四级深度阅读

阅读理解：深度阅读PartIBy张翼大纲要求阅读理解部分包括1篇长篇匹配阅读和3篇仔细阅读，测试学生在不同层面上的阅读理解能力，包括理解篇章或段落的主旨大意和重要细节、综合分析、推测判断及根据上下文推测词义等能力。该部分所占分值比例为35%，其中长篇匹配阅读占10%，仔细阅读占25%。仔细阅读又可细分为选词填空完成阅读段落和深度阅读两种题型，前者占5%，后者占20%。总体介绍阅读部分考试总时间为40分钟，是整个考试过程中时间最为紧张的部分。下面按题型概括介绍每个部分的具体参数：长篇匹配阅读：为1篇较长篇幅的文章，总长度四级约1000词，六级约1200词。阅读速度四级约每分钟100词，六级约每分钟120词。篇章后附有10个句子，每句1题。每句所含信息出自篇章某一段落，要求考生找出与每句所含信息匹配的段落。有的段落可能对应两题，有的段落无对应关系。仔细阅读部分要求考生阅读3篇短文。2篇为多项选择题型的短文理解测试，即本次培训所针对的深度阅读题，每篇长度四级为300-350词，六级为400-450词；1篇为选词填空，篇章长度为四级200-250词，六级250-300词。深度阅读是传统阅读题型，每篇后一般设5个问题，要求从四个选项中选择最佳答案。选词填空要求考生阅读一篇删去10个词汇的短文，从包含15个词汇的备选答案中选出10个最佳词汇分别填入适当的空白，使短文复原。四级阅读单词高频前缀对于不认识的单词，可以运用了解的词根词缀来推测词汇的词性和词义。在猜测词义的时候，结合上下文内容，可以帮助做出选择，这一方法应在平时练习及备考时多加注意和运用。前缀意义、作用例子anti-反；抗；排斥antibody（抗体）bio-生命；生物biology（生物学）co-一起；共同cooperate（合作）dis-否定；相反dislike（讨厌）前缀意义、作用例子en-使……endanger（使遭遇危险）ex-向外；从前export（出口）；ex-wife（前妻)fore-预先；提前forecast（预报）mid-中间midpoint（中点）over-过度；超过over-emphasize（过度强调）pre-预先preliminary（预备级别的）self-自我的self-educate（自学）sub-从属；在……之下subordinate（使从属）un-不；恢复；没有unlock（开锁）under-低于under-estimate（低估）re-再次retell（复述）mis-错；差；坏mistreat（虐待）eco-生态ecofriendly（环保的）out-超过outweigh（重量超过；重要性超过）四级阅读单词高频后缀1名词后缀-or/er/ess/crat/cis如debtor-acy如democracy-ance/ence如diligence-bility如feasibility-dom如wisdom-hood如manhood-ion/sion/tion/ation/ition如destruction-ism如criticism-ity如purity-ment如treatment-ness如tiredness-tude如latitude-graphy如calligraphy-ics如linguistics2形容词后缀-able/ible如visible-ish如bookish-ive如sensitive-ly如fatherly-some如troublesome-most如foremost-less如stainless-ent如violent3动词后缀-ize/ise如mechanize-en如soften-fy如intensify-ish如diminish-ate如indicate4副词后缀-wise如clockwise-wards如outwards大纲对阅读能力的要求1掌握材料的主旨和大意2了解阐明文章中心思想的事实和细节3能根据材料进行推理判断4能根据上下文判断词汇和短语的具体含义5能理解上下文之间的逻辑关系6能领会作者的观点和态度下面我们按照以上分类分别举例说明：主旨题1正确选项应能概括全文中心思想，而不是某一段或几段的主题。要避免“以偏概全”就要争取通读全文，即寻找各段出现的主题句，再归纳出全文中心。主题句往往出现的段首，段尾也会有呼应。全文的第一句和最后一句尤为重要。2正确选项措辞是非常准确的，不会有任何违背原文的地方。同时注意选项不能过于笼统或太具体：笼统则缺乏准确性，具体则往往过于片面。3尽量避免选择有绝对词的选项。除非在文章中有明确的支撑说明，否则一般情况下含有绝对词的选项都是不够准确的。绝对词包括：all,completely,only,almost,absolutely,definitely,none,never,neither等。4仔细比较意义相近的选项中词义的细微差别。通常来说这样的题目设计含有意义相近的干扰选项，不要忽略这种现象，因为正确选项通常就在其中。此时要仔细比较词义的细微差别，综合考虑上述三种方法，排除干扰项，剩下的就是正确选项。注意事项1段首、段尾句常考，尤其是全文首句和尾句。2每段第二句话通常是首句的解释说明。3注意出现频率较高的词汇。4注意语义转折处、因果处、总结处。重视以下表达方式：but,yet,however,infact,indeed,practically,virtually;inbrief,inshort,aboveall,inconclusion,tosumup等。例文1：2009年6月真题PassageTwoQuestions62to66arebasedonthefollowingpassage.第一段Scientistshavedevisedawaytodetermineroughlywhereapersonhaslivedusingastrand(缕)ofhair,atechniquethatcouldhelptrackthemovementsofcriminalsuspectsorunidentifiedmurdervictims.第二段Themethodreliesonmeasuringhowchemicalvariationsindrinkingwatershowupinpeople’shair.第三段“You’rewhatyoueatanddrink,andthat’srecordedinyourhair,”saidTilureCerling,ageologistattheUniversityofUtah.第四段WhileU.Sdietisrelativelyidentical,watersuppliesvary.Thedifferencesresultfromweatherpatterns.Thechemicalcompositionofrainfallchangesslightlyasraincloudsmove.第五段Mosthydrogenandoxygenatomsinwaterarestable,buttracesofbothelementsarealsopresentasheavierisotopes(同位素).Theheaviestrainfallsfirst.Asaresult,stormsthatformoverthePacificdeliverheavierwatertoCaliforniathantoUtah.第六段SimilarpatternsexistthroughouttheU.S.Bymeasuringtheproportionofheavierhydrogenandoxygenisotopesalongastrandofhair,scientistscanconstructageographictimeline.Eachinchofhaircorrespondstoabouttwomonths.第七段Cerling’steamcollectedtapwatersamplesfrom600citiesandconstructedamapoftheregionaldifferences.Theycheckedtheaccuracyofthemapbytesting200hairsamplescollectedfrom65barbershops.第八段Theywereabletoaccuratelyplacethehairsamplesinbroadregionsroughlycorrespondingtothemovementofrainsystems.第九段“It’snotgoodforpinpointing(精确定位),”Cerlingsaid.“it’sgoodforeliminatingmanypossibilities.”第十段ToddPark,alocaldetective,saidthemethodhashelpedhimlearnmoreaboutanunidentifiedwomanwhoseskeletonwasfoundnearGreatSaltLake.第十一段Thewomanwas5feettall.Policerecovered26bones,aT-shirtandseveralstrandsofhair.第十二段WhenParkheardabouttheresearch,hegavethehairsamplestotheresearchers.Chemicaltestingshowedthatoverthetwoyearsbeforeherdeath,shemovedabouteverytwomonths.第十三段ShestayedintheNorthwest,althoughthetestcouldnotbemorespecificthansomewherebetweeneasternOregonandwesternWyoming.第十四段“It’sstillasubstantialarea,”Parksaid“Butitnarrowsitswaydownforme.”62.Whatisthescientists’newdiscovery?A)One’shairgrowthhastodowiththeamountofwatertheydrink.B)Aperson’shairmayrevealwheretheyhavelived.C)Hairanalysisaccuratelyidentifiescriminalsuspects.D)Thechemicalcompositionofhairvariesfrompersontoperson.解析：与听力题目不同，深度阅读中很少有主旨题的题干中明确提问What’sthemainideaofthepassage?而是将题干设计成较为隐蔽的问法。例如62题的问法“科学家们的最新发现是什么？”看上去似乎是细节题，但答案正是全文的主题。由于这是该文章的第一道题，通常答案在文章前部即可找到，由scientists一词很容易定位到文章首段首句（见文内红字），“科学家已经找到一种办法，用一缕头发答题判断出一个人生活过的地方”，与B“一个人的头发会揭示他居住过的地方”最相近。如果略读全文，也可以在第二段、第七段和第八段等处（见文内红字）找到支撑性论述。在选项设计上，最有力的干扰选项是C，因为第一段中提到了“用头发分析识别犯罪嫌疑人”的技术应用，错在该选项使用了绝对性词汇accurately，而原文第一段中使用roughly。选项A与D都是似是而非的设计方式，将关键词water,chemicalcomposition放入选项加以干扰，但A选项中的“饮水量”和D选项中的“个体差异”都得不到原文支撑。细节题测试考生把握阐述事实和细节的能力，内容多涉及人物、地点、原因和数字等具体内容。阅读理解测试中的细节题在文章中都能找到具体答案。需要注意的是有些表达不是采用原文原话，而是使用同义词替换。从命题规律上看，常考以下几类：1列举处。原文以Firstly,Secondly,Thirdly或其他形式的并列关系词引导，而答案中则加以总结，采取并列排比的方式加以概括。2举例与打比方处。文章常用具体例子证明段落主题或文章中心论点，这类例子和比喻常成为考点，意图是考察是否看懂例子的作用。3指示代词出现处。用来考察考生是否明白上下文或语句之间的逻辑关系。4引用人物处。与第二条同理，为证明观点或为论点提供依据，通常会引用他人研究或论断，出题意图亦围绕论点/观点展开。5特殊标点符号处。这涉及到英文中标点符号的使用原则，具体来说：破折号表解释或让步，括号表解释说明，冒号表具体解释原因，引号表引用或专有名词。注意事项1注意关联词，有助于定位答案。如表附加：also,aswellas,likewise,what’smore,furthermore等；表定义：thatistosay,namely,define等；表转折：although,instead,ratherthan,otherwise,however,nevertheless等。2若针对举例、他人言论出题，则只要定位到原文出处附近的句子内容即可判断正确选项，细节题的答案不会再远处。3题干设计或选项设计可能不是原文，而是同义词替换。4选项中描述非常具体、或使用原文关键词的往往是干扰选项，而抽象的、概括的通常是正确答案。5选项中有绝对词的往往是干扰选项，而语气不肯定、态度模糊的往往是正确答案。如以下词汇：could,may,should,usually,might,most,moreorless,relatively,belikelyto,possible,whetheror,notnecessarily.细节题是最常出现的题型，现举例说明：2009年6月真题（见例文1）64.WhatissaidabouttherainfallinAmerica’sWest?A)ThereismuchmorerainfallinCaliforniathaninUtah.B)Thewateritdeliverseslighterwhenitmovesinland.C)Itschemicalcompositionislessstablethaninotherareas.D)Itgathersmorelightisotopesasitmoveseastward.根据题干中rainfallinAmerica’sWest定位到原文第五段第二、三两句（见文内红字），“比重大的雨水会首先降下。在太平洋上形成的风暴给加利福尼亚带来的雨水要比犹他州的比重更大一些”。加州既是“美国西部”，属于靠太平洋的沿海地区，犹他州是内陆地区。因此选项B“雨水由沿海进入内陆地区时比重会变小”是正确细节，是对原文”Theheaviestrainfallsfirst”的同义替换。2009年6月真题（见例文1）65.WhatdidCerling’steamproduceintheirresearch?A)Amapshowingtheregionaldifferencesoftapwater.B)Acollectionofhairsamplesfromvariousbarbershops.C)Amethodtomeasuretheamountofwaterinhumanhair.D)Achartillustratingthemovementoftherainsystem.解析：根据题干中Cerling’steam定位到原文第七段第一句（见文内红字），可知“Cerling的团队从600个城市手机了自来水样本，并且绘制了一张地区差异图”。因此选项A“一幅显示不同地区自来水差异的地图”可以回答题干的提问。最有力的干扰选项是B“从多家理发店手机的头发标本集合”，原文中确实提及，但这是Cerling团队为了检验其所绘地图的准确性所做的努力，不属于其成果。例文2：2011年6月真题PassageTwoQuestions62to66arebasedonthefollowingpassage.第一段

Globalwarmingiscausingmorethan300,000deathsandabout$125billionineconomiclosseseachyear,accordingtoareportbytheGlobalHumanitarianForum,anorganizationledbyKofiAnnan,theformerUnitedNationssecretarygeneral.

第二段Thereport,tobereleasedFriday,analyzeddataandexistingstudiesofhealth,disaster,populationandeconomictrends.Itfoundthathuman-influencedclimatechangewasraisingtheglobaldeathratesfromillnessesincludingmalnutrition(营养不良)andheat-relatedhealthproblems.

第三段Butevenbeforeitsrelease,thereportdrewcriticismfromsomeexpertsonclimateandrisk,whoquestioneditsmethodsandconclusions.

第四段Alongwiththedeaths,thereportsaidthatthelivesof325millionpeople,primarilyinpoorcountries,werebeingseriouslyaffectedbyclimatechange.Itprojectedthatthenumberwoulddoubleby2030.第五段RogerPielkeJr.,apoliticalscientistattheUniversityofColorado,Boulder,whostudiesdisastertrends,saidtheForum’sreportwas“amethodologicalembarrassment”becausetherewasnowaytodistinguishdeathsoreconomiclossesrelatedtohumandrivenglobalwarmingamidthemuchlargerlossesresultingfromthegrowthinpopulationsandeconomicdevelopmentinvulnerable(易受伤害的)regions.Dr.Pielkesaidthat“climatechangeisanimportantproblemrequiringourutmostattention.”Butthereport,hesaid,“willharmthecauseforactiononbothclimatechangeanddisastersbecauseitissodeeplyflawed(有瑕疵的).”第六段However,SorenAnderasen,asocialscientistatDalbergGlobalDevelopmentPartnerswhosupervisedthewritingofthereport,defendedit,sayingthatitwasclearthatthenumberswereroughestimates.Hesaidthereportwasaimedatworldleaders,whowillmeetinCopenhageninDecembertonegotiateanewinternationalclimatetreaty.

第七段Inapressreleasedescribingthereport,Mr.Annanstressedtheneedforthenegotiationstofocusonincreasingtheflowofmoneyfromrichtopoorregionstohelpreducetheirvulnerabilitytoclimatehazards,whilestillcurbingtheemissionsoftheheat-trappinggases.Morethan90%ofthehumanandeconomiclossesfromclimatechangeareoccurringinpoorcountries,accordingtothereport.62.WhatisthefindingoftheGlobalHumanitarianForum?

A)Globaltemperaturesaffecttherateofeconomicdevelopment.

B)Ratesofdeathfromillnesshaverisenduetoglobalwarming.

C)Malnutritionhascausedserioushealthproblemsinpoorcountries.

D)Economictrendshavetodowithpopulationandnaturaldisasters.

解析：问题是“全球人道主义论坛的主要发现是什么？”通过对题干中的关键词定位，发现GlobalHumanitarianForum第一次出现在第一段中，其内容与globalwarming有关。简要介绍后，在第二段中发现关键词found（见文内红字），此句即为答案，“受人类影响而产生的气候变化导致因疾病而引发的全球死亡率上升”。这与B选项“全球变暖导致因疾病致死比例上升”表述一致。A和D两个选项都涉及经济发展，易于排除；C选项形成有力干扰，但malnutrition是原文中出现的具体例子，仅为一个细节，属于以偏概全，是错误选项。63.WhatdowelearnabouttheForum’sreportfromthepassage?

A)Itwaschallengedbysomeclimateandriskexperts.

B)Itarousedalotofinterestinthescientificcircles.

C)Itwaswarmlyreceivedbyenvironmentalists.D)Itcausedabigstirindevelopingcountries.

解析：由题干中的Forum’sreport回到原文定位，除在上一题中以处理过的第二段外，还出现在第三段中（见文内红字）。文中说“在报告发布之前就遭到了一些气候和风险方面的专家的批评，他们对该报告的研究方法和结论提出质疑”。这与选项A符合，其中bechallenged结构就是原文中drewcriticism的同义词替换，除了这个结构不同之外，句子的其他部分与原文都相同。可见准确定位原文，是回答细节题的关键。阅读理解：深度阅读PartIIBy仲慧怡词句理解题考查考生对于特定语言环境中的单词、词组或短句的确切含义的理解程度。词汇和短语考查的两种命题形式:关键词题：找出与文中某个词语同义、近义或者反义的选项。转义题：判断一般性词语在特定语境中的特殊含义。句意题：考查学生对句子含义的把握。提问方式：Whatisthepossiblemeaningoftheword“…”inLine…,Para….?Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningto…?Theword(phrase)“…”standsfor___?Whatdoesthesentence“…”imply?Theword“…”couldbestbereplacedby___?…测试内容：1）可以通过上下文猜测出的超纲词，即四级考试大纲以外的词。2）具有生僻意义的大纲以内的词，这类词考生所记的是常用的词义，但在特定的上下文中却有特定的意义。3）代词，要求考生理解上下文，找出指代关系，常以Whatdoestheunderlinedwordreferto或Theunderlinedword“…”means等形式出现。加分秘笈：1）一词多义的常见词及词组易考。2）对比处常考。3）复杂句常考。句子结构复杂；句子之间的指代关系复杂解题步骤与技巧：找到该词在原文中的位置，运用猜测词义法，根据上下文所提供的各种线索猜测或确定它们的词义。1）针对性解释

a.根据定义猜测词义

定义句的谓语动词多为：be,mean,dealwith,beconsidered,tobe,referto,becalled,beknownas,define,represent,signify,constitute等

b.根据复述猜测词义（同位关系）

注意：同位语前面还常有or,similarly,thatistosay,inotherwords,namely,orother等副词或短语出现。2）内在逻辑关系

a.对比关系（反义词）

b.比较关系（近义词）

c.因果关系

d.同义词的替代关系3）外部相关因素（生活经验、普通常识）4）构词法

前缀、后缀、复合词的各部分5）前后文提供的解释或说明例文3（2010年12月真题）

Itisprettymuchaone-waystreet.Whileitmaybecommonforuniversityresearcherstotrytheirluckinthecommercialworld,thereisverylittletrafficintheoppositedirection.Payhasalwaysbeenthebiggestdeterrent,aspeoplewithfamiliesoftenfeeltheycannotaffordthedropinsalarywhenmovingtoauniversityjob.Forsomeindustrialscientists,however,theattractionsofacademia(学术界)outweighanyfinancialconsiderations.HelenLeetooka70%cutinsalarywhenshemovedfromaseniorpostinAbbottLaboratoriestoamedicaldepartmentattheUniversityofCambridge.Hermainreasonforreturningtoacademiamid-careerwastotakeadvantageofthegreaterfreedomtochooseresearchquestions.Someareasofinquiryhavefewprospectsofacommercialreturn,andLee’sisoneofthem.Theimpactofasalarycutisprobablylesssevereforascientistintheearlystagesofacareer.GuyGrant,nowaresearchassociateattheUnileverCentreforMolecularInformaticsattheUniversityofCambridge,spenttwoyearsworkingforapharmaceutical(制药的)companybeforereturningtouniversityasapost-doctoralresearcher.Hetooka30%salarycutbutfeltitworthwhileforthegreaterintellectualopportunities.Higheruptheladder,whereapaycutisusuallymoresignificant,thedemandforscientistswithawealthofexperienceinindustryisforcinguniversitiestomakethetransition(转换)toacademiamoreattractive,accordingtoLee.Industrialscientiststendtoreceivetrainingthatacademicsdonot,suchashowtobuildamultidisciplinaryteam,managebudgetsandnegotiatecontracts.Theyarealsowellplacedtobringsomethingextratotheteachingsideofanacademicrolethatwillhelpstudentsgetajobwhentheygraduate,saysLee,perhapsexperienceinmanufacturingpracticeorproductdevelopment.“Onlyasmallnumberofundergraduateswillcontinueinanacademiccareer.Sosomeoneleavinguniversitywhoalreadyhastheskillsneededtoworkinanindustriallabhasfarmorepotentialinthejobmarketthansomeonewhohasspentalltheirtimeonanarrowresearchproject.”58.Theword“deterrent”(Line2,Para1)mostprobablyreferstosomethingthat____.[A]bringssomeoneafinancialburden[B]helpstomovethetraffic[C]keepssomeonefromtakingaction[D]attractspeople’sattention

解析：所考查词汇出现在第一段第三句，（见文内红字），该句前半句指出，收入一直以来都是最大的…,而由as引出的后半句aspeoplewithfamilies…（有家室的人经常感觉他们无法承受因进入大学工作而带来的薪水降低的压力）

是对前半句Payhasalwaysbeenthebiggestdeterrent的解释，因此可以推断出deterrent应该是表示“困难，障碍”的意思，与答案C意思相符。2023/6/6例文4（2012年12月）

Arepeoplesufferingfromgadget（小器具）overload?Aretheyexhaustedbytheconsumerequivalentofthebrainfatigue—informationoverload—thatiscausedbyconstantupdatesofdevicesandonlinemedia?UnderwritersLaboratoriesissuedareportlastweekthatfound48%ofconsumers"feelhigh-techmanufacturersbringnewproductstomarketfasterthanpeopleneedthem."Therearetwopossibleexplanations.Thefirst,obviousoneisthatthepaceofinnovation（创新）istoofastforconsumers.Thesecondlessobviousoneisthat,infact,innovationistooslow.Thatis,thenewofferingscompaniesarepushingoutthedooreverysixmonthsorsoareme-tooproductsoroneswithjustacoupleofnewfeatures.Marketingschedules,notproductinnovation,aredrivingthecorporate（公司的）train.ManufacturersinAmericavalued“speedtomarket”morethaninothercountries,thereportfound.SaraGreenstein,UnderwritersLaboratories'chiefstrategyofficer,offeredherinterpretationofthesurveyresults."Innovationistoofastonlyifcornersarecut."Forthehigh-techsector,thereareafewotherinterestingfindings.Consumersarelessconcernedaboutsafetyinhigh-techproductsthancategorieslikefreshandprocessedfood.Buttheirtopsafetyconcernsareemissionsandwirelessradiowaves.Manypeople,itseems,areuneasylivinginathickeningcloudofradiowavesfrommobilephonetowersandthegadgetstheycommunicatewith.Afindingthatwasabitsurprisingisthattoconsumers,theinnerpartsofhigh-techdevicesdoapparentlymatter.Some55%ofconsumers,accordingtothereport,saidtheyare"moreconcernedaboutwherehigh-techcomponentscomefromthanwheretheproductwasassembled."Thereportdoesn'treallysayhowthatinformationwouldaffectconsumerbuyingdecisions.Itcouldbecomplicated.Manufacturingcompaniesonaveragerelyonmorethan35contractsuppliersaroundtheworldtocreateasingleproduct.Thatnumberwouldbehigherforasmartphoneorlaptop.Butmaybesomesortofsupply-chainlabelingshowingwherepartscomefrominaproduct?"We'reworkingonit,"Ms.Greensteinsaid.63.Whatdoestheauthormeanby"me-tooproducts"?A)Productswithnosubstantialdifference.B)Productstailoredtoindividualusers.C)Productseveryoneiseagertopossess.D)Productscompaniescompetetomake.解析：根据第三段第四句，

thenewofferingscompanies…areme-tooproductsoroneswithjustacoupleofnewfeatures.这里连词“or”表明它的前后两部分构成同位关系，即“me-tooproducts”和“oneswithjustacoupleofnewfeatures”意思相近，后一部分是对前一部分意思的复述/解释，根据复述猜测词义法，该题正确答案为A。例文5（2010年6月）

The$11billionself-helpindustryisbuiltontheideathatyoushouldturnnegativethoughtslike"Ineverdoanythingright"intopositiveoneslike"Icansucceed."ButwaspositivethinkingadvocateNormanVincentPealeright?Istherepowerinpositivethinking?ResearchersinCanadajustpublishedastudyinthejournalPsychologicalSciencethatsaystryingtogetpeopletothinkmorepositivelycanactuallyhavetheoppositeeffect:itcansimplyhighlighthowunhappytheyare.Thestudy'sauthors,JoanneWoodandJohnLeeoftheUniversityofWaterlooandElainePerunovicoftheUniversityofNewBrunswick,beginbycitingolderresearchshowingthatwhenpeoplegetfeedbackwhichtheybelieveisoverlypositive,theyactuallyfeelworse,notbetter.IfyoutellyourdimfriendthathehasthepotentialofanEinstein,you'rejustunderlininghisfaults.Inone1990sexperiment,ateamincludingpsychologistJoelCooperofPrincetonaskedparticipantstowriteessaysopposingfundingforthedisabled.Whentheessayistswerelaterpraisedfortheirsympathy,theyfeltevenworseaboutwhattheyhadwritten.Inthisexperiment,Wood,LeeandPerunovicmeasured68students'self-esteem.Theparticipantswerethenaskedtowritedowntheirthoughtsandfeelingsforfourminutes.Every15seconds,onegroupofstudentsheardabell.Whenitrang,theyweresupposedtotellthemselves,"Iamlovable."Thosewithlowself-esteemdidn'tfeelbetteraftertheforcedself-affirmation.Infact,theirmoodsturnedsignificantlydarkerthanthoseofmembersofthecontrolgroup,whoweren'turgedtothinkpositivethoughts.Thepaperprovidessupportfornewerformsofpsychotherapy(心理治疗)thaturgepeopletoaccepttheirnegativethoughtsandfeelingsratherthanfightthem.Inthefighting,wenotonlyoftenfailbutcanmakethingsworse.Meditation(静思)techniques,incontrast,canteachpeopletoputtheiringsintoalarger,morerealisticperspective.Callitthepowerofnegativethinking.64.Whatdoestheauthormeanby"…you'rejustunderlininghisfaults"(Line4,Para.3)?A)Youarenottakinghismistakesseriouslyenough.B)Youarepointingouttheerrorshehascommitted.C)Youareemphasizingthefactthatheisnotintelligent.D)Youaretryingtomakehimfeelbetterabouthisfaults.2023/6/6解析：第三段第一句提到,该研究的发起人员指出，如果人们认为他们得到的反馈过于积极，实际上他们会感觉更糟糕，而不是更好。第二句接着举例解释如果你告诉一位反应有些迟钝的朋友他具有成为爱因斯坦的潜能，那么你就是在强调他的缺点。接下来作者又用另一个实验做例子说明了同样的意思。所以根据上下文的线索来猜测，这句话的意思应该是“你在强调他的缺点，即强调他不够聪明。”故答案为C。推理判断题测试考生根据阅读文章的表层意思推测隐含意义的能力。推断题包括以下两个方面的内容：

1.对文章中的某个细节进行推断。

2.根据文章推测作者的观点、目的、态度和思路。提问方式：1)Thepassageisintendedto____.2)Itcanbeimpliedfromthepassagethat___.3)Wecanconclude/infer/seefromthepassagethat___.4)Fromthelastparagraphweknowthat___.5)Theparagraphpreceding/followingthisonemaydiscuss____.6)Wherewouldthisparagraphmostprobablybefound/appear?题型分类：1）局部推断：推断句子或段落的内容。2）全面推断：推测文章主题或内容以及文章上文或下文可能出现的内容。3）推测文章来源：何种题材，体裁，选自何种专著等。命题规律:1）对篇首、篇尾、段落中的主题句概括归纳，从而得出综合性结论。2）围绕文章若干段落，推理、判断段落间的关系。3）支持主题思想的细节部分常被用来对一定内容进行推理、判断。4）文章或段落的开头或结尾总结处。5）语义转折处。干扰项的特点：1)以假乱真，编造信息

不是在文章事实或上下文（句）逻辑基础上进行推理而得出的观点；混淆本末，主次不分；虽以文章提供的事实或内在逻辑为基础进行推理，但推理过头，概括过度。2）直接、间接不分

将文章中明确表达的当成推理出来的。3）因果颠倒

原文中的原因变成了选项中的结果，或反之。4）手段与目的颠倒原文中的手段变成了选项中的目的，或反之。

正确选项的特点：1）一般含义不肯定（或主观）的，或有新意的是答案。如含有can,some,moreorless,usually,relatively,notnecessarily,suggest,belikelyto,possible,expect,ignore,suspect,overlook,like,dislike,discuss,most,often,could,may,might等词的选项极大可能是正确选项。2）如果四个选项都能凭常识判断，其中含义深刻的是答案；或四个选项中唯一一个不是常识项的是答案。加分秘笈：1）切忌凭主观臆断进行推测，推理必须是基于文章中的具体事实细节进行。a.针对细节推断：找到该细节所在的句子，在正确理解该剧的基础上推断出未知的事实。b.推测作者的的观点、目的、态度和思路：首先确定文章的中心思想，然后根据中心和作者所陈述的事实及细节进行推断。2）注意暗示推理题的答案肯定不能是照搬原文词句，往往用同义词进行修改。3）选项绝对化的一般不是答案。合乎常理、概括性的、抽象的、含义深刻的一般是答案，而照抄原文或对原文做字面解释的不是答案。解题步骤和技巧：1）判断：对文章中阐述的事实或细节，按照逻辑发展的规律，进行分析概括，并以此为依据得出合乎逻辑的结论。2）推理：善于利用文章中明确表示的内容，进行正确的推理，挖掘作者的隐含意思。2023/6/63）预测：

可以借助于语法结构、常用句型、标题、主题句、背景知识、语篇标志的提示词、连接上下文的承接手段等来预测。2023/6/6

2010年6月真题（见例文5）66.Whatdowelearnfromthelastparagraph?

A)Theeffectsofpositivethinkingvaryfrompersontoperson.

B)Meditationmayprovetobeagoodformofpsychotherapy.

C)Differentpeopletendtohavedifferentwaysofthinking.D)Peoplecanavoidmakingmistakesthroughmeditation.2023/6/6解析：定位最后一段第一句和第三句，“论文支持更新型的心理治疗方式，鼓励人们接受消极思维和感觉，而不是与之抗争”。第三句具体指出这种更新型的心理治疗方式，即Meditation（静思）。根据以上内容进行逻辑推断，选项B与之意思相符，故正确答案为B.2023/6/6例文6（2013年6月真题）

Romanticlovehasclearevolutionaryrootsbutourviewsaboutwhatmakesanidealromanticrelationshipcanbeswayedbythesocietywelivein.SosayspsychologistMaureenO'SullivanfromtheUniversityofSanFrancisco.Shesuggeststhathumanshavealwaystriedtostrengthenthepair-bondtomaximize(使最大化)reproductivesuccess.

2023/6/6

Manysocietiesthroughouthistoryandaroundtheworldtodayhavecultivatedstrongpressurestostaymarried.Inthosewheretiestofamilyandcommunityarestrong,lifelongmarriagescanbepromotedbypracticessuchastheculturalprohibitionofdivorceandarrangedmarriagesthatareseenasacontractbetweentwofamilies,notjusttwoindividuals.Inmodernwesternsocieties,however,thefocusonindividualityandindependencemeansthatpeoplearelessconcernedaboutconformingto(遵守)thedictatesoffamilyandculture.Intheabsenceofsocietalpressurestomaintainpair-bonds,O'Sullivansuggeststhatromanticlovehasincreasinglycometobeseenasthefactorthatshoulddeterminewhowestaywithandforhowlong."That'swhyhistoricallyweseeanincreaseinromanticloveasabasisforforminglong-termrelationships,"shesays.2023/6/62023/6/6

AccordingtoO'Sullivanculturealsoshapesthesortsoffeelingsweexpecttohave,andactuallydoexperience,wheninlove.Althoughthenegativeemotionsassociatedwithromanticlove—fearofloss,disappointmentandjealousy—arefairlyconsistentacrosscultures,thepositivefeelingscanvary."IfyouaskJapanesestudentstolistthepositiveattributestheyexpectinaromanticpartner,theyratehighlythingslikeloyalty,commitmentanddevotion,"saysO'Sullivan."IfyouaskAmericancollegewomen,theyexpecteverythingunderthesun:inadditiontobeingcommitted,partnershavetobeamusing,funnyandafriend."2023/6/6

Wejudgeapotentialpartneraccordingtoourspecificculturalexpectationsaboutwhatromanticloveshouldfeellike.Ifyoubelievethatyouhavefoundtrueromance,andyourculturetellsyouthatthisiswhatalong-termrelationshipshouldbebasedon,thereislessneedtorelyonsocialorfamilypressurestokeepcouplestogether,O'Sullivanargues.2023/6/665.Wecanconcludefromthepassagethat____.

A)culturaldifferencesoftentearapartafamilybuiltonromanticlove

B)marriagesarehardtosustainwithoutsocialorfamilypressures

C)romanticloveisingincreasinglyimportantinfamilyrelationships

D)romanticlovetendstoyieldwherefamilyorsocialpressuresarestrong2023/6/6解析