托福阅读推断题

Howdidthistremendousdevelopmenttakeplace,andwhydidithappenintheTeotihuacanValley?AmongthemainfactorsareTeotihuacan'sgeographiclocationonanaturaltraderoutetothesouthandeastoftheValleyofMexico,theobsidianresourcesintheTeotihuacanValleyitself,andthevalley'spotentialforextensiveirrigation灌溉冲洗.Theexactroleofotherfactorsismuchmoredifficulttopinpoint—forinstance,Teotihuacan'sreligioussignificanceasashrine圣地,thehistoricalsituationinandaroundtheValleyofMexicotowardtheendofthefirstmillenniumB.C.theingenuityandforesightednessofTeotihuacan'selite,and,finally,theimpactofnaturaldisasters,suchasthevolcaniceruptions火山喷发ofthelatefirstmillenniumB.C.女口此惊人的发展是如何产生的，它为什么发生在Teotihuacan山谷？主要因素有：Teotihuacan地理位置处于到墨西哥谷东南部的天然商路上；Teotihuacan谷本身的黑曜石资源；山谷的大量灌溉的潜力。要想说清楚其他因素所扮演的角色就难的多了一一比如，Teotihuacan作为圣地的宗教意义；墨西哥谷及周边直到公元前第一个千年的历史情况；Teotihuacan精英阶层的3远见；最后还有自然灾害的影响，诸如公元前一千年的火山喷发。Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraphs2and3abouttheVolcaniceruptionsofthelatefirstmillenniumB.C.?以volcaniceruptionsofthelatefirsrmillenniumB.C.oTheyweremorefrequentthanhistoriansoncethought.oTheymayhavedonemoredamagetoTeotihuacanthantoneighboringcenters.oTheymayhaveplayedamajorroleintheriseofTeotihuacan.oTheyincreasedtheneedforextensiveirrigationintheTeotihuacanValley做关键词定位至第二段最后一句，这个是诸多factor当中的一个，而这些factor都是促进T城发展的，所以答案是C。也可以排除法，A无相关信息；第三段第三句说火山对T影响很大，没跟其他的比较,B错;第二段第二句说到了irrigation，但与问题无关，错ThislastfactorisatleastcircumstantiallyimplicatedinTeotihuacan'srise.Priorto200B.C.,anumberofrelativelysmallcenterscoexistedinandneartheValleyofMexico.Aroundthistime,thelargestofthesecenters,Cuicuilco,wasseriouslyaffectedbyavolcaniceruption,withmuchofitsagriculturallandcoveredbylava.WithCuicuilcoeliminatedasapotentialrival,anyoneofanumberofrelativelymodesttownsmighthaveemergedasaleadingeconomicandpoliticalpowerinCentralMexico.Thearchaeologicalevidenceclearlyindicates,though,thatTeotiluacanwasthecenterthatdidariseasthepredominantforceintheareabythefirstcenturyA.D.最后一个因素至少从环境上与Teotihuacan古城的崛起有牵连。在公元前200年之前，有很多相对的小的中心共存于墨西哥谷及附近。大约在此时，这些中心中的最大者，Cuicuilco,受到了一次火山喷发的严重影响，它的大部分耕地被火山熔岩所覆盖。伴随着Cuicuilco作为一个潜在对手的消失，任何一个相对较小的城镇都有可能在中央墨西哥形成领导性的经济政治力量。尽管考古学证据清晰地表明Teotiluacan确实在公元1世纪成长为这一地区的主要力量。【TPO-8(1)6#7#】Whatcanbeinferredfromparagraph3aboutCuicuilcopriorto200B.C.?oItwasafairlysmallcityuntilthatdate.oItwaslocatedoutsidetheValleyofMexico.oItemergedrapidlyasaneconomicalandpoliticalcenter.oltseconomyreliedheavilyonagriculture.以Cuicuilco做关键词定位至第三段第二句，说Cui这个地方受火山活动影响，农田被lava覆盖，接着一句就说Cui消除了，所以没有农田就没有Cui，答案是D。A与原文说反，应该是大的，不是小的；B的outside和原文中的in说反，错；C中的rapidly没说，错Sporeslightenoughtofloatonthebreezeswerecarriedthousandsofmilesfrommoreancientlandsanddepositedatrandomacrossthebaremountainflanks.Afewofthesesporesfoundatoeholdonthedark,forbiddingrocksandgrewandbegantoworktheirtransformationupontheland.Lichenswereprobablythefirstsuccessfulflora.Thesearenotsingleindividualplants;eachoneisasymbioticcombinationofanalgaandafungus.ThealgaecapturetheSun'senergybyphotosynthesisandstoreitinorganicmolecules.Thefungiabsorbmoistureandmineralsaltsfromtherocks,passingtheseoninwasteproductsthatnourishalgae.Itissignificantthattheearliestlivingthingsthatbuiltcommunitiesontheseislandsareexamplesofsymbiosis,aphenomenonthatdependsupontheclosecooperationoftwoormoreformsoflifeandaprinciplethatisveryimportantinislandcommunities.【TPO-9(3)2#】Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph2thatthefungi真菌inlichens地衣类benefitfromtheirsymbioticrelationship共生关系withalgae藻类inwhatway?oThealgaehelpthefungimeetsomeoftheirenergyneeds.oThealgaeprotectthefungifromtheSun'sradiation.oThealgaeprovidethefungiwithgreaterspaceforabsorbingwater.oThefungiproducelesswasteinthepresenceofalgae.以lichen,fungus和algae做关键词定位至第三句以后，说algae捕获太阳能并储存，而fungi从土壤中吸收矿物质，滋养algae。问的是fungi如何受益，所以前半句是答案，A正确。B虽然提到sun，但不是保护，注意不要错选；C和D都没说JustaspainteddesignsonGreekpotsmayseemtodaytobepurelydecorative,whereas然而infacttheywerecarefullyandpreciselyworkedoutsothatatthetime,theirmeaningwasclear,soitiswithChinesepots.Totwentieth-centuryeyes,Chinesepotterymayappearmerelydecorative,yettotheChinesetheformofeachobjectanditsadornment装饰品hadmeaningandsignificance.Thedragonrepresentedtheemperor,andthephoenix,theempress女皇;thepomegranate石榴indicatedfertility,生育，多产andapairoffish,happiness;mandarinducks鸳鸯stoodforweddedbliss天赐良缘；thepinetree松树，peach,andcrane鹤areemblems象征oflonglife;andfishleapingfromwavesindicatedsuccessinthecivilserviceexaminations公务员考试.OnlywhenEuropeandecorativethemeswereintroduceddidthesemeaningsbecomeobscuredorevenlost.【TPO-10(1)11#】Paragraph5suggestswhichofthefollowingaboutthedecorationsonChinesepottery陶器？oTheyhadmoreimportanceforaristocrats贵族thanforordinarycitizens.oTheirsignificancemayhaveremainedclearhadtheChinesenotcomeunderforeigninfluence.oTheycontainsomeofthesameimagesthatappearonGreekpots罐子oTheirsignificanceisnowascleartotwentiethcenturyobserversasitwastotheearlyChinese.问题中关键词不明显，排除法。A的ordinarycitizens和aristocrat原文没说；B的foreigninfluence做关键词定位至最后一句的European，说直到引入欧洲theme之后中国原有的装饰的意思才被obscure，对应B,没有foreigninfluence那些意思不会改变，正确；C没说；D反了，应该是ancient更熟悉ToSouthAmericans,robinsarebirdsthatflynortheveryspring.ToNorthAmericans,therobinssimplyvacationinthesoutheachwinter.Furthermore,theyflytoveryspecificplacesinSouthAmericaandwilloftencomebacktothesametreesinNorthAmericanyardsthefollowingspring.Thequestionisnotwhytheywouldleavethecoldofwintersomuchashowtheyfindtheirwayaround.Thequestionperplexedpeopleforyears,until,inthe1950s,aGermanscientistnamedGustaveKramerprovidedsomeanswersand.intheprocess,raisednewquestions.对于南美洲的人来说，知更鸟每年春天都会向北飞。对于北美的人来说，几乎每年冬天都要向南飞。还有就是，它们飞往南美特定的地方并且会在接下来的春天回到北美林场相同的树上。与其说问题是它们为什么会在冬天很冷的时候离开，不如说是它们是如何找到路的。许多年来，人们一直为这个问题所困惑，直到1950年代，一个叫GustaveKramer的科学家提供了答案，在这个过程中也提出了新的问题。【TPO-11⑵1#】Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredaboutbirdmigrationfromparagraph1?oBirdswilltakethemostdirectmigratoryroutetotheirnewhabitat.oThepurposeofmigrationistojoinwithlargergroupsofbirds.oBirdmigrationgenerallyinvolvesmovingbackandforthbetweennorthandsouth.oThedestinationofbirds'migrationcanchangefromyeartoyear.这道题的关键词明显不是很好找，而且排除法的话答案又太长，所以看本段的开头，说南美的鸟春天飞去北方，而北美的鸟冬天飞去南方，所以答案是C,betweennorthandsouth，其他的选项都没有相关信息So,inanothersetofexperiments,Kramerputidenticalfoodboxesaroundthecage,withfoodinonlyoneoftheboxes.Theboxeswerestationary,andtheonecontainingfoodwasalwaysatthesamepointofthecompass.However,itspositionwithrespecttothesurroundingscouldbechangedbyrevolvingeithertheinnercagecontainingthebirdsortheouterwalls,whichservedasthebackground.AslongasthebirdscouldseetheSun,nomatterhowtheirsurroundingswerealtered,theywentdirectlytothecorrectfoodbox.Whethertheboxappearedinfrontoftherightwallortheleftwall,theyshowednosignsofconfusion.Onovercastdays,however,thebirdsweredisorientedandhadtroublelocatingtheirfoodbox.在另一组实验中，Kramer在笼子周围放上好几个一摸一样的食品盒子，但是只有一个真的有吃的在里面。这些盒子是不动的，而且那个装有事物的盒子总是在罗盘的同一点处。但是通过转动里面的装鸟的笼子或者是作为背景的外壁，它相对于周围环境的位置可能会改变。只要鸟能够看到太阳，不管它们的周遭环境如何变化，它们都能够直接找到正确的实物盒。不管这个盒子出现在左面外壁的前面还是右边外壁的前面，它们一点都不迷惑。然而，在阴天的时候，鸟儿们会迷失方向并且在定位它们的食物盒时候遇到麻烦。【TPO-11⑵7#】Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph4aboutKramersreasonforfillingonefoodboxandleavingtherestempty?oHebelievedthebirdswouldeatfoodfromonlyonebox.oHewantedtoseewhethertheSunalonecontrolledthebirds'abilitytonavigatetowardtheboxwithfood.oHethoughtthatifalltheboxescontainedfood,thiswoulddistractthebirdsfromfollowingtheirmigratoryroute.oHeneededtotestwhetherthebirdspreferredhavingthefoodatanyparticularpointofthecompass.以foodbox做关键词定位至本段倒数两句，说不管盒子怎么放鸟都不会晕，但阴天的时候就会晕，结合前文一直在说的K做的实验，说明鸟是用太阳识别方向的，所以答案是B，而且这段一开始就说anothersetofexperiments所以可以往前看，前一段也在说鸟用太阳辨别方向，所以这段说的只是一系列试验中的一个，其他没说Furtherevidenceforthecostsofbeggingcomesfromastudyofdifferencesinthebeggingcallsofwarblerspeciesthatnestonthegroundversusthosethatnestintherelativesafetyoftrees.Theyoungofground-nestingwarblersproducebeggingcheepsofhigherfrequenciesthandotheirtree-nestingrelatives.Thesehigher-frequencysoundsdonottravelasfar,andsomaybetterconcealtheindividualsproducingthem,whoareespeciallyvulnerabletopredatorsintheirgroundnests.DavidHaskellcreatedartificialnestswithclayeggsandplacedthemonthegroundbesideataperecorderthatplayedthebeggingcallsofeithertree-nestingorofground-nestingwarblers.Theeggs“advertised”bythetree-nesters'beggingcallswerefoundbittensignificantlymoreoftenthantheeggsassociatedwiththeground-nesters'calls.一项有关在地上做窝与在在相对安全的树上做窝的不同种的刺嘴莺的乞食叫声之间的不同的研究提供了进一步的证据。地上做窝的刺嘴莺的幼鸟发出的乞食的唧唧声与树上做窝的相比频率更高。这些高频率的声音传播的不远，这样就能够更好的隐藏发出这些声音的幼鸟。这些在地上窝中的幼鸟极容易受到捕食者的伤害。DavidHaskell做了一个假的窝，在这个窝里放上鸟蛋，并且把它们放在播放树上做窝以及地上做窝的刺嘴莺的乞食叫声的录音机旁边。那些因为树上做窝的刺嘴莺的乞食声而受到注意鸟蛋与和地上做窝的刺嘴莺乞食声相连的鸟蛋相比被咬食的次数明显要多。【TPO-11(3)4#】Paragraph2indicatesthatthebeggingcallsoftreenestingwarblers鸣鸟oputthematmoreriskthanground-nestingwarblersexperienceocanbeheardfromagreaterdistancethanthoseofground-nestingwarblersoaremorelikelytoconcealthesignalerthanthoseofground-nestingwarblersohavehigherfrequenciesthanthoseofgroundnestingwarblers此题较难，需要阅读较多内容，因为关键词tree-nestlingwarblers多次出现。后半段说了David的实验，所以只是一个事实，往前看，看到第二句和第三句说ground-nestling的鸟发出的声音是高频的，传播的不远，而tree-nestling与之相反，所以答案B传播的更远正确。C和D明显说反；B和C是意思相反的答案。A具有迷惑性，原文只是说在试验中treenestling的鸟蛋被咬得很惨，没说tree的就一定比ground的危险Weallknowthatmanymorepeopletodayareright-handedthanleft-handed.Canonetracethissamepatternfarbackinprehistory?Muchoftheevidenceaboutright-handversusleft-handdominancecomesfromstencilsandprintsfoundinrocksheltersinAustraliaandelsewhere,andinmanyIceAgecavesinFrance,Spain,andTasmania.Whenalefthandhasbeenstenciled,thisimpliesthattheartistwasright-handed,andviceversa.Eventhoughthepaintwasoftensprayedonbymouth,onecanassumethatthedominanthandassistedintheoperation.Onealsohastomaketheassumptionthathandswerestenciledpalmdownward—alefthandstenciledpalmupwardmightofcourselookasifitwerearighthand.Of158stencilsintheFrenchcaveofGargas,136havebeenidentifiedasleft,andonly22asright;right-handednesswasthereforeheavilypredominant.我们都知道，活在当下的人们更多是使用右手而非左手。能不能在史前查找出这一相似的性状呢？有太多的来自澳大利亚地区的石屋中模板和字迹以及冰河期法国西班牙以及塔斯马尼亚地区的岩洞上搜集到的证据证明右手较之于左手的优势。当一个左手被用于塑模时就反向暗示了**他的工匠惯于使用右手。即使是**一幅画作需要一个月左右的喷涂，也可以想象惯用手是如何在这一过程中起到协助作用的。另一个假设是被用于塑模的手手掌向下-一只左手塑模朝上也许让它看起来像一只右手。在法国Gargas岩洞中的158个模板中，有136个鉴定确认为左手，只有22个是右手；右手习惯毫无疑问是据绝对主导地位的。【TPO-12(1)2#】Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph1thatevenwhenpaintwassprayed喷雾bymouthtomakeahandstencil漏字板otherewasnowaytotellwhichhandwasstenciledothestenciledhandwastheweakerhandothestenciledhandwasthedominanthandoartistsstenciledmoreimagesofthedominanthandthantheydidoftheweak以mouth和handstencil做关键词定位至倒数第二和第三句，说dominanthand是帮忙的；最后一句又说136是左手22是右手，通过具体数字说明左手比较主要，所以B是答案；注意B和C是一对相反答案，所以C错，A说不知道哪个主要也就错；D没说Fracturesandothercutmarksareanothersourceofevidence.Right-handedsoldierstendtobewoundedontheleft.Theskeletonofa40-or50-year-oldNabateanwarrior,buried2,000yearsagointheNegevDesert,Israel,hadmultiplehealedfracturestotheskull,theleftarm,andtheribs.断痕与割痕也是论据的另一来源。右撇子勇士一般都是左侧容易受伤。在内盖夫的戈壁中被埋了2000多年的一个40-50岁之间的Nabatean勇士的骨架，在他的头部，左臂和肋骨上有多处已愈合的伤痕。【TPO-12(1)7#】Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutfracturesandcutmarkscanbeinferredfromparagraph

4?oFracturesandcutmarkscausedbyright-handedsoldierstendtooccurontherightsideoftheinjuredparty'sbody.oTherightarmsustainsmoreinjuriesbecause,asthedominantarm,itisusedmoreactively.oInmostpeople,theleftsideofthebodyismorevulnerabletoinjurysinceitisnotdefendedeffectivelybythedominantarm.oFracturesandcutmarksonfossilhumansprobablyoccurredafterdeath.以fracturesandothercutmarks做关键词定位至第一句，但第一句信息太少，往下看，说右撇子士兵伤在左侧，所以正确答案是C。B说反，左侧容易受伤；A和D都没说Rainfallisnotcompletelyabsentindesertareas,butitishighlyvariable.Anannualrainfalloffourinchesisoftenusedtodefinethelimitsofadesert.Theimpactofrainfalluponthesurfacewaterandgroundwaterresourcesofthedesertisgreatlyinfluencedbylandforms.Flatsanddepressionswherewatercancollectarecommonfeatures,buttheymakeuponlyasmallpartofthelandscape.沙漠中并不是完全没有降雨，只不过是变数很大。通常一年以内降雨次数少于4次是定义沙漠的限定条件。降水对沙漠地表和地底的水资源的影响很大程度上取决于地貌。平原和洼地是水源聚集的共同地貌特征，不过他们只占地表的很小一部分。【TPO-12⑶1#】Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutannualrainfallcanbeinferredfromparagraph1?oFlatdesertareasreceivemoreannualrainfallthandesertareaswithmountainsoAreasthatreceivemorethanfourinchesofrainperyeararenotconsidereddeserts.oManyareasreceivelessthanfourinchesofannualrainfall,butonlyafewaredesertsoAnnualrainfallhasnoimpactonthegroundwaterresourcesofdesertareas.以annualrainfall做关键词定位至第二句，说年降雨量少于4inch的地方被认为是沙漠，推断出相反的一面是年降雨量大于4inch的地方不是沙漠，也就是BPeopleareboundwithinrelationshipsbytwotypesofbonds:expressivetiesandinstrumentalties.Expressivetiesaresociallinksformedwhenweemotionallyinvestourselvesinandcommitourselvestootherpeople.Throughassociationwithpeoplewhoaremeaningfultous,weachieveasenseofsecurity,love,acceptance,companionship,andpersonalworth.Instrumentaltiesaresociallinksformedwhenwecooperatewithotherpeopletoachievesomegoal.Occasionally,thismaymeanworkingwithinsteadofagainstcompetitors.Moreoften,wesimplycooperatewithotherstoreachsomeendwithoutendowingtherelationshipwithanylargersignificance.系列情感。工具纽带是但我们为了达到一些目标而与他人进行合人与人之间的关系可以分为两种：情感纽带和工具纽带。情感纽带在当我们感性的与他人交流时形成的一种社会联系。通过和对我们来说十分重要的人交流从而得到的安全感，爱情,认可，友谊和个人价值等作时产生的社会联系方式。有些时候，这也许意味着变相与竞争者一起共事。更多的时候我们没有发展出任何更有意义的关系而只是简单的与其他人合作并走向终点。系列情感。工具纽带是但我们为了达到一些目标而与他人进行合【TPO-13(1)4#】Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredaboutinstrumentaltiesfromtheauthor'smentionofworkingwithcompetitorsinparagraph2?oInstrumentaltiescandevelopeveninsituationsinwhichpeoplewouldnormallynotcooperate.

oInstrumentaltiesrequireasmuchemotionalinvestmentasexpressiveties.oInstrumentaltiesinvolvesecurity,love,andacceptance.oInstrumentaltiesshouldbeexpectedtobesignificant.Sociologistshavebuiltonthedistinctionbetweenexpressiveandinstrumentaltiestodistinguishbetweentwotypesofgroups:primaryandsecondary.Aprimarygroupinvolvestwoormorepeoplewhoenjoyadirect,intimate,cohesiverelationshipwithoneanother.Expressivetiespredominateinprimarygroups;weviewthepeopleasendsinthemselvesandvaluableintheirownright.Asecondarygroupentailstwoormorepeoplewhoareinvolvedinanimpersonalrelationshipandhavecometogetherforaspecific,practicalpurpose.Instrumentaltiespredominateinsecondarygroups;weperceivepeopleasmeanstoendsratherthanasendsintheirownright.Sometimesprimarygrouprelationshipsevolveoutofsecondarygrouprelationships.Thishappensinmanyworksettings.Peopleonthejoboftendevelopcloserelationshipswithcoworkersastheycometosharegripes,jokes,gossip,andsatisfactions.社会学家基于感情纽带与工具纽带的特征对两者进行了区分定义并划分出两种类型的群组：主要群组和次要群组。一个主要社群包含两个或更多人，他们都喜欢直接，亲密的，有粘性的与他人的关系。感情纽带在主要社群中起主导作用。我们审视人的时候是在他们生命的走到尽头的时候，还有他们的个人价值。次要群组也需要两个以上的不过是因为非个人关系而且聚到一起都是为了一个具体的，特定的目标。而工具纽带就在其中起了重要的作用。我们关注人们在最后的价值要比他们自己的权利要多。有时主要群组的关系也会在次要群组中演化出来。这种现象一般发生在一些工作安排当中。人们在共同合作中会相互发牢骚，开玩笑，传八卦以及满足感，由此依旧发展出了亲近的关系。【TPO-13(1)6#】Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromtheauthor'sclaiminparagraph3thatprimarygrouprelationshipssometimesevolveoutof从。。演变secondarygrouprelationships?oSecondarygrouprelationshipsbeginbybeingprimarygrouprelationships.oAsecondarygrouprelationshipthatishighlyvisiblequicklybecomesaprimarygrouprelationship.oSociologistsbelievethatonlyprimarygrouprelationshipsareimportanttosociety.oEveninsecondarygroups,frequentcommunicationservestobringpeopleintocloserelationships.以evolveoutof做关键词定位至倒数第三句，但这句话跟问题几乎是完全一样的，所以不是答案。往后看，this标示着上下句之间有联系。下句说这种evolve发生在工作背景下，接着说同事之间可以通过share各种东西变成非常亲密的朋友,也就是secondary变primary的一个例子，所以正确答案是D。A说反；B和C均没说而且C有违常识Eachoftheprecedingtechniquesprovidestheresearcherwithevidencethattheinfantcandetectordiscriminatebetweenstimuli.Withthesesophisticatedobservationalassessmentandelectrophysiologicalmeasures,weknowthattheneonateofonlyafewdaysisfarmoreperceptivethanpreviouslysuspected.However,thesemeasuresareonly"indirect"indicatorsoftheinfant'sperceptualabilities.以上所说的每一种技术都可以给研究者提供关于婴儿能够探

知或区别刺激的依据，通过这些复杂的观察记录和电子生物学的探测，我们知道一个只有几天的新生儿能探知的要远比我们之前猜测的要多的多。然而，这些标准也只是通过间接的指示器所测量到的婴儿感知的能力。【TPO-13(3)12#】Paragraph5indicatesthatresearcherswhousedthetechniquesdescribedinthepassagediscoveredthatoinfantsfinditdifficulttoperceivesometypesofstimulioneonatesofonlyafewdayscannotyetdiscriminatebetweenstimulioobservationalassessmentislessusefulforstudyinginfantperceptionthanresearcherspreviouslybelievedoaneonateisabletoperceivestimulibetterthanresearchersoncethought原文很短，可以快速扫过，问题问得出什么结论，本段第二句说我们发现仅仅出生几天的新生儿比我们以前认为的更perceptive，也就是能感受到更多东西，所以答案是CHowdidthosedensesouthernMayapopulationsdealwiththeresultingwaterproblem?Itinitiallysurprisesusthatmanyoftheircitieswerenotbuiltnexttotheriversbutinsteadonhighterraininrollinguplands.TheexplanationisthattheMayaexcavateddepressions,ormodifiednaturaldepressions,andthenpluggedupleaksinthekarstbyplasteringthebottomsofthedepressionsinordertocreatereservoirs,whichcollectedrainfromlargeplasteredcatchmentbasinsandstoreditforuseinthedryseason.Forexample,reservoirsattheMayacityofTikalheldenoughwatertomeetthedrinkingwaterneedsofabout10,000peopleforaperiodof18months.Maya，Tikal城中的蓄水池储存的水足够满足大约1万人在18月内的饮水需求。AtthecityofCobatheMayabuiltdikesaroundalakeinordertoraiseitslevelandmaketheirwatersupplymorereliable.ButtheinhabitantsofTikalandothercitiesdependentonreservoirsfordrinkingwaterwouldstillhavebeenindeeptroubleif18monthspassedwithoutraininaprolongeddrought.Ashorterdroughtinwhichtheyexhaustedtheirstoredfoodsuppliesmightalreadyhavegottenthemindeeptrouble,becausegrowingcropsrequiredrainratherthanreservoirs.【TPO-14⑵9#】Whatcanbeinferredfromparagraph4abouthowresidentsofTikalmettheirneedsforwaterandfoodduringmostperiodsofdrought?从第四段中能推出哪些关于Tikal的居民在大多数干旱时期是如何满足他们水和食物的需求？oTheydependeduponwaterandfoodthathadbeenstoredforuseduringthedryseason.他们依靠为旱季储存的水和食物。oTheyobtaineddrinkingwaterandwaterforcropirrigationfromCobadikes.他们从Coba堤坝获得饮水和灌溉水。oTheylocatedtheirpopulationcentersnearalakewherewaterwasavailablefordrinkingandwateringcrops.他们的人群中心坐落在湖边，在那儿有水喝有水灌溉。oTheymovedlocationsevery18monthstofindnewcroplandsandwatersources.他们每18个月迁徙一次来寻找新耕地和水资源。以专有名词和drought做关键词定位至倒数第二句，说他们是依靠reservoir的，所以答案是A，theystored；B的Cobadikes，C的lake和D的newcroplands都没说Whenitcomestophysiology,theleatherbackturtleis,insomeways,morelikeareptilianwhalethanaturtle.Itswimsfartherintothecoldofthenorthernandsouthernoceansthananyotherseaturtle,anditdealswiththechillywatersinawayuniqueamongreptiles.【TPO-15(1)2#】Whatcanbeinferredaboutwhalesfromparagraph1?oTheyareconsideredbysometobereptiles.爬行动物oTheirbodiesarebuiltinawaythathelpsthemmanageextremelycoldtemperaturesoTheyaredistantlyrelatedtoleatherbackturtles.oTheycanswimfartherthanleatherbackturtles.以whale做关键词定位至第一句，说leatherbackturtle更像鲸而不像爬行动物，然后就说这种turtle海龟能游的远，也就是说鲸能游得远，所以答案是B。A说鲸是爬行动物违反常识,而且原文也没说；原文说他们physiology上像，没说它们是否相关，所以C错；至于两个谁游得远文章干脆没提，所以D错MendeleyevwentfurtherthanMeyerinanotherrespect:hepredictedthepropertiesofsixelementsyettobediscovered.Forexample,agapjustbelowaluminumsuggestedanewelementwouldbefoundwithpropertiesanalogoustothoseofaluminum.Mendeleyevdesignatedthiselement"eka-aluminum"(ekaistheSanskritwordfor"next")andpredicteditsproperties.Justfiveyearslateranelementwiththeproperatomicmasswasisolatedandnamedgalliumbyitsdiscoverer.TheclosecorrespondencebetweentheobservedpropertiesofgalliumandMendeleyeVspredictionsforeka-aluminumlentstrongsupporttotheperiodiclaw.元素周期律Additionalsupportcamein1885wheneka-silicon,whichhadalsobeendescribedinadvancebyMendeleyev,wasdiscoveredandnamedgermanium.门捷列夫在另一个研究上也比Meyer更加深入：他预测了六种元素的性质已经被发现。例如铝后面的一个空隙发现了一个与铝的性质有一些联系的新元素。门捷列夫将这个元素定义为“次铝”(eka这个词在梵语中的意思是“下一个”)而且还预估了它的性质。仅仅在五年后确切原子质量的元素就被分离了出来，并被他的发现者称为“镓”。镓所表现出的特性和门捷列夫所预估的“次铝”为元素法则提供了一个强有力的支持。另一个例证是在1885年发现的锗，也是同样由门捷列夫所分析得出的“次77十■”硅”。【TPO-16(2)10#】10.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph3thatthesignificanceofthediscoveryofgalliumwasthatitsupportedwhichofthefollowing?oTheideathataluminumwascorrectlyplacedintheperiodictableoMendeleyev'spredictionthateka-siliconwouldbediscoverednextoTheorganizingprincipleoftheperiodictableoD,TheideathatunknownelementsexistedThechiefproblemwastechnological:HowweretheEuropeanstoreachtheEast?Europe'smaritimetraditionhaddevelopedinthecontextofeasilynavigableseas—theMediterranean,theBaltic,and.toalesserextent,theNorthSeabetweenEnglandandtheContinent—notofvastoceans.Newtypesofshipswereneeded,newmethodsoffindingone'sway,newtechniquesforfinancingsovastascheme.ThesheerscaleoftheinvestmentittooktobegincommercialexpansionatseareflectstheimmensityoftheprofitsthatsuchEast-Westtradecouldcreate.Spiceswerethemostsought-aftercommodities.SpicesnotonlydramaticallyimprovedthetasteoftheEuropeandietbutalsowereusedtomanufactureperfumesandcertainmedicines.Butevenhigh-pricedcommoditieslikespiceshadtobetransportedinlargebulkinordertojustifytheexpenseandtroubleofsailingaroundtheAfricancontinentallthewaytoIndiaandChina.最主要的问题其实还是技术：怎么才能从欧洲到达东方呢？欧洲的航海传统是在那些比较容易航行的海域中建立和发展起来的—地中海，波罗的海，以及一条比较狭长的海域—英格兰和欧洲大陆之间的北海，而这些海都不是什么广阔的大洋。所以，新型的航船是必须的，新的定位方法也是必要的，以及这些新技术所需要的财政支出也是十分巨大的。由于海上商业扩张而发展来的全新的发明标准反映出了东西方贸易所能创造出的无法想象的财富。香料开始变成最为普遍的日用品。因为香料显著提高了欧洲菜肴的口感同时也被应用于香水的制造和一些药品之中。旦是即使是像香料这样的高价日用品也不得不大量的运输以平衡绕过非洲从中国和印度所花费的巨大的成本和麻烦。【TPO-17(1)6#】6.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph2thatspices香料fromAsiaweredesirableinEuropeintheMiddleAgesbecausetheyowereeasilytransportedinlargequantitiesocouldnotbeproducedinEuropeancountriesocouldbetradedforproductssuchasperfumesandmedicinesowereexpectedtoincreaseinvalueovertimeVerylittlelightfiltersthroughthecanopyofleavesandbranchesinarainforesttoreachgroundlevel—orclosetotheground—andatthoselevelstheyellow-to-greenwavelengthspredominate.Asignalmightbemosteasilyseenifitismaximallybright.Inthegreen-to-yellowlightingconditionsofthelowestlevelsoftheforest,yellowandgreenwouldbethebrightestcolors,butwhenananimalissignaling,thesecolorswouldnotbeveryvisibleiftheanimalwassittinginanareawithayellowishorgreenishbackgroundThebestsignaldependsnotonlyonitsbrightnessbutalsoonhowwellitcontrastswiththebackgroundagainstwhichitmustbeseen.Inthispartoftherainforest,therefore,redandorangearethebestcolorsforsignaling,andtheyarethecolorsusedinsignalsbytheground-walkingAustralianbrushturkey.Thisspecies,whichlivesintherainforestsandscrublandsoftheeastcoastofAustralia,hasabrown-to-blackplumagewithbare,bright-redskinontheheadandneckandaneckcollaroforange-yellowlooselyhangingskin.Duringcourtshipandaggressivedisplays,theturkeyenlargesitscoloredneckcollarbyinflatingsacsintheneckregionandthenflingsaboutapendulouspartofthecoloredsignalingapparatusasitutterscallsdesignedtoattractorrepel.Thisimpressivedisplayisclearlyvisibleinthelightspectrumilluminatingtheforestfloor.【TPO-17(2)9#】Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph4aboutyellowandgreencolorscomparedwithredandorangecolorsatthebottomoftheforest?oYellowandgreenarebettercolorsforsignalingthanredandorangecolors.oOrangeandredarebrightercolorsthanyellowandgreen.oYellowandgreenarelikelytobemorecommoninthebackgroundthanredandorangeoOrangeandredcolorsdonotcontrastaswellwiththeforestfloorasyellowandgreendoLesscolorfulbirdsandanimalsthatinhabittherainforesttendtorelyonformsofsignalingotherthanthevisual,particularlyoverlongdistances.ThepiercingcriesoftherhinoceroshornbillcharacterizetheSoutheastAsianrainforest,asdotheunmistakablecallsofthegibbons.Indenselywoodedenvironments,soundisthebestmeansofcommunicationoverdistancebecauseincomparisonwithlight,ittravelswithlittleimpedimentfromtreesandothervegetation.Inforests,visualsignalscanbeseenonlyatshortdistances,wheretheyarenotobstructedbytrees.Themaleriflebirdexploitsbothofthesemodesofsignalingsimultaneouslyinhiscourtshipdisplay.Thesoundsmadeaseachwingisopenedcarryextremelywelloverdistanceandadvertisehispresencewidely.Theritualizedvisualdisplaycommunicatesinclosequarterswhenafemalehasapproached.【TPO-17(2)10#】Whatcanbeinferredfromparagraph5aboutthelesscolorfulbirdsandanimalsthatinhabittheforest?oThesespeciesarelessabletoseecolor,andthereforetheycommu