2022年职称英语考试备考辅导综合类C级五

2022职称英语考试备考辅导综合类C级五MaleandFemalePilotsCauseAccidentsDifferently

Malepilotsflyinggeneralaviation1(private)aircraftintheUnitedStatesaremorelikelytocrashduetoinattentionorflaweddecision-making,whilefemalepilotsaremorelikelytocrashfrommishandlingtheaircraft.TheseareresultsofastudyflyresearchersattheJohnsHopkinsUniversityBloombergSchoolofPublicHealth.

Thestudyidentifiesdifferencebetweenmaleandfemalepilotintermsofcircumstancesorthecrashandthetypeorpilotserrorinvolved2.“Crashesofgeneralaviationaircraftaccountfor85percentofallaviationdeaths3intheUnitedStates.Thecrashrateformalepilots,asformotorvehicledrivers,exceedsthat4ofcrashesoffemalepilots.”explainsSusanP.Baker,MPH,professorofhealthpolicyandmanagementattheBloombergSchoolofPublicHealth.“Becausepilotyouthandinexperienceareestablished5contributorstoaviationcrashes6,wefocusedononlymaturepilots,todeterminethegenderdifferencesinthereasonsforthecrash.”

Theresearchersextracteddataforthisstudyfromalargeresearchprojectonpilotagingandflightsafety.Thedataweregatheredfromgeneralaviationcrashesofairplanesandhelicoptersbetween1983and1997,involving144femalepilotsand267malepilotsaged40-63.Femalepilotswerematchedwithmalepilotsina1:2ratio,byage,classesofmedicalandpilotcertificates,stateorareaofcrash,andyearofcrash.Thenthecircumstancesofthecrashesandthepiloterrorinvolvedwerecategorizedandcodedwithoutknowledgeofpilotgender.

Theresearchersfoundthatlossofcontrolonlandingortakeoffwasthemostcommoncircumstanceforbothsexes,leadingto59percentoffemalepilots’crashesand36percentofmales’.Experiencingmechanicalfailure,runningoutoffuel,andlandingtheplanewiththelandinggearup7wereamongthefactorsmorelikelywithmales,whilestallingwasmorelikelywithfemales.

Themajorityofthecrashes—95percentforfemalesand88percentformales—involvedatleastonetypeofpiloterror.Mishandlingaircraftkineticswasthemostcommonerrorforbothsexes,butwasmorecommonamongfemales(accountingfor81percentofthecrashes)thanmales(accountingfor48percent).Males,however,appearedmorelikelytobeguiltyof8poordecision-making,risk-taking,andinattentiveness,examplesofwhich

includemisjudgingweatherandvisibility9orflyinganaircraftwithaknowndefect.Females,thoughmorelikelytomishandleorlosecontroloftheaircraft,weregenerallymorecarefulthantheirmalecounterparts10.

词汇:inattention/7inE5tenFEn/n.疏忽gender/5dVendE/n.性，性别aviation/7eivi5eiFEn/n.航空runout施尽，用完flawed/fla:d/adj.有缺陷的stall/stC:l/v.(飞机〉失速，(发动机)熄火mishandle/5mis5hAndl/v.瞎弄kinetics/kai5netiks/n.动力学MPH（MasterofPublicHealth）公共卫生硕士解释:

1.generalaviation专用航空(航班飞行以外的民航飞行)

2.identifiesthedifferencesbetweenmaleandfemalepilotsintermsofcircumstancesofthecrashandthetypeofpilotserrorinvolved：依据坠毁状况和飞行员失误类型鉴别男女飞行员之间的差异。intermsof：根据，依据。

3.accountfor85percentofallaviationdeaths：占全部坠机死亡人数的85%。accountfor：占。

4.that：代词，代替前半句中的the（crash）rate

5.established：确定的

6.contributorstoaviationcrashes：坠机的缘由。contributeto：对……做出奉献，对……起作用。contributor是contribute的名词，使用同样的介词搭配。

7.withthelandinggearup：不放下起落装置

8.beguiltyof:heresponsiblefor：(对……负责，在……(方面)有责任)

9.misjudgingweatherandvisibility：对天气和能见度推断失误

10.theirmalecounterparts：她们的男同行。counterpart：职务地位相当的人。练习:

1.WhatistheresearchatJohnsHopkinsUniversityabout？ACausesofaircraftcrash.BGenderdifferenceinrelationtotypesofaircraftcrashes.CCausesofmishandlingaircraft.

DGenderdiscriminationingeneralaviationintheUnitedStates.

2.WhichofthestatementsisNOTtrueaccordingtothesecondparagraph?ACrashesofgeneralaviationaircraftareamajorsourceofaviationaccidentsintheUnitedStates.BMalepilots,likemalevehicledrivers,areamorelikelytohaveaccidentsthanfemalepilots.CItiscommonlyknownthataircraftcrashesaremostlycausedbyyoungandinexperiencedpilots.DOnlymaturepilotsarestudiedtodeterminethegenderdifferencesinthereasonsforaircraftcrash.

3.Howdidtheresearcherscarryouttheirstudy?ATheystudiedthefindingsofseveralpreviousresearchprojects.BTheyconductedaquestionnairewith411pilots.CTheycollecteddatafromthedatabaseattheJohnsHopkinsUniversity.

DTheyanalyzedthecircumstancesofthecrashesinvolved.

4.Whatisthemostcommoncircumstanceofcrashwithfemalepilots?AMechanicalfailureandrunningoutoffuel.BLossofcontrolonlandingortakeoffandstalling.CLossofcontrolonlandingortakeoffandrunningoutoffuel.DStallingandlandingwiththegearup.

5.Inthecomparisonoffemaleandmalepilots.Afemalepilotsarefoundtobemorecourageousandrisk-taking.Bmalepilotsarefoundtobemoreprofessionalandattentive.Cfemalepilotsarefoundtomakemoreerrorsoutofcarelessness.Dmalepilotsarefoundtomakemoreerrorsindecision-making.

答案与题解:

1.B文章的题目点出了主题，即飞行员性别的不同造成不同类型的飞行事故。

2.DA是正确的，由于85%的飞行事故死亡人数是专用航空造成的。B是其次段第三句所表达的意思，C是其次段昀后一旬的缘由状语从句的意思。D是正确选项，由于从其次段和第三段得知信息：讨论人员为确定性别和坠机缘由的关系，将主要讨论对象设定为