汽车系统构造英文版-Lesson1History课件

Lesson1

HistoryoftheautomobileThehistoryoftheautomobilebeginsasearlyas1769,withthecreationofsteam-powered

automobilescapableofhumantransport.Steam-poweredself-propelledvehiclesarethoughttohavebeendevisedinthelate18thcentury.Nicolas-JosephCugnotdemonstratedhisfardieràvapeur,anexperimentalsteam-drivenartillerytractor,in1770and1771.By1784,WilliamMurdochhadbuiltaworkingmodelofasteamcarriageinRedruth,andin1801RichardTrevithickwasrunningafull-sizedvehicleontheroadinCamborne.Suchvehicleswereinvogueforatime,andoverthenextdecadessuchinnovationsashandbrakes,multi-speedtransmissions,andbettersteeringdeveloped.Atthe1900ssomesteam-poweredself-propelledvehicleswerecommerciallysuccessfulinprovidingmasstransit,untilabacklashagainsttheselargespeedyvehiclesresultedinpassingalaw,theLocomotiveAct,in1865requiringself-propelledvehiclesonpublicroadsintheUnitedKingdombeprecededbyamanonfootwavingaredflagandblowingahorn.Thelawwasnotrepealeduntil1896,althoughtheneedfortheredflagwasremovedin1878.German

engineer

KarlBenz,inventorofnumerouscar-relatedtechnologies,isgenerallyregardedastheinventorofthemodernautomobile.Thefour-stroke

petrol(gasoline)internalcombustionenginethatconstitutesthemostprevalentformofmodernautomotivepropulsionisacreationofGermaninventorNikolausOtto.Earlyattemptsatmakingandusinginternalcombustionengineswerehamperedbythelackofsuitablefuels,particularlyliquids,andtheearliestenginesusedgasmixtures[2].Alaterversionwaspropelledbycoalgas.KarlBenzbuilthisfirstautomobilein1885inMannheim.Benzwasgrantedapatentforhisautomobileon29January1886,andbeganthefirstproductionofautomobilesin1888.Soonafter,GottliebDaimlerandWilhelmMaybachinStuttgartin1889designedavehiclefromscratchtobeanautomobile,ratherthanahorse-drawncarriagefittedwithanengine.1885-builtBenzPatentMotorwagen1.VeterancareraBy1900,massproductionofautomobileshadbeguninFranceandtheUnitedStates.Bythestartofthe20thcentury,theautomobileindustrywasbeginningtotakeoffinwesternEurope,especiallyinFrance,theyproduced30,204in1903,representing48.8%ofworldautomobileproductionthatyear.Innovationwasrapidandrampant,withnoclearstandardsforbasicvehiclearchitectures,bodystyles,constructionmaterials,orcontrols.Automobileswereseenasmoreofanoveltythanagenuinelyusefuldevice.Breakdownswerefrequent,fuelwasdifficulttoobtain,roadssuitablefortravellingwerescarce,andrapidinnovationmeantthatayear-oldcarwasnearlyworthless.Majorbreakthroughsinprovingtheusefulnessoftheautomobilecamewiththehistoriclong-distancedriveofBerthaBenzin1888,whenshetraveledmorethan80

kilometres(50

mile)fromMannheimtoPforzheim,tomakepeopleawareofthepotentialofthevehiclesherhusband,KarlBenz,manufactured.2.EdwardianeraEdwardianeralastedfromroughly1905throughtothebeginningofWorldWarIin1914.Throughoutthisera,developmentofautomotivetechnologywasrapid,dueinparttoahugenumber(hundreds)ofsmallmanufacturersallcompetingtogaintheworld'sattention.Keydevelopmentsincludedelectricignitionsystem(byRobertBosch,1903),independentsuspension,andfour-wheel

brakes(bytheArrol-JohnstonCompanyofScotlandin1909).Transmissionsandthrottlecontrolswerewidelyadopted,allowingavarietyofcruisingspeeds,thoughvehiclesgenerallystillhaddiscretespeedsettings,ratherthantheinfinitelyvariablesystemfamiliarincarsoflatereras.Someexamplesofcarsoftheperiodincludedthefollowing:1908–1927FordModelT—themostwidelyproducedandavailablecaroftheera.Itusedaplanetarytransmission,andhadapedal-basedcontrolsystem.

1910–1920BugattiType13—anotableracingandtouringmodelwithadvancedengineeringanddesign.SimilarmodelsweretheTypes15,17,22,and23.1910ModelT,photographedinSaltLakeCity

3.Vintageera

ThevintageeralastedfromtheendofWorldWarI(1919),throughtheWallStreetCrashattheendof1929.Duringthisperiod,thefront-enginedcarcametodominate,withclosedbodiesandstandardisedcontrolsbecomingthenorm.In1919,90%ofcarssoldwereopen;by1929,90%wereclosed.Developmentoftheinternalcombustionenginecontinuedatarapidpace,withmulti-valveandoverheadcamshaftenginesproducedatthehighend,andV8,V12,andevenV16enginesconceivedfortheultra-rich.Exemplaryvintagevehicles:1924–1929BugattiType35—theType35wasoneofthemostsuccessfulracingcarsofalltime,withover1,000victoriesinfiveyears.1927–1931FordModelA—afterModelTinproductionfortoolong,Fordrestarteditsmodelserieswiththe1927ModelA.Morethan4millionwereproduced,makingitthebest-sellingmodeloftheera.

BugattiType35AGrandPrixRacer1925

4.Pre-WWIIera

Thepre-warerabeganwiththeGreatDepressionin1930,andendedwiththerecoveryafterWorldWarII,commonlyplacedat1948.Bythe1930s,mostofthemechanicaltechnologyusedintoday'sautomobileshadbeeninvented.After1930,thenumberofautomanufacturersdeclinedsharplyastheindustryconsolidatedandmatured.Exemplarypre-warautomobiles:1932–1948 FordV-8—introductionofthepowerfulFlatheadV8inmainstreamvehicles,settingnewperformanceandefficiencystandards.1934–1940 BugattiType57—asingularhigh-tech,refinedautomobileforthewealthy.1938–2019 VolkswagenBeetle—adesignforefficiencyandlowprice,whichprogressedover60yearswithminimalbasicchange.1936–1939 Rolls-RoycePhantomIII—V12enginedpinnacleofpre-warengineering,withtechnologicaladvancesnotseeninmostothermanufacturersuntilthe1960s.5.Post-warera

AutomobiledesignfinallyemergedfromtheshadowofWorldWarIIin1949.Theunibody/strut-suspended1951FordConsuljoinedthe1948MorrisMinorand1949RoverP4inwakinguptheautomobilemarketintheUnitedKingdom.InItaly,EnzoFerrariwasbeginninghis250series.Throughoutthe1950s,engine

powerandvehiclespeedsrose,andcarsspreadacrosstheworld.Themarketchangedsomewhatinthe1960s,asDetroitbegantoworryaboutforeigncompetition,theEuropeanmakersadoptedever-highertechnology,andJapanappearedasaseriouscar-producingnation.BMC'srevolutionaryspace-savingMini,whichfirstappearedin1959,capturedlargesalesworld-wide.InAmerica,performancebecameaprimefocusofmarketing,exemplifiedbyponycarsandmusclecars.In1964thepopularFord

Mustangappeared.Buteverythingchangedinthe1970sasthe1973oilcrisis,automobileemissionscontrolrules,JapaneseandEuropeanimports.SmallperformancecarsfromBMW,Toyota,andNissantooktheplaceofbig-enginedcarsfromAmericaandItaly.Thebiggestdevelopmentsoftheerawerethewidespreaduseofindependentsuspensions,widerapplicationoffuelinjection,andanincreasingfocusonsafetyinthedesignofautomobiles.Exemplarypost-warcars:1959–2000Mini—thisquintessentialsmallcarlastedforfourdecades,andisoneofthemostfamouscarsofalltime.1964–presentFordMustang—theponycarthatbecameoneofthebest-sellingandmost-collectedcarsoftheera.7.Modernera

Themoderneraisnormallydefinedasthe25yearsprecedingthecurrentyear.Withoutconsideringthefutureofthecar,themodernerahasbeenoneofincreasingstandardisation,platformsharing,andcomputer-aideddesign.Someparticularlynotableadvancesinmoderntimesarethewidespreadoffront-wheeldriveandall-wheeldrive,theadoptionoftheV6engine

configuration,andtheubiquityoffuelinjection.Bodystyleshavechangedaswellinthemodernera.Threetypes,thehatchback,minivan,andsportutilityvehicle,dominateto