精读1月4日团如何把握一篇语言发展史文章的脉络

Buthowever罗列式连接词：firstsecondthirdTheBirthofScientificEnglish Worldscienceisdominatedtodaybyasmallnumberoflanguages,includingJapanese,GermanandFrench,butitisEnglishwhichisprobablythemostpopulargloballanguageofscience.ThisisnotjustbecauseoftheimportanceofEnglish-speakingcountriessuchastheUSAinscientificresearch;thescientistsofmanynon-English-speakingcountriesfindthattheyneedtowritetheirresearchpapersinEnglishtoreachawideinternationalaudience.GiventheprominenceofscientificEnglishtoday,itmayseemsurprisingthatnoonereallyknewhowtowritescienceinEnglishbeforethe17thcentury.Beforethat,Latinwasregardedasthelinguafranca1forEuropeanin TheBirthofScientificEnglishTheEuropeanRenaissance(c.14th-16thcentury)issometimescalledthe‘revivaloflearning’,atimeofrenewedinterestinthe‘lostknowledge’ofclassicaltimes.Atthesametime,however,scholarsalsobegantotestandextendthisknowledge.TheemergentnationstatesofEuropedevelopedcompetitiveinterestsinworldexplorationandthedevelopmentoftrade.Suchexpansion,wastotaketheEnglishlanguagewesttoAmericaandeastwassupportedbyscientificdevelopmentssuchasthediscoveryofmagnetism(andhencetheinventionofthecompass),improvementsincartographyand-perhapsthemostimportantscientificrevolutionofthemall-thenewtheoriesofastronomyandthemovementoftheEarthinrelationtothe netsandstars,developedbyCopernicus(1473-1543).TheBirthofScientificEnglishEnglandwasoneofthefirstcountrieswherescientistsadoptedandpublicisedCopernicanideaswithenthusiasm.Someofthesescholars,includingtwowithinterestsinlanguage-JohnWallisandJohnWilkins-helpedfoundtheRoyalSocietyin1660inordertopromoteempiricalscientificresearch.TheBirthofScientificEnglishTheBirthofScientificEnglishAcrossEuropesimilaracademiesandsocietiesarose,creatingnewnationaltraditionsofscience.Intheinitialstagesofthescientificrevolution,mostpublicationsinthenationallanguageswerepopularworks,encyclopaedias,educationaltextbooksandtranslations.OriginalsciencewasnotdoneinEnglishuntilthesecondhalfofthe17thcentury.Forexample,Newtonpublishedhismathematicaltreatise,knownasthePrincipia,inLatin,butpublishedhislaterworkonthepropertiesoflight-Opticks-inTheBirthofScientificEnglishTherewereseveralreasonswhyoriginal tobewritteninLatin.Thefirstwassimplyamatterofaudience.Latinwassuitableforaninternationalaudienceofscholars,whereasEnglishreachedasociallywider,butmorelocal,audience.Hence,popularsciencewaswritteninEnglish.TheBirthofScientificEnglishAsecondreasonforwritinginLatinmay,perversely,havebeenaconcernforsecrecy.Openpublicationhaddangersinputtingintothepublicpreliminaryideaswhichhadnotyetbeenfullyexploitedbytheir‘author’.Thisgrowingconcernaboutin propertyrightswasafeatureoftheperiod-itreflectedboththehumanistnotionoftheindividual,rationalscientistwhoinventsanddiscoversthroughprivate lectuallabour,andthegrowingconnectionbetweenoriginalscienceandcommercialexploitation.TheBirthofScientificEnglishTherewassomethingofasocialdistinctionbetween‘scholarsandgentlemen’whounderstoodLatin,andmenoftradewholackedaclassicaleducation.Andinthemid-17thcenturyitwascommonpracticeformathematicianstokeeptheirdiscoveriesandproofssecret,bywritingthemincipher,inobscurelanguages,orinprivatemessagesdepositedinasealedboxwiththeRoyalSociety.SomescientistsmighthavefeltmorecomfortablewithLatinpreciselybecauseitsaudience,thoughinternational,wassociallyrestricted.DoctorsclungthemostkeenlytoLatinasan‘insiderlanguage’.TheBirthofScientificEnglishAthirdreasonwhythewritingoforiginalscienceinEnglishwasdelayedmayhavebeentodowiththelinguisticinadequacyofEnglishintheearlymodernperiod.Englishwasnotwellequippedtodealwithscientificargument.First,itlackedthenecessarytechnicalvocabulary.Second,itlackedthe ticalresourcesrequiredtorepresenttheworldinanobjectiveandim alway,andtodiscusstherelations,suchascauseandeffect,thatmightholdbetweencomplexandhypotheticalentities.TheBirthofScientificEnglish y,severalmembersoftheRoyalSocietypossessedaninterestinlanguageandbecameengagedinvariouslinguisticprojects.Althoughaproposalin1664toestablishacommitteeforimprovingtheEnglishlanguagecametolittle,thesociety’smembersdidagreatdealtofosterthepublicationofscienceinEnglishandtoencouragethedevelopmentofasuitablewritingstyle.ManymembersoftheRoyalSocietyalsopublishedmonographsinEnglish.OneofthefirstwasbyRobertHooke,thesociety’sfirstcuratorofexperiments,whodescribedhisexperimentswithmicroscopesinMicrographia(1665).Thisworkislargelynarrativeinstyle,basedonatranscriptoforaldemonstrationsandlectures.TheBirthofScientificEnglish In1665anewscientificjournal,PhilosophicalTransactions,wasinaugurated.PerhapsthefirstinternationalEnglish-languagescientificjournal,itencouragedanewgenreofscientificwriting,thatofshort,focusedaccountsofparticularexperiments.TheBirthofScientificEnglishThe17thcenturywasthusaformativeperiodintheestablishmentofscientificEnglish.InthefollowingcenturymuchofthismomentumwaslostasGermanestablisheditselfastheleadingEuropeanlanguageofscience.Itisestimatedthatbytheendofthe18thcentury401Germanscientificjournalshadbeenestablishedasopposedto96inFranceand50inEngland.However,inthe19thcenturyscientificEnglishagainenjoyedsubstantiallexicalgrowthastheindustrialrevolutioncreatedtheneedfornewtechnicalvocabulary,andnew,specialised,professionalsocietieswereinstitutedtopromoteandpublishinthenewdisciplines.35TherewasstrongcompetitionbetweenscientistsinRenaissanceEurope.36ThemostimportantscientificdevelopmentoftheRenaissanceperiodwasthediscoveryof37In17th-centuryBritain,leadingthinkerscombinedtheirinterestinsciencewithaninterestinhowtoexpressideas.AcrossEuropesimilaracademiesandsocietiesarose,creatingnewnationaltraditionsof for7,000years,eventuallycoveringaregionofover22,000squarekilometreswithlayersoffertilesilt.However,publicinfrastructuredidnotkeeppacewithurbansprawl,causingmassivecongestionproblemswhichnowmakecommutingtimesfarhigher.Incitiesthatdevelopedlater,theWorldBankandAsianDevelopmentBankdiscouragedthebuildingofpublictransportandpeoplehave dtorelyoncars-creatingthemassivetrafficjamsthatcharacterizethoseInEurope,modernscienceemergedatthesametimeasthenationstate.Atfirst,thescientificlanguageofchoiceremained allowedscientiststocommunicatewithothersociallyprivilegedthinkerswhileprotectingtheirworkfromunwantedexploitation.Sometimesthedesiretoprotectideasseemstohavebeenstrongerthanthedesiretocommunicatethem,particularlyinthecaseofmathematiciansand29…………InBritain,moreover,scientistsworriedthatEnglishhadneither30…………northe31…………toexpresstheirideas.Thissituationonlychangedafter1660whenscientistsassociatedwiththe aboutdevelo English.Anearlyscientificjournalfosteredanewkindofwritingbasedonshortdescriptionsofspecificexperiments.AlthoughEnglishwasthenovertakenby33…………,itdevelopedagaininthe19thcenturyasadirectresultofthe34…………ListofHeadingsSummary乐预测乐精读乐语法2014雅思9分加入乐乐私 lejingdu提问Listof请完成Listof ThereactionoftheInuitcommunitytoclimate Understandingofclimatechangeremains Alternativesourcesof RespectforInuitopinion Ahealthierchoiceof Adifficult Negativeeffectsonwell-viiiAlarmcausedbyunprecedentedeventsinthe Thebenefitsofaneasier乐预测乐精读乐语法2014雅思9分加 私 lejingdu提问Paragraph LifeforthedescendantsoftheThulepeopleisstillharsh.Nunavutis1.9millionsquarekilometresofrockandice,andahandfulofislandsaroundtheNorthPole.It'scurrentlyhometo2,500people,allbutahandfulofthemindigenousInuit.Overthepast40years,mosthaveabandonedtheirnomadicwaysandsettledintheterritory's28isolatedcommunities,buttheystillrelyheavilyonnaturetoprovidefoodandclothing.ProvisionsavailableinlocalshopshavetobeflownintoNunavutononeofthemostcostlyairnetworksintheworld,orbroughtbysupplyshipduringthefewice- ofsummer.Itwouldcostafamilyaroundf7,000ayearto cemeattheyobtainedthemselvesthroughhuntingimportedmeat.Economicopportunitiesarescarce,andformanypeoplestatebenefitsaretheironlye.乐预测乐精读乐语法2014雅思9分加 私 lejingdu提问ListofHeadings乐预测乐精读乐语法2014雅思9分加 私 lejingdu提问423423622简单对应的Matching选各自特点型Matching乐预测乐精读乐语法2014雅思9分加 私 lejingdu提问乐预测乐精读乐语法2014雅思9分加 私 lejingdu提问AccordingtoByers,thetimingofthe stageinyounganimalsprovidesanimportantcluetowhat’sgoingon.Ifyouplottheamountoftimeajuveniledevotesto eachdayoverthecourseofitsdevelopment,youdiscoverapatterntypicallyassociatedwitha‘sensitiveperiod’-abriefdevelopmentwindowduringwhichthebraincanactuallybemodifiedinwaysthatarenotpossibleearlierorlaterinlife.Thinkoftherelativeeasewithwhichyoungchildren-butnotinfantsoradults-absorblanguage.Otherresearchershavefoundthat yincats,ratsandmiceisatitsmostintensejustasthis‘windowofopportunity’reachesitspeak.乐预测乐精读乐语法2014雅思9分加 私 lejingdu提问注意NB注意backgrounddefintionintroductionoverview这样的关键字一般对应首段futurelong-termprospectresulteffect这样的关键字一般对应末段乐预测乐精读乐语法2014雅思9分加 私 lejingdu提问36Robert37Marc38John39Sergio40Stephen乐预测乐精读乐语法2014雅思9分加 私 lejingdu提问 AThereisalinkbetweenaspecificsubstanceinthebrainand yprovidesinputconcerningphysical Varietiesof ycanbematchedtodifferentstagesofevolutionaryhistory. D.Thereisatendencyform lswithsmallerbrains yless. yisnotaformoffitnesstrainingfortheF.Somespeciesoflarger-brainedbirdsengage G.Awiderangeofactivitiesarecombined yisamethodofteachingsurvival乐预测乐精读乐语法2014雅思9分加 私 lejingdu提问AThereisalinkbetweenaspecificsubstanceinthebrain TheideaisbackedupbytheworkStephenSiviyofGettysburgCollege.Siviystudiedhowboutsof yaffectedthebrain’slevelsofaparticularchemicalassociatedwiththestimulationandgrowthofnervecells.Hewassurprisedbytheextentoftheactivation. yjustlightseverythingup,’hesays.Byallowinglink-upsbetweenbrainareasthatmightnotnormallycommunicatewitheachother, ymayenhance乐预测乐精读乐语法2014雅思9分加 私 lejingdu提问解题：要求填文中原词注意检查：主 单复数一旦填错乐预测乐精读乐语法2014雅思9分加 私 lejingdu提问 IfyouvisittheCanadianArctic,youimmedia yappreciatetheproblemsfacedbypeopleforwhomthisishome.Itwouldclearlybeimpossibleforthepeopletoengagein33....................asameansofsupportingthemselves.Forthousandsofyearstheyhavehadtorelyoncatching34....................and35....................asameansof乐预测乐精读乐语法2014雅思9分加 私 lejingdu提问TheCanadianArcticisavast,treelesspolardesertthat'scoveredwithsnowformostoftheyear.Ventureintothisterrainandyougetsomeideaofthehardshipsfacinganyonewhocallsthishome.Farmingisoutofthequestionandnatureoffersmeagrepickings.HumansfirstsettledintheArcticamere4,500yearsago,survivingbyexploitingseam lsandfish.Theenvironmenttestedthemtothelimits:sometimesthecolonistsweresuccessful,sometimestheyfailedandvanished.Butaroundathousandyearsago,onegroupemergedthatwasuniquelywelladaptedtocopewiththeArcticenvironment.TheseThulepeoplemovedinfromAlaska,bringingkayaks,sleds,dogs,potteryandirontools.Theyaretheancestorsoftoday'sInuitpeople.乐预测乐精读乐语法2014雅思9分加 私 lejingdu提问MultipleChoices单选39InDrLeake’sopinion,thereputationofAIsufferedasaresultAchangingB.prematureC. nnedD.commercial乐预测乐精读乐语法2014雅思9分加 私 lejingdu提问 ‘Therewasundueoptimismintheearly1980s,’saysDavidLeake,aresearcherat naUniversity.‘Thenwhenpeoplerealise