Unit4-Cultural-Encounter教学讲解课件

Unit4

CulturalEncountersPre-readingquestions1.21stCenturyisanewage.Whatkindofageisit?Insuchanage,whatisneededtogainandpassoninformation?Forcommunication?2.Englishisbecominganinternationallanguage.AsEnglishmajors,haveyouworriedabouttheoverwidespreaduseofEnglish?maniaPre-readingquestions3.

InusingEnglish,doyousometimeshavetroublefindingtheexactChinesecounterpartofanEnglishwordorexpression,orviveversa?howdoyousolvetheproblem?LiteraltranslationexplanationPre-readingquestions21stcenturyisanInformationage.Language.Communicationisimpossiblewhendifferentpeoplesspeakdifferentlanguages.Communicationcantakeplacewhenpeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgroundsshareasamelanguage.Inthissense,wecansaythatthenewageisacross-culturalcommunicationagewhichdemandspeopletohavecross-culturalcommunicationawarenessandknowledge.TakeChineseandEnglishidiomsadropintheocean沧海一粟tolaughoffone’shead

笑掉大牙toshedcrocodiletears猫哭老鼠tospendmoneylikewater

挥金如土turn

up

one's

nose

at嗤之以鼻rain

cats

and

dogs

倾盆大雨black

and

blue鼻青脸肿at

sixes

and

sevens

乱七八糟Backgroundinformation(1)AsBrownexplains,“Itisapparentthatculture,asaningrainedsetofbehaviorsandmodesofperception,becomeshighlyimportantinthelearningofasecondlanguage.Alanguageisapartofaculture,andacultureisapartofalanguage;thetwoareintricatelyinterwovensothatonecannotseparatethetwowithoutlosingthesignificanceofeitherlanguageorculture.Backgroundinformation(2)Theacquisitionofasecondlanguage,exceptforspecialized,instrumentalacquisition,isalsotheacquisitionofasecondculture.(Brown,1993:165)”.

Therefore,inordertosuccessfullycommunicatewithEnglishnativespeakers,itisnotenoughforEFLlearnerstomerelyhaveagoodmasteryofvocabularyandathoroughcommandofgrammar;theyshouldalsobecomefamiliarwiththeculturaldifferencesthatmayaffectproperunderstandingofthatlanguage.ThetermculturalencounterorcultureshockwasfirstintroducedbytheanthropologistObergin1954.Itisatermusedtodescribetheanxietyandfeelings(ofsurprise,disorientation,confusion,etc.)feltwhenpeoplehavetooperatewithinanentirelydifferentculturalorsocialenvironment,suchasaforeigncountry.

Whatiscultureencounter?1.What’sCultureShock?Itmeansstrongfeelingsofdiscomfort,fear,oranxiety,whichpeoplemayhavewhentheyenteranotherculture.文化冲突指某人突然身处异族文化或环境中而经受的一种不安、恐惧、焦虑的状况。Translationfivephasesofcultureshock1honeymoon2depression3regression5reverse4recovery

HoneymoonPhaseEverythingusuallygoes____________.RejectionPhase

Thenewcomermayencountermanyproblemsin____________,_________,orinterpersonalcommunication.Youmayfeelthatpeoplemaynolongercareaboutyourproblem,andtheydon’tlikeforeigners.Thenewcomermaystartto________________and_______thehostculture.RegressionPhaseYouspendmuchofyourtimespeakingyourownlanguage,watchingvideofromyourhomecountry,andeatingfoodfromhome.Youmayremember______________________________________fairlysmoothlytransportationshoppingcomplainaboutrejectgoodthingsaboutyourhomecountryonlytheRecoveryPhaseYoubecomemorecomfortablewiththecustomsofyourhostcountry.Youstarttorealizethatnocountry__________________________theyarejust__________.ReverseCultureShockYouarenolonger_______________________________________.Itmaytakealittlewhiletobecomeateasewithyourhomeculture.ismuchbetterthananotherdifferentcompletelycomfortableinyourhomecountrySusanBassnett

SusanBassnettisProfessorintheCentreforTranslationandComparativeCulturalStudieswhichshefoundedinthe1980s.ShewaseducatedinseveralEuropeancountries,whichgaveheragroundingindiverselanguagesandcultures.Sheisauthorofover20

books,andher

TranslationStudies,(3rded.2002)whichfirstappearedin1980,hasremainedconsistentlyinprintandhasbecomethemostimportanttextbookaroundtheworldintheexpandingfieldofTranslationStudies.HerComparativeLiterature:ACriticalIntroduction

(1993)hasalsobecomeaninternationallyrenownedworkandhasbeentranslatedintoseverallanguages.RecentbooksincludeSylviaPlath:AnIntroductiontothePoetry

(2004),.GeneralanalysisofthetextThistextisanargumentativeessay.Theauthorpresentsherargumentlogicallyandnaturally.Sheusesvividexamplestoproduceanimpressiveeffect.Theauthor’spurposeofwriting:

ToelucidatetheneedforinternationalandinterculturalunderstandingduetotheglobalexpressionofEnglish.

StructureanalysisofthetextThethesisstatementis“Mostfundamentalistheprofoundrelationshipbetweenlanguageandculturethatliesattheheartofsocietyandonethatweoverlookatourperil.”Thetextcanbedividedinto3parts.Thefirstpartcomprisesthefirstthreeparagraphs.Paragraphs4-7constitutethesecondpart,whichisthebodyofthetext.Thelastpartofthetextbrieflypointsouttheimmensesignificanceofinterculturalunderstanding.StructureanalysisofthetextPartOne(Paragraphs1-3):SusanBassnettarguesthatweliveinanageofeasyaccesstotherestoftheworldandthisglobalcommunicationsrevolutionislinkedtotheexpansionofEnglish.Hencethequestionconcerninglanguageandcultureisraisedandbroughtintodiscussion.Para1Para3para1:globalcommunicationpara2:English&communicationpara3:problemsarousingfromglobalcommunicationrelationshipbetweenlanguageandcultureStructureanalysisofthetextPartTwo(Paragraphs4-7):Bymakinggooduseofexemplification,theauthorelaboratesherviewthatlanguagegoesfurtherthancommunicationbutalsotransportsaculturalsubtext.Shefurtherpointsoutthattranslatorsnegotiatedtheboundariesbetweenlanguagesandcameupwithacompromise.

Para4Para7para4:differentculturewhatwecansayinonelanguagecannotbeexpressedatallinanotherpara5:Bibletranslationpara6:compromisingpara7:criticismStructureanalysisofthetextPartThree(Paragraph8):Thetextbrieflystatesthefunctionorsignificanceofinterculturalunderstanding.Worldpeaceinthefuturedependsoninterculturalunderstanding.Languagepointsaccess

[n.]

entrance;wayin;meansofentering(Para.1)e.g.:1)Theonlymeansofaccesstothebuildingisalongamuddytrack.通往那座建筑物的惟一通道就是这条泥泞的小路。2)Thefacilitieshavebeenadaptedtogiveaccesstowheelchairusers.这些设施已经过改装，使轮椅使用者们能够进入。(1)distantinspaceortime(时间空间上)遥远的;偏僻的

e.g.:Wecanseeremotestarsthroughatelescope.Intheremotefuture,manynewchangeswillbetakingplace.(2)

quietandlonely(亲属关系上)远的e.g.:Oneofmyremoterelativeslivesinaremotevillageinthehills.(3)

indifferent

冷淡的,疏远的,漠不关心的Hermannerwaspolitebutremote.她彬彬有礼,却十分冷淡。remote(Para.1)Theremotecontrol遥控器[n.]remoteness遥远；偏僻e.g.:Theyfoundtheremotenessofthecountryagreatproblem.他们发现这个乡村太偏僻是个很严重的问题。remote(Para.1):Mention;speakabout谈到，涉及，指的是e.g.:1)Iamnotallowedtodescribetheofficersorrefertothembyname.2)Whichcompanieswasshereferringtowhenshespokeofcompetingfirms?bereferredtoas...:被认为是...e.g.:Thedaysaregonewhenwomenwerereferredtoastheweakersexwithoutcausingtrouble.称女人为弱者而不会惹上麻烦的日子，已经一去不复返了。referto(Para.1)Mock(Para.1)V.makefunof

嘲笑，讥笑；嘲弄；

e.g.:Shemockedhimasacountryboy.她嘲笑他是个乡下孩子。2.

Adj.

constitutingacopyorimitationofsth.模拟的，模仿的

amockexam/battleMockingadj.

amockingsmileback-packing:

Ifyougobackpacking,yougotravelingwithabackpack.desertoasis:

aplacewithwaterandtreesinadesert;aplacewhichisdifferentfromitssurroundings,usu.inapleasantorcomfortingwayText

message（文字短信息）:awrittenmessagethatissentorreceivedonamobilephoneorpagerText:[v.]

Ifyoutextsomeone,yousendthematextmessageonacellphone.(用手机)给…发短信e.g.:

Marytextedmewhenshegothome.

玛丽到家时给我发了短信。Multimedia

message（彩信）Provided(that...)

:倘若，只要...e.g.:

Theotherbanksaregoingtobeveryeagertohelp,providedthattheyseethathehasaspecificplan.

如果他有一个具体的计划，其他的银行才会非常渴望提供资助。regardlessof

(Para.2)

:withouttakingaccountoforworryingabout

不管，不顾

e.g.:All

ourproposals

wererejected,regardlessoftheirmerits.facilitate

(Para.2):vt.Help;makeeasyoreasier促进；帮助；使容易

e.g.:

Thenewundergroundrailwaywillfacilitatethejourneytotheairport.

facility

[n.]

设施；天赋e.g.:Whatrecreationalfacilitiesarenowavailable?什么娱乐设施现在是可用的？essential[a]

(~to/for)completelynecessaryfortheexistence,success,etc.ofsth.e.g.:Wecanlivewithoutclothes,butfoodanddrinkareessential.Itisessentialthateverychildhasthesameeducationalopportunities.(wrong)Itisessentialthateverychild(should)havethesameeducationalopportunities.虚拟语气A类：虚拟语气可用在非真实条件句（注意这类为条件句），表示一种不能实现的假设。这类分类比较简单，我们需要做的就是判断这个假设是与哪个事实相反。通常有三种情况：①与过去事实相反。从句中用过去完成时形式表示。②与现在事实相反。从句中用过去一般时形式表示。③与将来事实可能相反。从句中用过去将来时形式表示。主句中则用情态动词would,should,could等加一个与从句一致的动词形式。

B类：

虚拟语气除主要用于非真实条件句外，还可用在部分主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句之中。常见的要接含有虚拟语气主语从句的词：

形容词：important,necessary,urgent,essential,vital,natural,strange,proper等

动词的-ed形式：arranged,suggested,ordered,required,desired,demanded,proposed等

In

itisimportant/vital/essential/necessary/desirablethat…structure,itdoesn’tmatterwhetherthestructureisinthepresentorpasttenseorwhetherthesubjectinthethat-clauseisinthesingularorpluralform,weshouldalwaysusethebasicformoftheverb,especiallyinformalwriting.InBritishEnglish,shouldisusedbeforetheverb.stepping-stone(Para.2):anyofarowoflargestoneswithaleveltop,whichonewalksontocrossariverorstream;

figuratively,awayofimprovementorgainingsuccess

奠基石，跳板e.g.:Forsomepeople,gainingpowerisanessentialstepping-stonetoasuccessfullife.

springboardhavemisgivingsabout...

(Para.3):对...有疑惑，有疑虑e.g.:

1)Atthetime,manydoctorshadseriousmisgivingsaboutthenewtreatment.在那时，许多医生对新的治疗方法有着强烈的担忧。2)Shehadsomemisgivingsaboutwhatshewasabouttodo.她对自己要做的事有些疑虑。Profound(Para.3):

adj.深厚的；意义深远的；渊博的e.g.:Igiveyoumyprofoundthanksforsavingmylife.aprofoundsigh/sleep/insightProfoundly:adv.e.g.:Iamprofoundlygratefulforthisopportunitytomeetyou.

atone’speril

:(usedwhenadvisingsb.nottodosth.)withthenearcertaintyofmeetinggreatdanger

咎由自取，(自己)承担风险e.g.:1)Youignorethiswarningatyourperil.2)Youtaketrafficsignalslightlyatyourperil.attheperilof:冒…的危险e.g.:Thearmyisattheperilofbeingattackedfromallsides.这支军队正冒着从四方被攻击的危险。

Mostfundamentalis...Whatismostimportantisthedeepandstronglyfeltrelationshipbetweenlanguageandculturethatformsthecoreofsociety.Ifwefailtonoticethisrelationship,weshallbeingreatdanger.Label(Para.4)[v.]

1.贴标签于…，用签条标明

e.g.:

Thesteelcanwaslabelled“flammable”.这个钢罐贴有“易燃品”的标签。2.把…称为，把…说成是…，描述，把…归类e.g.:Theylabelledhimasacommunist.他们说他是一名共产党员。[n.]

标签；标记；贴条

e.g.:

Thelabelswereattachedtotheluggage.Involve(Para.4)[v.]

1.牵涉，牵连，使卷入；使陷入(麻烦、困境等):

e.g.:Thecaseinvolvedmanyinnocentpeople.这一案件牵涉了许多无辜的人。2.包含，含有，包括;需要，必须:e.g.:Winningthegameinvolvesbothskillandperseverance.Despair[di'spεə]

[n.]

绝望，失望;令人失望的人(或物)，

e.g.:1)Iwasindespair,allhopegone.2)Heisthedespairofhisteacherbecauseherefusestostudy.

[v.]

绝望，失望，失去希望，丧失信心(常与of连用)：e.g.:1)Idespairofeverfindinghimagain.我对再找到他已丧失信心。2)Don'tdespair.

Hover(Para.4)[v.]

1.(鸟等)翱翔，盘旋；(直升飞机等)悬停;徘徊；守候(或逗留)在近旁

e.g.:

Seagullshoveroverthesurgingwaves.海鸥在惊涛骇浪上翱翔。2.踌躇，徬徨，犹豫；波动，摇摆不定e.g.:Hehoveredbetweenstayingandleaving.在去留问题上，他犹豫不决了。

Given(Para.5)--Theyweretomeetatagiventimeandplace.

(specified,certain)Giventhepresentconditions,Ithinkshe'sdoneratherwell.

(considering)GiventhatIhaveenoughtime,I'lldoitagain.

(suppose,providingthat)begiventosth./doingsth.:tendto,usuallydosth.有…癖好;倾向于He'sgiventodrinkingratherheavily.他沉溺于酗酒中。She'sgiventodepression.她有消沉的倾向。Childrenaregiventoaskingquestions.孩子们喜欢问问题。Negotiate(Para.5)[v.]谈判，磋商;通过讨论商定(或解决)，谈成e.g.:1)Theboundarytreatywasnegotiatedbetweenthetwocountries.(vt)两国间经过谈判达成了边界协议。2)ItisnotclearwhetherthepresidentiswillingtonegotiatewiththeDemocrats.(vi)尚不清楚总统是否愿意与民主党人进行谈判。Negotiate(Para.5)[n.]negotiations

[常用复数]谈判，磋商，交涉，会谈，洽谈e.g.:

WehavehadmeaningfulnegotiationsandIbelieveweareveryclosetoadeal.我们已经进行了富有意义的谈判，我相信我们很快就能达成协议。[adj.]

negotiable:[ni‘ɡəuʃiəbl]可通过谈判解决的；可协商的

non-negotiableComeupwith…(Para.5):提出；想出；赶上e.g.:1)Hecameupwithanewsuggestion.2)Scientistswillhavetocomeupwithnewmethodsofincreasingtheworld’sfoodsupply.Compromise(Para.5)[n.]妥协，和解；折衷e.g.:Encourageyourchildtoreachacompromisebetweenwhathewantsandwhatyouwant.鼓励你的孩子在他想要的和你想要的之间折衷。[v.]妥协e.g.:"Nine,"Isaid."Ninethirty,"hereplied.Wecompromisedon9:15.“9点,”我说。“9:30,”他回答道。我们各让一步定在9:15。Approximate(Para.6)[v.]

近似;接近于;近似于

e.g.:1)Themixturedescribedbelowwillapproximateit,butisnotexactlythesame.(vt)下面所描述的混合物会与之近似，但不完全一样。2)Yourstoryonlyapproximatestotherealfacts.(vi)[adj.]大概的e.g.Theapproximatecostvariesfromaround$150to$250.

大致的费用在$150至$250之间不等。Regarding(Para.6)[prep.]关于；至于；就…而言；在…方面e.g.:1)Ihadnothingtosayregardingthismatter.对于这件事我无话可说。

2)Ifyouhaveanyquestionsregardinganyofourservices,pleasefeelfreetocallme.slice

[v.]cutintoslicesorthinflatpieces;cutoffasaslicee.g.:

Slicethecucumber,please.

Sheslicedupthecake.(把…切成片)

Sheslicedoffathickpiecefromtheloaf.(切去，切掉)Mother’sPride:abrandforbreadevenas(Para.7):justwhen,justase.g.:Shewentawayevenasyoucame.她就在你来的时候走的。loseout(tosb.).

:fail,bereplacedbye.g.:Hedidn'twanttoloseouttotheothersalesmen.他不想输给其他推销员。Enterinto(Para.7)1.进入,成为…的一部分,参加,开始从事e.g.:

We

enteredintothesportwithzest.我们热心参加这项运动。2.分享，分担；同情，体谅；理解；共同具有,共鸣；e.g.:Icanneverenterintoherjokes.她讲的那些笑话总不能引我发笑。toenterintothehouseholdtasks分担家务活儿Accordingly(Para.7)[adv.]

1.因此(常用于句首)therefore，soe.g.:Wehaveadifferentbackground,adifferenthistory.Accordingly,wehavetherighttodifferentfutures.

我们拥有不同的背景、不同的历史。因此，我们有权获得不一样的前途。2.相应地(常用于句末)e.g.:Itisadifficultjobandtheyshouldbepaidaccordingly.它是一项艰巨的工作，他们应该相应地获得报酬。Cutdownon(Para.7)Ifyoucutdown

onsomethingorcutdownsomething,youuseordolessofit.减少e.g.:Hecutdownoncoffeeandcigarettes,andateabalanceddiet.他少喝咖啡，少抽烟，饮食均衡。Cutdown(on)expenses减少花销Cutdownatree砍倒一棵树bewell/idealy/bestplacedfor/todosth.

(Para.8):beinagoodpositionorhaveagoodopportunitytodosth.最适合/容易做…e.g.:Englishgraduatesarewellplacedforthesejobs.Latest(para.8):mostup-to-datee.g.:herlatestbook.她最近出版的书stateoftheart:n./adj.:mostadvanced(canbealsowrittenas“state-of-the-art”)最先进工艺/科技水平(的)e.g.:astate-of-the-artsystemastate-of-the-artmilitaryequipment

aslongas;canneverfailtobereachednomatterfailtonoticeatgreatriskmaybedescribedbythesewordstovaryingdegreesweredirectlyconfrontedwiththeproblemthatsomethinginonelanguagecannotberenderedintoanother

steppingstoneattheirperilservementalitystaplefacilitatingmessaginghybrid

economyaccessiblefundamentallyhomesicknegotiableadjustedremotenesscomplacentlyDCADBABC

time,era,epochmeetingsbasic,fundamental

misshapeunavoidablyworry,concern,anxiety,apprehensiontherefore,so,thushide,conceal

unbelievable,unrealisticimperfect,impossibledisagreement,disappointmentmisplace,misspellmalfunction,malnutritionenable,enhancesurpass,surmountsubmarine,subconsciousnessTranslationexercises1.因此，您会问为什么还有人会对这些绝妙的发展顾虑重重?为什么英语成为世界语言会让一部分人忐忑不安？惴惴不安2.不同的文化并不仅是指给世界贴上不同标签的人群；语言给了我们塑造世界观的工具，而语言之间又是不一样的。3.当千百万人在学习文化沟通的时候，英语国家却越来越沾沾自喜，以为懂得英语就足够了，因而削减了外语课程。4最能推动这一进程的不一定是那些掌握了最新技术、拥有最先进手机的人，而是那些能够理解众多不同语言的言内之意、言下之意以及言外之意的人。1.Childrenmayswimhereprovidedthattheyareaccompaniedby