地图题变迁与比较

地图题（变迁与比较）Week4byJC地图题类别变迁类选址类比较类地图类9月日本与美国的办公室不同点7月火山爆发前后的城市比较64.6地图审图技巧注意结合地图中体现的细节信息，进行相互比较与对比，并体现对比结果。74.7地图的写作技巧注意“变化”（1）图形原有事物的改变（2）图形新添事物8地图的重难点时态：通常为一般过去时细节变化：地图每个细节变化都要提到，不能忽略语态：通常为被动语态书写顺序：时间顺序&空间顺序94.9地图的常用单词方位：intheeast/west/south/northof…;intheeastern/western/southernnorthernpartof…

建设：build,construct（一般建筑物），erect（高大的建筑物），establish/setup（无建筑的物体或抽象的机构），pave（道路的修建）地图题的特点空间方位：描写顺序：layout布局NWSEClockwise/anticlockwise空间过渡：nextto,atthecorner,inthemiddle,oppositeto,besides,infrontof,bottom,top,left,right,above…..Across,gobeyond,pass,turnleft,turnright114.10地图的常用句型◎Itisobvious/notable/noticeablethat...◎Itiseasytolocate/tofindthat…◎Itcanbeseenfromthegraphthat…◎Aislocated/situated/sitedin/on/totheeastofB.◎Aisincenter/middle/centralareaofB◎Aisnear/nextto/closeto/adjacenttoB.◎AisontheoppositesideofB.12LocationAliesShanghailiesintheeastofChinaJapanliestotheeastofChinaMongolialiesonthenorthsideofChinaAislocatedAisnextto/near/closetoBAisattheeast/west/north/southofBAisrightacrossfromBTheroadrunsfrom…to…16方位表达Theplaygroundisroughlyinthemiddleoftheresidentialzone.ThebankisintheNorthwestcorneroftheresidentialzone.Housesareatthebottomoftheresidentialzone.Themotorcyclistisoutsidetheresidentialzone.Thebarber’sisoppositetothebankThesupermarketishalfwaybetweenthebankandthebarber’s.Thesupermarketisdirectlyoppositetothestop.A

localbusistotherightofthestation详解：方位介词以east为例。in(to，on，at)theeastof1．要表示A在B的东部，即：A在B的范围之内时就用"AisintheeastofB"，如：JapanisintheeastofAsia.日本在亚洲东部。ItalyisinthesouthofEurope.意大利在欧洲南部。2．in表示我们生活中和地理位置上的绝对方向。如：Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.太阳从东边升起，从西边落下。2．如果A在B的东方，即：A在B的范围之外，且相隔有一定的距离，就用"AliestotheeastofB".口语中有时可将tothe省去。如：Japanlies(tothe)eastofChina.日本位于中国东方。Francelies(tothe)eastofEngland.法国位于英国东方。3．如果A在B的东边（侧），即：A与B相邻接。就用"AisontheeastofB".如：GuangdongisonthesouthofHunan.广东在湖南南边。ShangdongisonthenorthofJiangsu.山东在江苏北边。4．如果把方位词当作一个整体看，或是看成一点，就用“AisattheeastofB”和in的区别在于at更强调整体如:TherewasabigbattleatthenorthoftheLiaodongPeninsula.在辽东半岛的北边有一场大战。要表示方位的“偏向”时通常用by

正东偏北：eastbynorth正南偏西：southbywest正北偏东：northbyeast正南偏东：southbyeastWearesailinginthedirectionofeastbynorth.我们正朝着正东偏北方向航行。Theislandliessouthbyeastfromhere.那个岛位于此地的正南偏东方向。举例A位于B的范围内，如A位于B的东部地区ShanghaiisintheeastofChinaA在B以东，即A位于B以东JapanistotheeastofChinaA在B以东，并且接壤TianjinisontheeastofHebeiA在B西北部的120千米处Alies120kmtothenorthwestofB

详解：方位动词与句型用法Belocatedin/on/to/atBesituatedin/at/on/toBeadjacenttoBeclosetoBeflankedbyAisconnectedtoBbyC.详解：方位动词与句型用法vi.类ArunsthroughBAstretches/extendsfromsouthtonorth,leadingtothesea.leadtoIntheeastoftheplace,thereisariverrunningfromnorthtosouth.句子练习超市坐落在市中心，所以交通非常方便（situate,beeasilyaccessiblebytraffic)村庄的南面是一条新建造的铁路，铁路附近有一片森林(adjacentto)Thereis/Ihave…Inthesouthofthevillage/tothesouthofthevillageliesanewlybuiltrailway,whichisadjacenttoastretchofforest.句子练习超市的两侧是一条铁路和一条公路，可以吸引住在远处居民区的顾客（flankedby)Thesupermarketisflankedbyarailwayandahighway.Itcanappealto/attractcustomersfromdistantresidentialzones.主干道由西向东伸展，通向大海(extendfrom…to,leadto)Themainroadextendsfromthewesttotheeast,leadingtothesea.句子练习该城镇可以通过公路，也可以通过铁路进入（access)Thistowncanbeaccessedbyboththehighwayandrailway.Thistowncanbeeasilyaccessiblebyboththehighwayandrailway.一条小路将教学大楼和健身房连接起来（beconnectedto)Theteachingbuildingisconnectedtothegymbyapath.Asmallroadconnectstheteachingbuildingandthegym.详解：表示两个参照物的位置关系

Mountainsareparalleltotherivers.（与……平行） Thetruckistotherightofthegasstation.（在……的右边） Thechurchissurroundedbytrees.（被……包围） Apolicemanisatthecrossing/intersection/.（在……十字路口） Thebankisinthetopleft-handcorneroftheresidentialzone.（在……的左上角） Theplaygroundisroughlyinthemiddleoftheresidentialzone.（大概在……的中间）

Thesupermarketisdirectlyoppositetothebusstop.（在……的正对面） Thebarber’sisincloseproximityto/nearby/bythesideofthehospital.（在……附近） Housesareatthebottomoftheresidentialzone.（在……底部） Thesupermarketishalfwaybetweenthebankandthebarber’s.（在……半途中） Themotorcyclistisoutsidetheresidentialzone.（在……外面） Theshopisalongtheroadside.（在路边）31详解：表示变化AccelerateditspaceofdevelopmentDoubled/tripledtheoriginalscale/previoussizeEast/west/south/north+ward原有事物尺寸上变大/变小：ThesizeoftheXhasbeenexpanded/

enlarged/extended/reducedbyhalf原有事物没了：TheXcompletelydisappeared/wereremoved.原有事物被改为：

Aistransformed/reconstructed/changed/turnedintoB

AisreplacedbyB=AgiveswaytoB=BreplacesA变迁题

地理变迁题，它描述的是一个地方（多为一个城镇）在一段时间的发展变化。如果地图题反映的是一个地方在过去的一段时间的变化，文章用一般过去时。如果地图题反映的是一个地方在将来一段时间的变化趋势，文章用一般将来时或表“估计”的词汇。如果地图题反映的是一个地方从过去到现在的变化，可用现完成时。地图题用被动语态较多。villagefarmwoodsrivervillagewoodsfarmriverbridgeroadvillagewoodsfarmschoolsportsfieldroadshopwetland时态问题标有过去年份的用过去时，标将来时间的用将来时有关possiblesite,likelylocation(选址类）一般用将来时或者过去将来时比较的如果木有时间用一般现在时（20130907）时态问题如果有两个图，一个标明1980年，另一个标明now,1980年的用过去时，now的用现在完成时如果有两个图，一个标明1950年，另一个标明2007，1950年的用过去时，2007年的用过去完成时。表示设想：可以用could,would，islikelytobelocatedin..和道路有关的词汇fork-typeofintersectionwherearoadsplitsjunction/intersection/roundabout/ringroadRanchroad-connectruralareastomarkettownsinbound/outboundtraffic和道路有关的词汇shorten/widen/narrow/entrance/exitpavement:apedestrianwalkwayalongsidetheroadpedestriancrossing/zebracrossing和居民区，房子有关的词汇residentialarea/housingestate/livingareachange/takeshape/appear/emerge/comeintoexistence/beplanned/befounded/beproposedXXXisagrowingcommunitytothenorthof…XXXliesin/islocatednorthofdowntownarea和居民区，房子有关的词汇XXXissituatedonthesouthernedgeofthecitynewly-built/developed/renovated/installed…square/triangle/rectangle/round-shaped…onthetopleft;atthelowerrightcorner变迁题范例（1）Themapsbelowgiveinformationaboutaschoolsitein2012andtheplanningofthesameschoolin2017.Summarizetheinformationbyselectingandreportingthemainfeatures,andmakecomparisonswhererelevant.ThetwomapsshowtheplanchangesinthecampuslayoutofHogwardsGrammarSchoolfrom2004to2010.Figure1providesanoverviewoftheoriginalschoolplanin2004.Atthistime,theschoolhad600studentsanditsonlyschoolbuildingwaslocatedin

itsnorthwestcorner.Toitseast,therewasalargesportfield,whichwasconnectedtoschoolbuildingbyawalkingpath.Carsenteredtheschoolfromitswestside,andthendrovealongamainroadwhichledtoacarparkinglotsituatedinthenortheastcorner.Therestofthecampuswascoveredbylawnsandtrees.Figure2highlightstheplan

changestobecompletedby2010.Asthenumberofstudentswillexpandtoabout1,000,twomoreschoolbuildingswillbeadded（built/constructed）,onetotheeastoftheoriginaloneandtheothertoitssouth,andallthreewillbeconvenientlyconnectedtoeachother

bywalkingpaths.Partofthesportfieldwillbetakenupbyanewschoolbuilding,sotheplaygroundwill"shrink"onitsoriginalbasis.Anewparkinglotwillalsobeconstructedtotheleftoftheoldbuildinginordertoserveanincreasingnumberofstudents,parentsandstaff.Themainroadwillalsobechanged

accordinglytoconnectthetwoparkinglots/areas.结论ItisevidentfromthecomparisonthatthenewHogwardsGrammarSchoolwillbechangedinawaythatbettersuitstheneedsofitsgrowth/development.如果改了时间线变成school2013与2017呢?Thefiguresillustrateandcomparetheengineeringfeaturesoftwoworld-renownedtunnels,theMont-BlancRoadTunnelandtheSeikanRailwayTunnel.AsisshowninFigure1,Mont-BlancTunnelisaroadtunnelconnectingFranceandItaly.Travelling3,500metersbeneaththepeakofthemountainaboveit,thetunnelhasatotallengthof11.6kilometers.Theconstructionofthistunnelcommencedin1957andittook8yearstocomplete.AsisillustratedinFigure2,theSeikanTunnel,constructedbetween1946and1988,isasubmarinetunnelinJapan.Lying240mbeneaththesealevel,itrunsbeneaththeseabedoftheTsugaruStrait,connectingtheJapaneseislandCityofAomoriandHakodateCityontheislandofHokkaido.TheSeikantunnelruns240metersbelowtheseasurface.Itsconstructionbeganasearlyas1946andittook42yearstocompletethis53.85kmsubmarinetunnelwhichrunsbeneaththeseabedoftheTsugaruStrait,connectingtheJapaneseislandCityofAomoriandHakodateCityontheislandofHokkaido.结论与比较Itisevidentfromthediagramsthatalthoughbothrepresentremarkablefeatsofengineeringtechnology,theunderseaSeikanRailwayTunnelisbyfarlongerthanMont-BlancTunnelanditsconstructiontookmuchlongertimetoaccomplish.villagefarmwoodsrivervillagewoodsfarmriverbridgeroadvillagewoodsfarmschoolsportsfieldroadshopwetlandThediagrambelowshows

thedevelopmentofthevillageofKelsby

between1780and2000.或者Thethreemaps

illustratehowthevillageofKelsbychanged

in1780,1860and2000.

In1780,Kelsbyhad

only100homes.Therewasalargeexpanseofwoodsintheeasternpartofthevillageandfourplotsoffarmlandinthecentre.Inthewestwasariverflowingfromnorthtosouth.HaveTherebeLie/belocated/besituated倒装句Theyear1860sawadoublingofthenumberofhomes,butthesizeoffarmlandandwoodswashalved.Inthesameyear,abridgewasconstructedovertheriverandaroadwaspaved

linkingtherivertotheresidences.140yearslater,thenumberofhomesmorethandoubledto500,butfarmsandwoodscompletelydisappeared.Intheirplaces,severalschoolbuildingsandsportsfacilitieswereconstructedatthesouth-easterncornerofthevillage,whichwereconnectedwiththeresidentialareasinthenorthviaanewly-buildroad.Someshopsopenedupalongtheriverbankandalargestretchofwetlandforbirdswasestablishedatthesouthernendoftheriver.

地图题附加练习60ThemapillustratesthedevelopmentofChorleywood,asmallLondonvillage,from1868to1994.Accordingtothemap,wecanseethatChorleywoodonlyhadonesmallareaandtwocrossingmainroadsin1868.

In1883,thereemergedanotherhabitationtothesouthoftheoriginalsmallarea,whichwasalmosttwicebiggerthantheformerone.In1909,arailway,parallelingwiththeeastboundmainroad,cameintoexistence.Itwentthroughthenewhabitationandformedanintersectionwithanothermainroadaswell.

From1922to1970,alongthesouthernpartofthenewly-builtrailway,twoareastookshape.1970sawanothergreatchangeinChorleywood.Asouthboundmotorwaywasbuiltlinkingtherailwayandtheeastboundmainroad.Sincethen,anotherfivelivingareashadbeenfounded,scatteringalongthemotorway.Duetotheconstructionoftherailwayandthemotorway,thelandofChorleywoodexpandedsignificantly.地图新题型：比较型作文忌讳主观评论，更需要的是客观描述图形。比如本次考试，可以先看第一个日本办公室，总体是按照部门从上到下来落座；而美国的办公室更多按照功能来划分，从左到右来落座，分成功能房，员工区，管理区。不建议学生过多的添加主观评论，比如日本人是一个压迫式的格局，美国是一个平等的格局等等。措辞需要客观。

见handoutsP1ThetwodiagramsillustratethestructureinatypicalJapaneseofficecomparedwiththatinanAmericanoffice.P2Acarefulanalysisofthefirstdiagrammakesitclearthatseatsaregenerallyarrangedbasedonone’stitle.Specifically,itisthegeneralmanagerwhoholdsthecentralaswellastoppositionintheoffice.Astootheremployees,theyaredivided,horizontally,intodifferentgroups.Withineachsection,thewhite-collarworkersareseatedoneithersideofthetable,withtheirsectionmanagersittinginthefront.

P3-1DifferentfromwhatisorganizedinJapaneseoffices,theAmericantendtoutilizethespacebyfunction.Theofficeisseparated,fromlefttoright,intothreeparts.Ontheleftside,therearefourroomsforcopying,storageaswellasconference.Adjacenttothesefourroomsareanumberofindependentstudiosforemployeeswhoareseatedinthemiddleoftheoffice.P3-2Ontherightsideareseveralroomsforsectionmanagersandthegeneralmanager.Mostnotably,theseatforthegeneralmanagerislocatedinthelowestrightcorner,contrarytothetopmiddlepositionforthemanagerinJapan.P4Insummary,clearfromthesetwopicturesisthespecificorganizationofatypicalJapaneseofficeversusthatofanAmerican.ItisnoticeablethattheJapanesetendtoarrangethespaceaccordingtoone’spositionwhiletheAmericanpreferafunction-basedoffice.

选址题选址题的BODY段可分两段，分别陈述：

S1的位置及位置相应的优缺点

S2的位置及位置相应的优缺点

常用句型详解Bebuilt/constructedBeaddedtoBeestablished/besetup(shops,schools,companies)Beturnedinto..Beconvertedinto