宁波大学二外2022年英语考研真题

宁波大学二外2022年[英语]考研真题PartIClozeTest(20points,1pointeach)Directions:Inthispartyouarerequiredtoreadthegivenpassagescarefully,andthenfillineachblankwithanappropriatewordgivenintheboxes.Eachwordisallowedtobeusedonlyonce.Youshouldnotchangetheformofthewordbutyoucancapitalizetheinitialletterifthewordisusedatthebeginningofthesentence.WriteyourchoicesintheAnswerSheet.thatwhysoifwhilebecausewhoseorbutwhatDoyoufinditdifficulttositinadeskchairandworkfor15minutes,yeteasyandnaturaltositatapianobenchfortwohoursplayingtunes?1,inschool,wasitimpossibletoremembergeometricalequations,whileyoucanrattleoffallthemusicnotes?Or,doyousometimesgetgreatideasforsongs,andimmediatelystop2you’redoingandfocusonthat?3afewofthesearetrue,youmighthaveADDtendencies.Attentiondeficitdisorder,orADD,isagroupofdisorders4affectsapproximately5to1lpercentofthepopulation,morecommoninboysthangirls,andinchildrenthanadults.ApersonwithADDcouldhavedifficultyconcentrating,beconstantlyinmotion,maycomeacrossasuncontrollable,mayhaveabnormaltendenciestooverlyfocusonsomething.Inmanycases,anADDindividualwillcompensatebyseekingtointensifytheamountofstimulationintheirbrainthroughseekingconflict,self-medicatingwithcoffee/tobacco/alcohol/drugs,andahostofotherbehaviorsofvaryingdegreeshealthinessorself-destructiveness.Musicisstimulating,andfocusingonpracticeorlisteningcanleadtoincreasedproficiency,5musicisanaturalfitformanywithADD.That’sapotentialreason6somefeelunabletofocusongeometry,7abletofocusonmusictheory:8musiccanstimulateanunderactivebrain.Typically,ADDisassociatedwithlowactivityinthebrain,andmusichelpstoraisebloodflowandoverallactivities.Itcanenhanceneuronalconnection.9ADDisconsideredadisorder,infact,manypeoplewithADDarehighachieversandmayevenconsideritabenefit,andpartofwhatmakesthemunusuallyeffective.TheinternetisabundantwithlistsoffamousmusicianswhoreportedlyhaveADD---somebytheirownadmissionandothers10diagnosisiswidelyspeculative.PassageTworecoverapproachapprovedmanageaimedunfortunatelyoriginalcontroversypositivepermanentAnyonewhohaseverseentherealityshow,TheBiggestLoser,knowsthatitoffersacashprizetothecontestantwhomanagestolosethehighestpercentageofweightoverthecourseofaseason.Alongwith11overthevariousweightlossmethodsusedontheshow,includingdietpills,unhealthydiets,andaggressiveexerciseregimens,therewasalsothesimplefactthatthis12doesn’tseemtoworkverywell.Notonlyhavestudiesshownthatcontestantsoftengainbacktheweighttheylostbutsomeevengainedevenmoreweightafterward.Evenforcontestantwhodid13toloseweight,theirmetabolismsrarelyfollowedsuit.Asaresult,14weightlossbecomesvirtuallyimpossible.AccordingtooneNewYorkTimesreportdescribingoneofthesestudies,“Whatshockedtheresearcherswaswhathappenednext:Astheyearswentbyandthenumbersonthescaleclimbed,thecontestants’metabolismsdidnot15.Itwasasiftheirbodieswereintensifyingtheirefforttopullthecontestantsbacktotheir16weight.”Evenforpeoplelosingweightusingmedically17dietsandexerciseprograms,researchintotheirlong-termsuccesshasrarelyfoundtheyhavebeen18.Forthatmatter,schoolsandworkplacesettings,oftenalarmedbyreportsofan“obesityepidemic”,frequentlyimplementprograms19atgettingchildrenandworkerstoloseweight,usuallythroughsuchstrategiesasencouragingbetternutritionandmoreexercise.20,theyhavenotliveduptopeople’sexpectation.PartIIReadingComprehension(40points)SectionA(10points,1pointeach)Directions:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.WriteyourchoicesintheAnswerSheet.Ihaven’tsleptverywellthisweek,andperhapsasaresult,havehadsomenightmares.MydreamlastnightwassoupsettingthatIactuallydon’twanttodescribeit,forfearthatsomehowitmightcometrue,butI’lljustsaythatit1afamilymember’sextremelyhorriblehealthemergency.Thankfullythissortofthingdoesn’thappentometoooften,butwhenitdoes,itleavesmeemotionallydrainedand2allday—eventhoughIknowwhatIdreamtisn’t“real.”ItendtofeelguiltyaboutdwellingonsomethingIonly3,butaccordingtoAliceRobb,authorofWhyWeDream:TheTransformativePowerofOurNightlyJourney,outlaterthismonth,it’s4toexperiencereal,bodilyeffectsaftertraumaticdreams.“Emotionsandstressexperiencedindreamscanhaveveryrealemotionalandphysiological5,”shesays.“Thereareevenafewreportedcasesinwhichnightmaresseemtohavecontributedtoheartattacks.”6,therearesomestrategiespeoplecanemploytoreducetheirnightmares’frequencyandharm.Inthelong-term,Robbsuggestspracticingsomedreamtechniquesduringtheday.Inherbook,shewrites:“Ifpeoplecanlearntobecome7intheirdreams,theycanwakethemselvesuporevendriveawaytheirdream-foes.”Shedescribesa2006experimentdonebypsychologistsatUtrechtUniversityintheNetherlands,inwhichtheresearchersaskedsome8topracticecleardreaminductiontechniquesontheirown,gaveprivatecleardreaminglessonstoothers,andthenleftathirdgroupuntreated.Bothgroupsthat9cleardreamingtechniquessawfewernightmaresasaresult:“Patientswholearnedinprivatesessionsstartedoutwithanaverageof3.6nightmares,andthatnumberwentdownto1.4,”Robbwrites.“The10didn’tdependonachievingclarity;severalpeoplewhonevermanagedtobecomeclearintheirdreamsstillhadareductioninnightmares.”A)normalI)emotionalB)participantsJ)fortunatelyC)anxiousK)consciousD)arousedL)comparisonE)involvedM)practicedF)practicallyN)confirmedG)imaginedO)consequencesH)improvementSectionB(30points,2pointseach)Directions:Thereare3passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandputitintheAnswerSheet.PassageOneQuestions1to5arebasedonthefollowingpassage.WomeninAustraliaearnabout82centsforeveryman’sdollar.Ifyoulookatthehighestpaidmaleandfemaledoctorsinthecountry,thepaygapisevenmorepronounced.However,aninterestingnewstudyhasfoundthathospitalpatientstreatedbyafemaledoctorhadbetterhealthoutcomesthanthosetreatedbyamaledoctor.“Thereisevidencethatmenandwomenmaypracticemedicinedifferently,”saidthepaper’sauthorsfromHarvardMedicalSchool(femalephysiciansintheU.S.earnaround8percentlessthanmalecounterparts).Previousstudieshadfoundfemaledoctorsweremorelikelytoprovidepreventivecare,communicatewellwithpatients,offeringmorepsychosocialcounsellingandperformaswell,ifnotbetter,onstandardexaminations.Researchershadnotlookedatwhetherthesedifferencesincareextendedtopatientoutcomes,untilnow.Theresearchersevaluatedtherecordsofmorethan1.5millionhospitalisationsintheUnitedStatesoverathree-yearperiod,lookingspecificallyatwhetherpatientsdiedwithin30daysoftheadmissiondateandwhetherpatientswerereadmittedwithin30daysofthedischargedate.Theyfound,withpatientstreatedbyafemaledoctor,a4percentlowermortalityrateand5percentreductioninreadmissionrates“acrossallmedicalconditionsweexamined”.Thepapersauthorsadded:“Assumingthattheassociationbetweensexandmortalityiscausal(具有因果关系的),weestimatethatapproximately32,000fewerpatientswoulddieifmalephysicianscouldachievethesameoutcomesasfemalephysicianseveryyear.”Despitethefindings,theauthorsdonotsuggestseekingcareonlyfromfemalephysicians.Apartfromthefactthatonlyabout43percentofGPsandone-third(34percent)ofspecialistsinAustraliaarewomen,theysaythestudy’spurposeistobegintounderstanddifferentpatternsofpracticethataredrivingdifferenthealthoutcomes.“Understandingexactlywhythesedifferencesincarequalityandpracticepatternsexistmayprovidevaluableinsightsintoimprovingqualityofcareforallpatients,regardlessofwhoprovidestheircare,”theauthorssaid.1.WhatdowelearnaboutdoctorsinAustralia?A)Femaledoctorsaremoreknowledgeablethanmaleones.B)Femaledoctorsearnlessthantheirmalecounterparts.C)Theyhaveacloserelationshipwiththeirpatients.D)TheyreceiverahighersalarythanthoseintheUS.2.Previousstudiesfoundthatfemaledoctors________.A)tendedtoperformhighercarequalityB)paidmoreattentiontopatientoutcomesC)offeredmorecounsellingthannecessaryD)performedbetterinpsychologicalsupport3.TheresearchersfromHarvardMedicalSchoolfound________.A)maledoctorshaveignoredthelinkbetweensexandmortalityB)patientstreatedbymaledoctorshavelowerreadmissionrateC)patientstreatedbyfemaledoctorshavealowerdeathrateD)femaledoctorsgainadeepinsightintothecauseofdeath4.Theworddischarge(Lastline,Para.4)mostprobablymeans________.A)receivingcounsellingfromthedoctorB)beingcarefullydiagnosedbythedoctorC)beingexaminedandhospitalizedD)leavinghospitalafterbeingcured5.Thestudyisintendedto_________.A)bringdownthedeathrateinthehospitalB)helpimprovethequalityofmedicalcareC)arousepeople’sawarenessofgenderequalityD)suggestthenecessityofmorefemaledoctorsPassageTwoQuestions6to10arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Plentyofresearchhasshownhownegativestereotypescanbeharmfultoindividuals.Forexample,tellinggirlsthatboysaretypicallybetteratmathsseemstomakethemscoreworseonmathstests.Thereisevidencethatstereotypessimilarlyaffectthesuccessofpeoplewhoidentifyasethnicminorities.Effortstoimprovediversityintheworkplacehavebeengrowing,saysJolienvanBreenattheUniversityofExeter,UK,butthatdoesn’tmeanharmfulstereotypeshavedisappeared–expressionsofprejudicemayhavejustbecomemoresubtle.VanBreenandhercolleagueshaveinvestigatedhowharmfulthismaybetowomen.Theteamrecruitedfemalevolunteers,someofwhomstronglyidentifiedasfeminists,toparticipateinanumberofexperiments.Theteamalsoaskedeachparticipanthowmuchtheyidentifiedwithtraditionalconceptsofwomanhood.Eachvolunteerthentookamathstestandananagramtest.Bothfeaturedincreasinglydifficultquestions,endingwithanunsolvableproblem.Mathematicalabilityistypicallyascribedtomen,whilewomenaregenerallyassumedtobebetteratlanguage,saysvanBreen.Thevolunteerswereshownimagesduringthetesttosubtlyremindthemofgeneralgenderstereotypes.Someofthesedepictedtraditionalgenderroles,withwomenshoppingorcleaningandmenfishingordoingDIY,whileothersdidn’t.Thevolunteersdidn’tknowthetruepurposeoftheseimages–theythoughttheywerepartofathirdtask,inwhichtheyhadtosaywhethertheimagesdepictedhobbiesorchores.Theteamfoundthatstereotypeimagespromptedthewomenwhodidn’tidentifywithtraditionalconceptsofbeingawomantoputmoreeffortintothemathstest,spendinglongeronthedifficultandunsolvablequestions.“Peopletrytoresiststereotyping,”saysJennyVeldmanatKULeuveninBelgium.“Ifconfrontedwithstereotypes,onewaywomenprovetheybelongisbydistancingthemselvesfromotherwomen,sothattheycanbeseenasanindividual.”Inanothertest,thevolunteerswerefacedwiththephilosophicalthoughtexperimentknownasthetrolleyproblem(电车难题):shouldtheysacrificeonepersontosavethelivesofmultipleothers?Theteamfoundthatthosewhoidentifiedasfeministsweremorelikelytosacrificethepersonifitwasaman–butonlyiftheyhadbeenexposedtogenderstereotypedimages.Theresultssuggestthatfeministsarekeenlyawareofgenderstereotypes,evenwhentheyarepresentedsubliminally(潜意识地),andautomaticallyreacttorejectthem,saysvanBreen.“Futureresearchwillhavetoseewhetherthesefindingscanbereplicated,andwhethertheyholdinothercontextsandamongothergroups,”saysVeldman.6.Weknowfromthebeginningofthepassagethat________.A)girlsaremakingprogressinthemathstestsB)moreresearchisneededtohelpofficewomenC)negativeimagesexertharmfulinfluenceongirlsD)femalesarestillfacedwithexpressionsofprejudice7.JolienvanBreenandcolleaguesprobeintotheissueofnegativestereotypesbecause_________.A)therehasbeenmuchprogressingirls’abilitytocalculateB)subtleprejudicehasbeendisturbingfemalesintheworkplaceC)thereisstillalongwayforharmfulstereotypestofadeoutD)thesocietyisfilledwiththegenderimbalanceinoccupations8.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesthesubjectsinJolienvanBreen’sexperiment?A)Theyarecomposedofbothmaleandfemalevolunteers.B)Somevolunteersaregoodatdealingwithmathsproblems.C)Someparticipantsarestrongsupportersofwomanhood.D)Theychoosetosacrificeaman’slifetosavetheirlives.9.Theimagespreparedbytheresearchersareintendedto________.A)leadtheparticipantsintothestereotypesB)provethatwomenareweakinmathstestsC)distractvolunteersfromtheirrightjudgmentD)arousevolunteers’interestintheresearch10.Whatcanbesaidofthelasttwoparagraphs?A)Feministsmightsacrificemen’sinterestinthefaceoflosses.B)Feministsarefullyconsciousofwhattheyareinwantof.C)Theresearchfavorsthewomeninpursuitofgenderequality.D)Therewillbemoreresearchwithrespecttowomen’sstatus.PassageThreeQuestions11to15arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Thecomprehensionofwordsisindeedaverycomplexpsycholinguisticprocess.OnemodelthatpsycholinguistshaveadoptedtoaccountforthiscomplexityisParallelDistributedProcessing(PDP).AclearexampleoftheusefulnessofaPDPapproachtothecomprehensionofwordsisanexperiencemanyofusencounteronanalmostdailybasis,whatpsychologiststermtheTip-Of-the-Tongue(TOT)phenomenon.Becauseourlong-termmemorystorageisbetterforrecognitionthanforrecall,weoftenknowthatweknowawordsothat,evenwhenwecan’trecallitfromourmemory,itisonthetipofourtongue,andwecaninstantlyrecognizethewordwhenitispresentedtous.PsycholinguistshavestudiedthisfrequentlinguisticexperienceandhavediscoveredseveralintriguingaspectsoftheTOTphenomenon.Foronething,themomentarilylostwordisn’talwayscompletelyforgotten;partsofthewordareoftensubjecttorecalland,mostcommonly,theserememberedfragmentsarethefirstlettersorthefirstsyllable.Anotherintriguingaspectisthatalthoughwecannotreproducetheword,wecaninstantlyrecognizeanywordsthatarenottheonewearetryingtorecall.OftenwehavevaguememoriesofthebeginningandtheendingofTOTtermsbutnotthemiddle,whichis,sotospeak,submerged.Thisso-calledbathtubeffectallowsustosearchinadictionary,sincememoryofthebeginningofthemissingwordallowsustoaccessalphabeticalfiles,andconversely,thememoryofhowthewordendsallowsustouserhymingasonestrategytoconfirmthewordwearesearchingfor.Often,itisthroughthesesearchstrategiesthatwesuddenlycomeupwiththeword,orrecognizeitinstantlyifitispresentedtous.WhenyoufirsttrytorecallaTOTword,itseemsasifyourmemoryisacompleteblankandyouhaveabsolutelynocluesaboutthewordinquestion.Nevertheless,themoreyouthinkaboutthemissingtermandthemoreyoucontrastitwithsimilarbutnotidenticalwords,themorepiecesofknowledgeyouactivatesothatthenetworkofassociationsspreads.11.WhatareTip-Of-the-Tonguetermsaccordingtothepassage?A)Wordsweuseinourdailyconversation.B)Wordswecannotpronouncecorrectly.C)Wordsweknowbutcannotwriteproperly.D)Wordsweknowbutcannotrecallatthemoment.12.WhenwerecallaTOTword,thelong-termmemoryhelps__________.A)recognizetheTOTwordB)reproducetheTOTwordC)bringtomindfragmentsoftheTOTwordD)momentarilyremembertheTOTword13.Amongthefollowing,whatmethodhasbeenemployedinrecallingaTOTword?A)UsingtherhymeofthelastsyllableoftheTOTword.B)Searchinginformationamongmorepiecesofknowledge.C)TryingtogetthemissinginformationabouttheTOTword.D)GettingalphabeticalinformationofendingsoftheTOTword.14.Whatdoesthebathtubeffectsuggest?A)Peopleprefertosearchwordsinthedictionaryalphabetically.B)Dictionariesshouldbecompiledonthebasisofwords’endings.C)Themiddlepartofthewordarefrequentlyignoredbylearners.D)Theinitialandendingpartsofthewordsareeasytoremember.15.Theauthor’spurposeinwritingthepassageisprobablyto______.A)presentanexplanat