四级考前紧急救援讲义

9：18806016Hertravelto TheproperhairstyleforhernewWhentostartthemake-upThelackofThequalityofThefrustrationsatThepressureonworking：Meettheminers'originalOffermorebenefitstopoorblackImprovetheminers'workingOffera10%payHishealthisgettingHecannolongerworkatHispastlifeupsetshimagoodHehasnotgottheexpectedTheywerejustasbusyaspeopleofTheysawtheimportanceofcollectiveTheydidn'tcominasmuchasmodernTheylivedahardlifebyhuntingand：A)A)AnoticebytheelectricityAdspromotingelectricThedescriptionofathiefinAnewonpensioners'A)ItisoftencausedbyachangeofItactuallydoesn’trequireanyspecialItusuallyappearsallofaItgenerallylastsforseveral：无。第3节专门讲，做好也许会的思想准备。A)TomakeinquiriesaboutthepriceofanelectricTobuyapresentforhisfriendwhoisgettingTofindoutthecostforacompletesetofToseewhathecouldaskhisfriendstobuyfor mendsuitablekitchenwaretoToteachhimhowtousetheTodiscusscookingexperienceswithTolhimhowtopreparedeliciousSaucepansandfryingpansarcamustintheTherearesomanydifferentsortsofCookingdevicesaresuchpracticalAmixercansavesomuchtimeinmakingWhethertheyshouldtakethechildWhoshouldtakecareofthechildatWhenthechildwouldcompleySheencouragesthemtoaskquestionswheninShemakesthemwritedownallherShehasthemactoutwhattheyaretodoatSheasksthemtorepeatwhattheyaresupposedtoItlacksthestabilityoftheprintedItcontainsmany ticalItisheavilydependentontheItfacilitates al1：Questions1and2arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustA)TheInternationalLabourOrganization’skeyThebasicsocialprotectionforthemostGlobaleconomicA)ManycountrieshavenottakenmeasurestocreateenoughFewcountriesknowhowtoaddressthecurrenteconomicFewcountrieshaverealizedtheseriousnessofthecurrentManycountriesneedsupporttoimprovetheirpeople’sQuestions3and4arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejust3.A)ServestandardizedfoodPutcalorieinformationon IncreaseproteincontentintheOfferconvenientfoodto4.A)TheywillbeTheywillbeTheywillgetaTheywillloseQuestions5to7arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejust5.A)InabilitytoimplementtheirbusinessInabilitytokeepturningoutnovelLackofasuccessfulbusinessmodeloftheirFailuretointegrateinnovationintotheirItisthesecrettobusinessItisthecreationofsomethingItisamagictooltobringbigItisanessentialpartofbusinessItshardworkingItsflexiblepromotionItsinnovationItswillingnesstomake :

:

SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions26to35arebasedonthefollowingPhysicalactivitydoesthebodygood,andthere’sgrowingevidencethatithelpsthebraintoo.ResearchersintheNetherlandsreportthatchildrenwhogetmoreexercise,whetheratschoolorontheirown,tohavehigherGPAsandbetterscoresonstandardizedtests.Ina27of14studiesthatlookedatphysicalactivityandacademic28,investigatorsfoundthatthemorechildrenmoved,thebettertheirgradeswereinschool,29inthebasicsubjectsofmath,Englishandreading.Thedatawillcertainlyfueltheongoingdebateoverwhetherphysicaleducationclassesshouldbecutasschoolsstruggleto30onsmallerbudgets.Theargumentsagainstphysicaleducationhaveincludedconcernsthatgymtimemaybetakingawayfromstudytime.WithstandardizedtestscoresintheU.S.31inrecentyears,someadministratorsbelievestudentsneedtospendmoretimeintheclassroominsteadofontheyground.Butasthesefindingsshow,exerciseandacademicsmaynotbeexclusive.Physicalactivitycanimproveblood33tothebrain,fuelingmemory,attentionandcreativity,whichare34tolearning.Andexercisereleaseshormonesthatcanimprove35andrelievestress,whichcanalsohelplearning.Sowhileitmayseemasifkidsarejustexercisingtheirbodieswhenthey’rerunningaround,theymayactuallybeexercisingtheirbrainsaswell.

Directions:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.FindingtheRightHome—andContentment,ingeducatedshouldnotrequiregivingup[A].Whenyourelderlyrelativeneedstoentersomesortoflong-termcarefacility—amomentfewparentsorchildrenapproachwithoutfear—whatyouwouldlikeistohaveeverythingmadeclear.[B].Doesassistedlivingreallymarkagreatimprovementoveranursinghome,orhastheindustrysimplyhiredbetterinteriordesigners?Arenursinghomesasbadaspeoplefear,oristhatanout-modedstereotype(固定看法)?Canngone’s reallysteerfamiliestothebestces?Itisgenuinelyhardtoknow.[C].Iamabouttomakethingsmorecomplicatedbysuggestingthatwhatkindoffacilityanlivesinmaymatterlessthanwehaveassumed.Andthatthecharacteristicsadultchildrenlookforwhentheybeginthesearcharenotnecessarilythethingsthatmakeadifferencetothepeoplewhoaregoingtomovein.Iamnottalkingaboutthequalityofcare,letmehastilyadd.Nobodyflourishesinagloomyenvironmentwithirresponsiblestaffandapoorsafetyrecord.Butanaccumulatingbodyofresearchindicatesthatsomedistinctionsbetweenonetypeofeldercareandanotherhavelittlerealbearingonhowwellresidentsdo.[D].Themostrecentofthesestudies,publishedinTheJournalofAppliedGerontology,surveyed150Connecticutresidentsofassistedliving,nursinghomesandsmallerresidentialcarehomes(knowninsomestatesasboardandcarehomesoradultcarehomes).ResearchersfromtheUniversityofConnecticutHealthCenteraskedtheresidentsalargenumberofquestionsabouttheirqualityoflife,emotionalwell-beingandsocialinction,aswellasaboutthequalityofthefacilities.[E].“Wethoughtwewouldseedifferencesbasedonthehousingtypes,”saidtheleadauthorofthestudy,JulieRobison,anassociateprofessorofmedicineattheuniversity.Areasonableassumption—don’tfamiliesstruggletoavoidnursinghomesandsufferrealguiltiftheycan’t?[F].Intheinitialresults,assistedlivingresidentsdidpaintthemostpositivepicture.Theywerelesslikelytoreportsymptomsofdepressionthanthoseintheotherfacilities,forinstance,andlesslikelytobeboredorlonely.Theyscoredhigheronsocialinction.[G].Butwhentheresearcherspluggedinanumberofothervariables,suchdifferencesdisappeared.Itisnotthehousingtype,theyfound,thatcreatesdifferencesinresidents’responses.“Itisthecharacteristicsofthespecificenvironmenttheyarein,combinedwiththeirown characteristics—howhealthytheyfeeltheyare,theirageandmaritalstatus,”Dr.Robisonexined.Whetherresidentsfeltinvolvedinthedecisiontomoveandhowlongtheyhadlivedtherealsoproved[H].Anelderly whodescribesherselfasinpoorhealth,therefore,mightbenolessdepressedinassistedliving(evenifherchildrenpreferredit)thaninanursinghome.A whohadinputintowherehewouldmoveandhashadtimetoadapttoitmightdoaswellinanursinghomeasinasmallresidentialcarehome,otherfactorsbeingequal.Itisaninctionbetweenthe andthece,notthesortofceinitself,thatleadstobetterorworseexperiences.“Youcan’tjustsay,‘Let’sput inaresidentialcarehomeinsteadofanursinghome—shewillbemuchbetteroff,’”Dr.Robisonsaid.Whatmatters,sheadded,“isacombinationofwhatpeoplebringinwiththem,andwhattheyfindthere.”[I].Suchfindings,whichruncountertocommonsense,havesurfacedbefore.Inamulti-statestudyofassistedliving,forinstance,UniversityofNorthCarolinaresearchersfoundthatahostofvariables—thefacility’stype,sizeorage;whetherachainownedit;howattractivetheneighborhoodwas—hadnosignificantrelationshiptohowtheresidentsfaredintermsofillness,mentaldecline,hospitalizationsormortality.Whatmatteredmostwastheresidents’physicalhealthandmentalstatus.Whatpeoplewerelikewhentheycameinhadgreaterconsequencethanwhathappenedoncetheywerethere.[J].AsIwasconsideringallthis,apressreleasefromarespectedresearchfirmcrossedmydesk,announcingthatthefive-starratingsystemthatMedicaredevelopedin2008tohelpfamiliescomparenursinghomequalityalsohaslittlerelationshiptohowsatisfieditsresidentsortheirfamilymembersare.Asamatteroffact,consumersexpressedhighersatisfactionwiththeone-starfacilities,thelowestrated,thanwiththefive-starones.(Moreonthisstudyandthestarratingswillappearinasubsequent[K].Beforewecollectivelytearourhairout—howarewesupposedtofindourwayinalandscapethisconfusing?—hereisathoughtfromDr.PhilipSloane,ageriatrician(老年病学专家)attheUniversityofNorthCarolina:“Inaway,thatcouldbeliberatingforfamilies.”[L].Ofcourse,sonsanddaughterswanttovisitthefacilities,talktotheadministratorsandresidentsandotherfamilies,anddoeverythingpossibletofulfilltheirduties.Butperhapstheydon’thavetoturnthemselvesintoprivateinvestigatorsorCongressional mittees.“Familiescanlookabitmoreforwheretheresidentsaregoingtobehappy,”Dr.Sloanesaid.Andinvolvingthefutureresidentintheprocesscanbeveryimportant.[M].Weallhaveourownideasaboutwhatwouldbringourparentshappiness.Theyhavetheirideas,too.Afriendrecentlytookhermothertovisitanexpensiveassistedliving/nursinghomenearmytown.Ihaveseenthisce—itiselegant,insideandout.Butnobodygreetedthedaughterandmotherwhentheyarrived,thoughthevisithadbeennned;nobodyintroducedthemtotheotherresidents.Whentheyhadlunchinthediningroom,theysataloneatatable.[N].Thedaughterfearedhermotherwouldbeignoredthere,andsoshedecidedtomoveherintoamoreingfacility.Basedonwhatisemergingfromsomeofthisresearch,thatmighthavebeenrationalawayasanytoreachaManypeoplefeelguiltywhentheycannotfindaceotherthananursinghomefortheirThoughithelpsforchildrentoinvestigatecarefacilities,involvingtheirparentsinthedecision-makingprocessmayproveveryimportant.ItisreallydifficulttolifassistedlivingisbetterthananursingHowaresidentfeelsdependsonan ctionbetweenthemselvesandthecarefacilitytheyliveTheauthorthinksherfriendmadearationaldecisioninchoosingamorehospitableceoveranapparentlyelegantassistedlivinghome.ThesystemMedicaredevelopedtoratenursinghomequalityisoflittlehelptofindingasatisfactoryAtfirsttheresearchersofthemostrecentstudyfoundresidentsinassistedlivingfacilitiesgavehigherscoresonsocialin WhatkindofcarefacilityoldpeopleliveinmaybelessimportantthanweThefindingsofthelatestresearchweresimilartoanearliermulti-statestudyofassistedAresident’ssatisfactionwithacarefacilityhasmuchtodowithwhethertheyhadparticipatedinthedecisiontomoveinandhowlongtheyhadstayedthere.Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingAsArtificialInligence(AI) esincreasinglysophisticated,therearegrowingconcernsthatrobots eathreat.Thisdangercanbeavoided,accordingtocomputerscienceprofessorStuartRussell,ifwefigureouthowtoturnhumanvaluesintoaprogrblecode.Russellarguesthatasrobotstakeonmorecomplicatedtasks,it’snecessarytotranslateourmoralsintoAIForexample,ifarobotdoeschoresaroundthehouse,youwouldn’twantittoputthepetcatintheoventomakedinnerforthehungrychildren.“Youwouldwantthatrobotpreloadedwithagoodsetofvalues,”saidSomerobotsarealreadyprogrammedwithbasichumanvalues.Forexample,robotshavebeenprogrammedtokeepacomfortabledistancefromhumans.Obviouslythereareculturaldifferences,butifyouweretalkingtoanother andtheycameupcloseinyour alspace,youwould’tthinkthat’sthekindofthingaproperlybrought-up wouldto.Itwillbepossibletocreatemoresophisticatedmoralmachines,ifonlywecanfindawaytosetouthumanvaluesasclearrules.Robotscouldalsolearnvaluesfromdrawingpatternsfromlargesetsofdataonhumanbehavior.Theyaredangerousonlyifprogrammersarecareless.Thebiggestconcernwithrobotsgoingagainsthumanvaluesisthathumanbeingsfailtodosufficienttestingandthey’veproducedasystemthatwillbreaksomekindoftaboo().OnesimplecheckwouldbetoprogramarobottocheckthecorrectcourseofactionwithahumanwhenpresentedwithanunusualIftherobotisunsurewhetherananimalissuitableforthemicrowave,ithastheopportunitytostop,outbeeps嘟嘟声andaskfordirectionsfromahuman.Ifwehumansaren’tquitesureaboutadecision,wegoandasksomebodyelse.Themostdifficultstepinprogrammingvalueswillbedecidingexactlywhatwebelieveismoral,andhowtocreateasetofethicalrules.Butifwecomeupwithananswer,robotscouldbegoodforhumanity.WhatdoestheauthorsayaboutthethreatofItmayconstituteachallengetocomputer paniesallmachineryinvolvinghighItcanbeavoidedifhumanvaluesaretranslatedintotheirIt eaninevitableperilastechnologygetsmoreWhatwouldwethinkof whoinvades alspaceaccordingtotheTheyare C)TheyareTheyare D)Theyareill-HowdorobotslearnhumanBy ctingwithhumansineverydaylifeByfollowingthedailyroutinesofcivilizedhumanBypickinguppatternsfrommassivedataonhumanByimitatingthebehaviorofproperlybrought-uphumanWhatwillawell-programmedrobotdowhenfacinganunusualKeepadistancefrompossibleStoptoseekadvicefromahumanTriggeritsbuilt-inalarmsystematDosufficienttestingbeforetakingWhatismostdifficulttodowhenweturnhumanvaluesintoa bleDeterminewhatismoralandDesignsomelarge-scaleSetrulesforman-machine DevelopamoresophisticatedQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingWhydosomepeoplelivetobeolderthanothers?Youknowthestandardexnations:keeamoderatediet,engaginginregularexercise,etc.Butwhateffectdoesyour alityhaveonyourlongevity(长寿)？Dosomekindsof alitiesleadtolongerlives?AnewstudyintheJournaloftheAmericanGeriatricsSocietylookedatthisquestionbyexaminingthe alitycharacteristicsof246childrenofpeoplewhohadlivedtobeatleast100.Thestudyshowsthatthoselivingthelongestaremoreoutgoing，moreactiveandlessneurotic(神经质的)thanotherpeople.Long-livingwomenarealsomorelikelytobesympatheticandcooperativethanwomenwithanormallifespan.Thesefindingsareinagreementwithwhatyouwouldexpectfromtheevolutionarytheory:thosewholiketomakefriendsandhelpotherscangatherenoughresourcestomakeitthroughtoughtimes.Interestingly,however,othercharacteristicsthatyoumightconsideradvantageoushadnoimpactonwhetherstudyparticipantswerelikelytolivelonger.Thosewhoweremoreself-disciplined,forinstance,werenomorelikelytolivetobeveryold.Also,beingopentonewideashadnorelationshiptolonglife,whichmightexinallthosebad-temperedoldpeoplewhoarefixedintheirways.Whetheryoucansuccessfullychangeyour alityasanadultisthesubjectofalongstandingpsychologicaldebate.Butthenewpapersuggeststhatifyouwantlonglife,youshouldstrivetobeasoutgoingaspossible.Unfortunay,anotherrecentstudyshowsthatyourmother’s alitymayalsohelpdetermineyourlongevity.Thatstudylookedatnearly28,000Norwegianmothersandfoundthatthosemomswhoweremoreanxious,depressedandangryweremorelikelytofeedtheirkidsunhealthydiets.Patternsofchildhoodeatingcanbehardtobreakwhenwe’readults,whichmaymeanthatkidsofdepressedmomsendupdyingyounger.alityisn’tdestiny(命运),andeveryoneknowsthatindividualscanlearntochange.Butbothstudiesshowthatlonglifeisn’tjustamatterofyourphysicalhealthbutofyourmentalhealth.TheaimofthestudyintheJournaloftheAmericanGeriatricsSociety toseewhether alityaffectstheirlifetofindoutifone’slifestylehasanyeffectontheirtoinvestigatetheroleofexerciseinlivingalongtoexamineallthefactorscontributingtoWhatdoestheauthorimplyaboutoutgoingandsympatheticTheyhaveagoodunderstandingofTheyarebetteratnegotiatinganTheygenerallyappearmoreTheyaremorelikelytogetoverWhatfindingofthestudymightprovesomewhatoutofourEasy-goingpeoplecanalsolivearelativelylongalitycharacteristicsthatproveadvantageousactuallyvarywith alitycharacteristicsasself-disciplinehavenoeffectonReadinesstoacceptnewideashelpsoneenjoyWhatdoestherecentstudyofNorwegianmothers alitycharacteristicsareinvariablydeterminedbytheirPeoplewithunhealthyeatinghabitsarelikelytodieMothers’influenceonchildrenmaylastlongerthan alitycharacteristicsmayaffecttheirchildren’slifeWhatcanwelearnfromthefindingsofthetwonewAnxietyanddepressionmoreoftenthannotcutshortone’slifeLongevityresultsfromacombinationofmentalandphysicalalityysadecisiveroleinhowhealthyoneHealthisinlargepartrelatedtoone’sPartⅢReadingComprehension(40minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions26to35arebasedonthefollowingSignsbarringcell-phoneuseareafamiliarsighttoanyonewhohaseversatinahospitalwaitingroom.Butthe26popularityofelectronicmedicalrecordshasdhospital-baseddoctors eoncomputersthroughouttheday,anddesktops—whichkeepdoctorsfrombedsides—are28givingwaytowirelessdevices.Asclericalloadsincreased,“somethinghadto29,andthatwasalwaysfacetimewithpatients,”saysDr.BhaktiPa,aformerchiefresidentintheUniversityofChicago'sinternal-medicineprogram.Infall2010,shehelped30apilotprojectinChicagotoseeiftheiPadcouldimproveworkingconditionsandpatientcare.Theexperimentwasso31thatallinternal-medicineresidentsattheuniversitynowgetiPadswhentheybegintheprogram.JohnsHopkins'internal-medicineprogramadoptedthesame32in2011.MedicalschoolsatYaleandStanfordnowhavepaperless,iPad-basedcurriculums.“You'llwantaniPadjustsoyoucanwearthis”isthesloganforoneofthenewlabcoats33withlargepocketsto modatetabletcomputers.AstudyoftheUniversityofChicagoiPadprojectfoundthatpatientsgottestsand34fasteriftheywerecaredforbyiPad-equippedresidents.Manypatientsalso35abetterunderstandingoftheillnessesthatlandedtheminthehospitalinthefirst

Directions:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.[A].Isitpossibletoenjoyapeacefullifeinaworldthatisincreasinglychallengedbythreatsanduncertaintiesfromwars,terrorism,economiccrisesandawidespreadoutbreakofinfectiousdiseases?Theanswerisyes,accordingtoanewbookThe10GoldenRules:AncientWisdomfromtheGreekPhilosophersonLivingaGoodLife.Thebookisco-authoredbyLongIslandUniversity'sphilosophyprofessorMichaelSoupiosandeconomicsprofessorPanosMourdoukoutas.[B].ThewisdomoftheancientGreekphilosophersistimeless,saysSoupios.Thephilosophyprofessorsaysitisasrelevanttodayaswhenitwasfirstwrittenmanycenturiesago.“Thereisnoexpiration(失效)dateonwisdom,”hesays.“Thereisnoshelflifeoninligence.Ithinkthatthingshave verygloomythesedays,lotsofmisunderstanding,misleadingcues,alotofwhattheancientswouldhavecalledsophistry(诡辩).ThenicethingaboutancientphilosophyasofferedbytheGreeksisthattheytendedtoseelifeclearandwhole,inawaythatwetendnottoseelifetoday.”Examineyour[C].Soupios,alongwithhisco-authorPanosMourdoukoutas,developedtheir10goldenrulesbyturningtothemenbehindthatphilosophy—Aristotle,Socrates,EpictetusandPythagoras,amongothers.Thefirstrule—examineyourlife—isthecommonthreadthatrunsthroughtheentirebook.Soupiossaysthatitisbasedonto'sobservationthattheunexaminedlifeisnotworthliving.“TheGreeksarealwaysconcernedaboutboxingthemselvesin,intermsofconvictions(信念),”hesays.“Sotakeastepback,switchofftheautomaticpilotandactuallystopandreflectaboutthingslikeourpriorities,ourvalues,andourrelationships.”Stopworryingaboutwhatyoucannot[D].Aswebegintoexamineourlife,Soupiossays,wecometoRuleNo.2:Worryonlyaboutthingsthatyoucancontrol.“TheindividualwhopromotedthisideawasaStoicphilosopher.HisnameisEpictetus,”hesays.“AndwhattheStoicssayingeneralissimplythis:Thereisalargerninlife.Youarenotreallygoingtobeabletounderstandallofthedimensionsofthisn.Youarenotgoingtobeabletocontrolthedimensionsofthisn.”[E].So,Soupiosexins,itisnotworthittowasteourphysical,inlectualandspiritualenergyworryingaboutthingsthatarebeyondourcontrol.“IcannotcontrolwhetherornotIwindupgettingthediseaseswineflu,forexample,”hesays.“Imean,therearesomecautiousstepsIcantake,butultimayIcannotguaranteemyselfthat.SowhatEpictetuswouldsayissittingathomeworryingaboutthatwouldbewrongandwastefulandirrational.Youshouldliveyourlifeattemptingtoidentifyandcontrolthosethingswhichyoucangenuinelycontrol.”Seektrue[F].Tohaveameaningful,happylifeweneedfriends.ButaccordingtoAristotle—astudentoftoandteacherofAlexandertheGreat—mostrelationshipsdon'tqualifyastruefriendships.“JustbecauseIhaveabusinessrelationshipwithanindividualandIcanprofitfromthatrelationship,itdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthis ismyfriend,”Soupiossays.“Realfriendshipiswhentwoindividualssharethesamesoul.ItisabeautifulanduncharacteristicallypoeticimagethatAristotle[G].Inourpursuitofthegoodlife,hesays,itisimportanttoseekouttruepleasures—advicewhichwasoriginallyofferedbyEpicurus.ButunlikethemoderndefinitionofEpicureanismasalifeofindulgence()andluxury,fortheancientGreeks,itmeantfindingastateofcalm,peaceandmentalease.[H].“ThiswasthehighestandmostdesirableformofpleasureandhappinessfortheancientEpicureans,”Soupiossays.“Thisissomethingthatisverymuchwellworthconsideringhereinthemodernera.Idonotthinkthatwespendnearlyenoughtimetryingtoconcentrateonachievingasortofcalmness,asortofcontentmentinamentalandspiritualway,whichwasidentifiedbythesepeopleasthehighestformofhappinessandpleasure.”Dogoodto[I].Othergoldenrulescounselustomasterourselves,toavoidexcessandnottobeaprosperous(发迹的)fool.Therearealsorulesdealingwithinter alrelationships:Bearesponsiblehumanbeinganddonotdoevilthingstoothers.[J].“ThisisHesiod,ofcourse,ayoungercontemporarypoet,webelieve,withHomer,”Soupiossays.“Hesiodoffersanidea—whichyouveryoftenfindinsomeoftheworld'sgreatreligions,intheJudeo-ChristiantraditionandinIslamandothers—thatinsomesense,whenyouhurtanotherhumanbeing,youhurtyourself.Thatdamagingotherpeopleinyourcommunityandinyourlife,trashingrelationships,resultsinakindofself-inflicted(自己招致的)spiritualwound.”[K].Instead,Soupiossays,ancientwisdomurgesustodogood.GoldenRuleNo.10foragoodlifeisthatkindnesstowardotherstendstoberewarded.[L].“ThisisAesop,thefabulist(寓言家),themanofthesecharminglittletales,oftentoldintermsofanimalsandanimalrelationships,”hesays.“IthinkwhatAesopwassuggestingisthatwhenyouofferagoodturntoanotherhumanbeing,onecanhopethatthatgooddeedwillcomebackandsortofpayaprofittoyou,thedoerofthegooddeed.Evenifthereisnoconcretebenefitpaidinresponsetoyourgooddeed,attheveryleast,thedoerofthegooddeedhastheopportunitytoenjoyakindofspirituallyenlightenedmoment.”[M].Soupiossaysfollowingthe10GoldenRulesbasedonancientwisdomcanguideustothepathofthegoodlifewherewestoplivingasonlookersand eengagedandhappierhumanbeings.Andthat,henotes,isalifeworthliving.AccordingtoanancientGreekphilosopher,itisimpossibleforustounderstandeveryaspectofourAncientphilosopherssawlifeinadifferentlightfrompeopleofNotallyourbusinesspartnersareyoursoulWecanliveapeacefullifedespitethevariouschallengesofthemodernThedoerofagooddeedcanfeelspirituallyrewardedevenwhentheygainnoconcreteHowtoachievementalcalmnessandcontentmentiswellworthourconsiderationMichaelSoupiossuggeststhatweshouldstopandthinkcarefullyaboutourprioritiesinAncientphilosophersstronglyadvisethatwedoThewiseteachingsofancientGreekthinkersaretimeless,andareapplicabletocontemporaryDoharmtoothersandyoudoharmtoDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingAttitudestowardnewoftenfallalonggenerationallines.Thatis,generally,youngerpeopletendtooutnumberolderpeopleonthefrontendofatechnologicalshift.Itisnotalwaysthecase,though.Whenyoulookatattitudestowarddriverlesscars,theredoesn'tseemtobeacleargenerationaldivide.Thepublicoverallissplitonwhetherthey'dliketouseadriverlesscar.Inastudylastyear,ofallpeoplesurveyed,48percentsaidtheywantedtorideinone,while50percentdidnot.Thefactthatattitudestowardself-drivingcarsappeartobesosteadyacrossgenerationssuggestshowtransformativetheshifttodriverlesscarscouldbe.Noteveryonewantsadriverlesscarnow—andnoonecangetoneyet—butamongthose