprofessorswhotaughtmathcouldberequiredtodooriginalmath,theprofessorswhotaughthistorycouldberequiredtowritescholarlyarticlesabouthistory,butwhatabouttheprofessorswhotaughtrhetoricorcomposition?Whatshouldtheydoresearchon?TheclosestthingseemedtobeEnglishliterature.

Andsointhelate19thcenturytheteachingofwritingwasinheritedbyEnglishprofessors.Thishadtwodrawbacks:(a)anexpertonliteratureneednothimselfbeagoodwriter,anymorethananarthistorianhastobeagoodpainter,and(b)thesubjectofwritingnowtendstobeliterature,sincethat'swhattheprofessorisinterestedin.

It'snowonderifthisseemstothestudentapointlessexercise,becausewe'renowthreestepsremovedfromrealwork:thestudentsareimitatingEnglishprofessors,whoareimitatingclassicalscholars,whoaremerelytheinheritorsofatraditiongrowingoutofwhatwas,700yearsago,fascinatingandurgentlyneededwork.

Theotherbigdifferencebetweenarealessayandthethingstheymakeyouwriteinschoolisthatarealessaydoesn'ttakeapositionandthendefendit.Thatprinciple,liketheideathatweoughttobewritingaboutliterature,turnsouttobeanotherintellectualhangoveroflongforgottenorigins.

It'softenmistakenlybelievedthatmedievaluniversitiesweremostlyseminaries.Infacttheyweremorelawschools.Andatleastinourtraditionlawyersareadvocates,trainedtotakeeithersideofanargumentandmakeasgoodacaseforitastheycan.Whethercauseoreffect,thisspiritpervadedearlyuniversities.Thestudyofrhetoric,theartofarguingpersuasively,wasathirdoftheundergraduatecurriculum.Andafterthelecturethemostcommonform.ofdiscussionwasthedisputation.Thisisatleastnominallypreservedinourpresent-daythesisdefense:mostpeopletreatthewordsthesisanddissertationasinterchangeable,butoriginally,atleast,athesiswasapositiononetookandthedissertation

A.YB.NC.NG

18.Whensleddogsgetsufficientcarefromtheowner,theyusually______.

A.fightwithotherdogs

B.aretooheavytorun

C.arefriendlyandgentle

D.developreliabilityontheowner

19.AccordingtoBobNelson,tostopthoserumoringaboutothers'promotions,it'sbetterfortheentrepreneurto______.

A.explainreasonsforthepromotions

B.orderthemtostopspreadingrumors

C.ignorethiskindofnegativebehaviours

D.promisepromotionforthoseemployees

20.

WhentheMissionstarteditwason______.

二、3.ListeningComprehension(20题)21.

【B3】

22.听力原文：W:IheardyoutookatriptoMexico.Howdidyoulikeit?

M:Oh,Igotsickandtiredofhotelsandhotelfood.ItwassuchalongjourneythatIfeltexhaustedwhereverIwent.Asthesayinggoes,eastorwest,homeisthebest.

Q:HowdidthemantikehistriptoMexico?

(15)

A.Greatbuttiring.

B.Relaxingandmemorable.

C.Unsatisfactoryandexhausting.

D.Exhaustingbutworthwhile.

23.(31)

A.Becausemanyoldhousesinthebadpartofthetownarenotinhabited.

B.Becauseoldhousesaremuchcheaper.

C.Becausemanyoldercouplesselltheirhousesaftertheirchildrenleave.

D.Becausemoreandmorepeoplearechoosingtorentcomfortableapartments.

24.(21)

A.Thelatestcomputertechnology.

B.Theorganizingofanexhibition.

C.Thepurchasingofsomeequipment.

D.Thedramaticchangesinthejobmarket.

25.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD,anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.

听力原文：M:Ofthetwohouseswehaveseen,whichonedoyouthinkfitsourneedsbetter,thefirstoneorthesecondone?

W:Thesecondone.Itseemsveryexpensive.Butinthelongrun,itwillsaveusthemoneyonthemaintenance.

Q:Whatdoesthewomansayaboutthereasonforherchoice?

(12)

A.Thefirsthousetheysawistooexpensive.

B.Sheishappywiththepricesetbytheseller.

C.Theymaysavesomemoneyforthetimebeing.

D.Lessmoneywillbespentinmaintainingthehouse.

26.(36)

A.Explainhowpresent-dayreadinghabitsdeveloped.

B.Changepeople'sattitudestoreading.

C.Showhowreadingmethodshavebeenimproved.

D.Encouragethegrowthofreading.

27.SectionC

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblanksnumberedfrom36to43withtheexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Forblanksnumberedfrom44to46youarerequiredtofillinthemissinginformation.Fortheseblanks,youcaneitherusetheexactwordsyouhavejustheardorwritedownthe

Exceptionalchildrenaredifferentinsomesignificantwayfromothersofthesameage.Forthesechildrentodeveloptheirfulladult【B1】______,theireducationmustbe【B2】______tothosedifferences.

Althoughwefocusontheneedsofexceptionalchildren,wefindourselves【B3】______theirenvironmentaswell.Boththefamilyandthesocietyinwhichexceptionalchildrenliveareoftenthekeytotheirgrowthanddevelopment.Anditisinthepublicschoolsthatwefindthefull【B4】______ofsociety'sunderstanding—theknowledge,hopes,andfearsthatare【B5】______ontothenextgeneration.

Educationinanysocietyisamirrorofthatsociety.Inthatmirrorwecanseethestrengths,theweaknesses,thehopes,the【B6】______,andthecentralvaluesofthecultureitself.Thegreatinterestinexceptionalchildrenshowninpubliceducationoverthepastthreedecades【B7】______thestrongfeelinginoursocietythatallcitizens,whatevertheirspecialconditions,【B8】______theopportunitytofullydeveloptheircapabilities.

"Allmenarecreatedequal."We'vehearditmanytimes,butitstillhasimportantmeaningforeducationinademocraticsociety.【B9】______Thatconceptimplieseducationalopportunityforallchildren—【B10】______Recentcourtdecisionshaveconfirmedtherightofallchildrentoanappropriateeducation,【B11】______Inresponse,schoolsaremodifyingtheirprograms,adaptinginstructiontochildrenWhoareexceptional,tothosewhocannotprofitsubstantiallyfromregularprograms.

【B1】

28.(25)

A.Whenheeatsanddrinksinrestaurantsandbars.

B.Whenhebooksthehotelroom.

C.Whenhewantsthebell-boy'shelpwiththeluggage.

D.Whenheleavesforpersonalreasons.

29.SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.

听力原文：Agoodmarriagemeansgrowingasacouplebutalsogrowingasindividuals.Thisisn'teasy.Marriagehasalwaysbeendifficult.Whythenareweseeingsomanydivorcesforthetimebeing?Yes,ourmodemsocialfabricisthin,andyes,thepermissivenessofsocietyhascreatedunrealisticexpectationsandthrownthefamilyintodisorder.Butdivorceiscommonbecausepeopletodayareunwillingtoexercisetheself-disciplinethatmarriagerequires.Theyexpecteasyjoy,liketheentertainmentonTV,thethrillofagoodparty.

Marriagetakessomekindofsacrifice,notdreadfulself-sacrificeofthesoul,butsomelevelofcompromise.Someofone'sfantasiesandsomeofone'slegitimatedesireshavetobegivenupforthevalueofthemarriageitself.."Whileallmartialpartnersfeelshackedattimes,itistheywhoreallychoosetomakethemartialtiesintoconfiningchainsorsupportingbonds,"saysDr.Walter.Marriagerequiresasexual,financialandemotionaldisciple(信徒).Amanandawomancannotfolloweveryimpulse,andcannotallowthemtostopgrowingorchanging.

(27)

A.Becauseitisdifficulttomaintainamarriage.

B.BecausepeoplelikewatchingTVprograms.

C.Becausepeoplepreferfreedomtoself-discipline.

D.Becauseoursocietyispermissivetowardsdivorces.

30.

【B4】

31.听力原文：M:Youhaven'tgotthedatefixedforthejobinterviewyet,haveyou?

W:Thereisalongwaitinglist.Ihavetowaituntilmynamegetstothetop.Rightnow,Idon'tthinklcandoanythingexceptwaitingpatiently.

Q:Whatdowelearnaboutthewomanfromtheconversation?

(16)

A.Hernameisonthetopofthelist.

B.Sheisexpectingajobinterview.

C.Shewillbethelasttobeinterviewed.

D.Shemustfixadateforthejobinterview.

32.听力原文：W:Youaregoingtomissyoursistersincesheisgoingtogetmarried,aren'tyou?

M:Sure.Wehaveneverbeenseparatedsinceherbirth,almostfortwentyyears.Well,she'sgrownup.Ijusthopethatsheishappy.

Q:Whatcanwelearnfromtheconversation?

(13)

A.Thewomanwillmisshersister.

B.Themanisgoingtogetmarried.

C.Theman'ssisterisgoingtogetmarried.

D.Thewomanhasseparatedwiththeman.

33.

【B10】

34.SectionC

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblanksnumberedfrom36to43withtheexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Forblanksnumberedfrom44to46youarerequiredtofillinthemissinginformation.Fortheseblanks,youcaneitherusetheexactwordsyouhavejustheardorwritedownthe

Manyworkersdependonplans【B1】______bytheiremployerstohelppayfortheirretirement.Therearetwomajorkindsofretirementplans.Oneisdefinedbywhatispaidout,theotherbywhatispaidin.

Thefirstiscalledadefined【B2】______plan,orpension.Itprovidesset【B3】______basedonthenumberofyearsan【B4】______hasworked.Theseplansoftenpayforhealthcareandothercosts.Theymightalsoprovidemoneytofamilymemberswhenthe【B5】______dies.

Pensions,however,canbeabigcosttoemployers.IntheUnitedStates,thechangefroma【B6】______economytoaserviceeconomyhasresultedinfewerandfewer【B7】______plans.

Theothermajorkindofretirementplaniscalledadefined【B8】______plan.Twothingsdefinehowmuchaworkerwillgetatretirement.【B9】_______

Onepopularversionisafour-oh-one-kplan,namedafterapartofthetaxlaw.【B10】______

Butsomeplansareverycomplex.AneasierwayforsmallemployerstoofferretirementsavingsisthroughaSavingsIncentiveMatchPlan.【B11】______

【B1】

35.(26)

A.Itsauthorisunknown.

B.It'susefulasateachingtool.

C.Itusesanextensivevocabulary.

D.Childrenfinditrepetitiveandboring.

36.听力原文：Centuriesago,duringtheMiddleAges,mostofthelandinEuropewasownedbymanydifferentkingsandqueens,princesandprincesses,andlordsandladies.Theydidnotallgetalong.Theywerealwaysfighting.Theyallwantedtogetmoreland.Toprotectthemselves,theystartedbuildinghugehomesoutofstone.Theycalledtheirhomescastles.

Acastlewasbuiltbehindastrongstonewall.Thewallwasfiveorsixfeetthickandtentotwentyfeethigh.Adeepditchcalledamoatwasdugaroundtheoutsideofthewall.Itwasoftenfilledwithwater,andtheonlywayanyonecouldenterthecastlewastocrossadrawbridge.Thedrawbridgecouldberaisedorloweredoverthemoatfrominsidethecastlewalls.Therewasalsoatunnelthatbeganinthecastleandendedatthemoat.Thiswasimportantincasethecastlewascaptured.Itallowedthekingandqueentoescape.Theycouldswimacrossthemoatandhideintheforest.

Livinginacastlewasnotverycomfortable.Theroomswerecoldanddamp.Everyroomcouldhaveafireburninginagreatfireplace,butuntilthetwelfthcenturycastlesdidnothavechimneys.Thesmokefromtheirfireplaceshadtogooutthroughopendoors,andwindows.

Mealsoftenhadtenortwelvecourses.Themeatmightbewildbearsorbirdsthatwereboiledorroastedoveranopenfire.Allthefoodwashighlyseasoned.Peopleevenputpepperintheirdrinks!

Thepeoplesatatalongtableandatewiththeirfingersandaknife,allpickingtheirfoodfromthesamebigdish.Theyhadnonapkins.Therefore,theyoftenwipedtheirhandsonpiecesofbread.Whentheirfingerswereclean,theythrewthebreadtotheirhuntingdogs.

(30)

A.Kingsandqueens,princesandprincesses,andlordsandladiesbuiltcastlesinordertogetmoreland.

B.Aroundtheoutsideofacastle,amoatwasdug,whichwasoftenfilledwithwater.

C.Acastlewasbuiltbehindathickandhighstonewall,whichwasstrongenoughtostandthepossibleattackofenemies.

D.Ifadrawbridgewaspulledup,therewasnowayforpeopletoenterthecastle.

37.(22)

A.Leavetheladderaround.

B.Cancelthemilk.

C.Nottotellothersincludingtheneighborsshe'saway.

D.Nottocancelthepaper.

38.(32)

A.Hewillbeforgivenifheconfessestostealingtheumbrella.

B.Hewillbegivenarewardifhereturnsit.

C.Hewillbeinvolvedintroubleifhedoesn'treturnit.

D.Thereissomethingwrongwiththeumbrellawhichwillcausehimmuchtrouble.

39.听力原文：M：I'mtoldthatAliceistryingtofindajobinanelectronicscompany。

W：AsfarasIknow，sheisgoodatanythingbutelectronics．

Q：Whatdoesthewomanimply?

(16)

A.Alicewillpossiblygetajobinanelectronicscompany.

B.ThechancesforAlicetogetajobinanelectronicscompanyareslim.

C.Alicewillmakeherselfsuccessfulafterenteringanelectronicscompany.

D.Aliceisn'tworriedaboutfindingagoodjobrightnow.

40.(35)

A.Tokeeptheheatinside,

B.Topreventinsectsfromescaping.

C.Toreducetheriskoffire,

D.Tokeepthewooddry.

三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20题)41.

Thetopicoffatis______manyothertaboosubjects.

A.thesameas

B.differentfrom

C.morepopularthan

D.16ssoftentalkedaboutthan

42.Highdosesofantioxidantsupplementsareassumeddangeroustohumanbodybecausetheycan

A.damageDNApro-oxidantsandregularcells

B.oxidizecancercellsandtheharmfulDNA

C.fightagainstpathogensinhumanimmunesystem

D.stimulateharmfulreactionstohumanbodies

43.

Whatdocsthelastparagraphsuggest?

A.TherecruitinglettersMackReiterreceivedofferedhimfullscholarships.

B.MackReiterwantedtohelphisfamilygooutofthetrouble.

C.Traditionalscholarshipsareagoodsolutiontothetuitionproblemsinsomefamilies.

D.MackReiterwasveryproudofhisnationalwrestlingchampionship.

44.

【C3】

45.

ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatbeforeSept.11,alienswithexpiredvisas.

A.mighthavethemextendedwithouttrouble

B.wouldbecloselywatchedbyFBIagents

C.mightstayonforaslongastheywished

D.wouldliveinconstantfearofdeportation

46.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,thereisashortpassagewith5questionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.

Tofullyunderstandtheconceptofthe"PaperlessOffice",onemustunderstandwhatitconceptuallywassupposedtomean,aswellaswhatithasevolvedintoasitscurrentform.Earlyformsofthepaperlessofficewouldhaveconcentratedaroundwordprocessingdocumentsandtheabilitytocreate,storeandmanagetheirexistenceelectronically.However,youwerelimitedinscopeastowhatyoucoulddoto"manage"thesedocuments.Mostofthemanagementrevolvedaroundviewingandperhapssharingitwithotherusersintheorganization.Therewerenoautomatedprogramsthathandledworkflow,scanning,taggingandmanagementofthesedocumentseffectively.Scannerswere(atacost-effectiveprice)tooexpensivefortheaverageofficetoacquirebasedonthereturnoninvestment.Atthecorporatelevel,therewasnodirectionastohandleworkflowandtoanalyzewherepapercamefromandwhereithadtogointernallyandiftherewasaprocessinplace,thetoolswerenotmatureenoughorexistingtohandleit.

Inthelastfewyears,technology,hasfinallybeencatchinguptotheneedsandrequirementsoftheofficeenvironment.Scannersthatpreviouslycosttensofthousandsofdollarsnowcanbeacquiredforhundreds～Digitalcopiers/printersnowincorporatehighspeedscanningandOCRcapability,evenatthelowestlevels.ThetechnologyinitiativehasnowbeentransferredtotheITandMISdepartmentsofcorporationsaswellaslawfirms.Clearly,thetoolsnecessarytotransform.paper-fulltoapaperlessofficearenowwidelyavailable.Whatthen,isstoppingtheWidespreadadoptionoftheconceptofthepaperlessoffice?Culturalissuesareprobablyoneofthelargestobstructionstotheimplementationoftheconceptofthepaperlessoffice.Plainly,peoplefeelcomfortabledoingwhattheyknowhowtodobest(shufflepaperaround)andmodifyingtheirhabitsrequiresafocusthatmakesthemfeelthattheyare,infact,doingthingsbetterandmoreefficiently.Implementingapaperlessofficeenvironmentthatintroducesprocessesthataremoredifficultandtechnologicallychallengingthanthepreviousenvironmentisdoomedtofailfromthestart.Keepallprocessessimple,introducetechnologythatiseasytolearnanduse,anddocumenttheworkflow.

Whatdidtheearlyformsofpaperlessofficelackforefficientmanagement?

47.Thelastsentenceofthe2ndparagraphtellsusthatthewriterbelievesthat______.

A.thecomputerisassmartashumanbeings

B.thecomputerisfriendlywithhumanbeings

C.humanbeingscaninteractwiththecomputeranddowhattheywantattheirwill

D.humanbeingshavenotusedthecomputertoitsfullestadvantage

48.

ClintonquithisjobasalawprofessorattheuniversityofArkansasbecause______.

49.

Accordingtothepassage,howdoestelecommutingbenefitmanagement?

A.Itenablesworkerstoworkintensivelywithoutbeingdisturbedbycolleagues.

B.Itcanreducetherush-hourcongestion.

C.Itcanfreeworkersfromoffice.

D.Itcanstabilizethestaffsincetheycanbettertakecareofthefamily.

50.

Whathasbecomestandardcocktailtherapy?

51.

WhatistheAmericanDreamforthewell-to-dobuiltupon?

52.

Thewaterproofsuperglueoriginatesin______.

A.themussel'stongue-shapedfoot

B.someglandsinthemussel'sbody

C.thethreadgivenoffbythemussel

D.thechannelofthemussel'sfoot

53.ManyleadingscientistsdownthroughtheyearsfromGalileotoEinsteinhavebeendeeplyreligious.Theyhavebeenintriguedbytheessentialmysteryoflifeandmaterialexistence,andhav