2017年10月浙江省选考-英语写作指导与模拟训练第二节概要写作

第二节概要写作概要写作属于限制性写作,它是阅读理解和写作的有机结合.所给短文的文体以说明文、议论文为主.概要写作旨在考查考生的阅读理解能力和概括运用英语语言知识的能力.该题型主要考查考生对大段阅读文字的概括能力,如考查考生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力.同时,考查考生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以与对文章整体结构的把握能力.进展概要写作时,考生要把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词或句表述出来,而不是抄袭文章的原句,更不是把细节性信息作为中心.考生要通过对文章中的单词、词组和句子进展合理转换,对文章的具体信息进展概括,再用适宜的语言表达出来.＜一＞写作步骤1．细读原文.首先要仔细阅读所给短文,掌握文章主旨和结构,明确各段的大意.2．弄清要求.概要写作是写全文的概要,不是写某一局部的概要,也不是单独就某些问题写出要点.3．列出原文要点.分析原文的容和结构,将容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序.在此根底上选出与文章主题密切相关的局部.＜二＞写作方法1．速读语言材料,弄清文章寓意.快速阅读所给文章,弄清文章体裁、明确文章主旨大意,采集分层信息点.2．整合分层信息,确定写作要点.运用构词法、上下文措辞技巧对文章信息整合再造,分层概括表述.采用适当的词法、句法等语言知识确定写作任务的点睛句,把握写作任务要点.3．牢记词数要求,使用地道表达.明确写作词数的上下限,采用高级或精简句式浓缩多个信息点于一句中,高度概括所给文章容.弄清写作任务中的人称和时态,准确、地道地表达,充分展示语言的表现力.〈三〉须知事项.概要应包括原文中的主要事实,略去不必要的细节..安排好篇幅的比例,概要应同原文保持协调,即用较多的文字写重要容,用较少的文字写次要容..注意要点之间的衔接,要用适当的关联词语贯穿全文,切忌只简单地罗列一些互不相干的句子,但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语,以免显得生硬..尽量使用短句,慎用长难句.多使用概括性词语,少用具体描述性词语.不排斥用原文的某些词句,但不要照搬原文的句子,如果不能完全用自己的话语表达,至少对原文句子作一些同义词替换,如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好..计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求.以40-80词为宜 . 口模椒训练 1阅读下面短文,根据其容写一篇60词左右的容概要.InmanySoCietieS,thereisoftengreateracceptanceoflightSkinthandarkskin.LightSkinmaybeseenasamarkofbeauty,intelligenceandsuccess.Thesebeliefscanleadtosocialpressureevenwithinthesameracialorethnicgroup,ifsomemembersaredarkerskinnedthanothers.TheresultisthatskinlighteninghasbeeamonactivityacrossAfrica,Asiaandotherareasoftheworld.Moreandmorepeoplewithdarkskinareusingskin-lighteningproducts,eveniftheymayfacehealthrisks.Theybelievethathavingwhiterskinwillimprovetheirlives.Manypeoplethinktheywillhaveabetterchanceofgettingajobormarryingintoabetterfamily.Ortheywanttolooklikewhattheirsocietygenerallyconsidersbeautiful.Somebeautycareproductsandsoapscontainchemicalsthatmakeskinlighter.Thisprocessisalsocalledbleaching<漂白>.Butsomeofthechemicalsareextremelydangerous.Oneofthechemicalshasbeenlinkedtokidney<肾>damageandsomekindsofcancer.Italsocauseslowbirthweightinbabieswhenmothersuseitduringpregnancy.Atfirst,bleachingproductsmaketheskincolorlighter.Butafterlong-termusetheycancauseproblems.Theycanevenmakesomeskindarker.Thechemicalsintheproductsblockandbreakdownthenaturalprocessthatgivescolortoskin.Theskinlosesitsnaturalbarriertoprotectagainstsunlight.Thentheskincanbeethickanddiscolored.Usuallythepersonwillusemoreoftheproductinanefforttocorrecttheproblem,butthisonlymakesitworse.DoctorLy,whoworksinahospital,saysthechemicalsarenowmoredangerousbecausetheyarestronger.Somecaseshaveresultedinblackenedfingernails,infectionsandpermanentskindamage.Andthesearenottheonlyrisks.Expertssaysomepeoplewhochangetheirskincolorsufferemotionaldamage.Theyfeelregretandsadness.Theyfeelthatinsteadofriskingtheirhealth,theyshouldhavelearnedtoloveandaccepttheirskincolorasitwas.2阅读下面短文,根据其容写一篇60词左右的容概要.Areyoushy？Ifyouare,youarenotalone.Infact,closeto50percentofpeopleareshy.Almost80percentofpeoplefeelshyatsomepointintheirlives.Thesedays,shynessisbeingmoreandmoremon.Now,scientistsaretryingtounderstandshyness.Theyhavesomeinterestingideasaboutwhypeopleareshy.Isitpossibletobebornshy？Manyscientistssayyes.Theysay15to20percentofbabiesbehaveshyly.Thesebabiesarealittlequieterandmorewatchfulthanotherbabies.Interestingly.theseshybabiesusuallyhaveshyparents.Asaresult,scientiststhinkthatsomeshynessisgenetic.Familysizemightcausepeopletobeshyaswell.ScientistsatHarvardUniversitystudiedshychildren.Theyfoundthat66percentofthemhadolderbrothersandsisters.Asaresult,theybecameshy.Atthesametime,childrenwithnobrothersandsistersmaybeshyaswell.Growingupalone,theyoftenplaybythemselves.Theyarenotabletolearnthesamesocialskillsaschildrenfrombigfamilies.Youmayalsobeshybecauseofwhereyouwereborn.Whenscientistsstudiedshynessindifferentcountries,theyfoundsurprisingdifferences.InJapan,mostpeoplesaidtheywereshy.ButinIsrael,onlyoneofthreepeoplesaidso.Whatexplainsthedifference？OnescientistsaystheJapaneseandIsraelishavedifferentopinionsoffailure.InJapan,whenpeopledonotsucceed,theyfeelbadaboutthemselves.Theyblamethemselvesfortheirfailure.InIsrael,theoppositeistrue.Israelisoftenblamefailureonoutsidereasons,suchasfamily,teachers,friends,orbadluck.InIsrael,freedomofopinionandrisktakingarestronglysupported.ThismaybewhyIsraelisworrylessaboutfailureandarelessshy.Forshypeople,itcanbedifficulttomakefriends,speakinclass,andevengetagoodjob.Butscientistssayyoucangetoveryourshyness.Theysuggesttryingnewthingsandpracticingconversation.Anddon’tforget—ifyouareshy,youarenottheonlyone.3阅读下面短文,根据其容写一篇60词左右的容概要.Thesedaysoursocietydevelopsrapidlyandforcespeopletorush.Itappearsthatpeoplehavegotusedtobeinginahurry.However,itisbetterforpeopletotaketheirtimeandlivetheirlifeataslowerpacethantohurrytogetthingsdone.Themainreasonthatconvincesustoopposedoingworkinahurryisthepossibilityofdoingwrongsinarush.Whenpeopledotheirjobsortakeactioninahurry,theycannotmakeasounddecisionandprobablyregretlater.Asthesayinggoes,"Hastemakeswaste.〞Weshouldthinkcarefullybeforemakingadecisionanddoourworklessquickly.Weshouldnotmakemistakesbydoingworkhurriedly.Slowingdownthepaceoflifehelpspeopleenjoytheirlifebetter.Forexample,takingatraintosomeplacecertainlywilltakemoretimethantakingaplane.However,takingatrainmakespeoplehaveenoughtimetogettoknowalotofnewfriends.Besides,itallowspeopletofullyenjoythebeautifulsceneryalongtheway.Onthecontrary,beinginahurrywillmakeuslosechancesofenjoyingourlife.Finally,slowerlifepaceprovidesbetterhealthyconditionsforus.Asisknowntoall,takingactioninahurrybotherspeopleandraisestheirstress.Peoplethinkiftheyarenotinhurry,theywillbeealoserandthatannoysthem.Beinginahurrycanhurtpeoplebothphysicallyandmentally.Accordingtosomestudies,peoplewhohaveaslowerpacesufferfewerdiseases,tendtobehappierandlivemuchlongerthanthosewhoselifeistense,eveniftheformerfinishjobsmoreslowlythanthelatter.Inshort,workingquicklywillbringaboutmorematerialbenefitstomakeoursocietymoreadvanced.However,muchstresscan’tbringenjoyment,friendsandhealth,whicharemuchmoreimportantthanmoneyandothermaterialadvantages.Therefore,takeyourtimeandliveyourlifeataslowerpace.4阅读下面短文,根据其容写一篇60词左右的容概要.CyberSPaCev网络空间＞hasgivenrisetoanewsocialchangewherepeoplemakefriendsfromacrosstheworld,butknowlittleabouttheirnext-doorneighbors.ThiSworriescritics＜批评家＞.TakeBobforexample.Hethinkshisneighbordoesn'tknowanythingaboutgardening,buthisnetfriendGr33nThumdoes.Besides,Gr33nThumdoesn’tdothatannoyingsoundwhenhetalks.ThosepeoplelikeBobhavelongbeencriticizedfortheirlackofnecessarysocialskills.Criticsthinkpeoplealmostforgethowtonaturallymunicatewiththeirneighbors,creatingasocialnetworkofstrangers.However,areportentitled"TheStrengthofInternetTies〞providesadifferentopinion.ItsuggeststhattheInternethelpsdevelopsocialnetworksandmakeuseofthemwhenitmattersmost.Friendsoftenmove.Askids,ourfriends’parentsmoveaway.Asadults,wemoveawaytocollegeorforwork.municativetoolshavemadepeoplelosetouchwitheachotherasaresultoflaziness,notdistance."Thelargerandthemorediverse＜多样的＞aperson'Snetwork,themoreimportante-mailis,〞arguesJeffreyBoase,whoco-authoredthereport."Youcan’tmakephonecallsorpersonalvisitstoallyourfriendsveryoften,butyoucankeepintouchwiththemregularlywiththehelpoftheInternet.Thatturnsouttobeveryimportant.〞Inadditiontoexpandingandstrengtheningthesocialtiespeoplekeepintheofflineworld,Internetande-mailprovideasocialandinformationalsupportgroupthathelpspeoplemakedifficultdecisionsandfacechallenges."Internetuseprovidesonlineuserswithapathtoresources,suchasaccesstopeoplewhomayhavetherightinformationtohelpdealwithfamilyhealthproblemsorfindanewjob,〞saysJohnHorrigan,authorofthereport."TheInternetcreatesanewbasisformunity.Ratherthanrelyingonasinglemunityforsocialsupport,peopleoftenmustactivelyseekoutavarietyofappropriatepeopleandresourcesfordifferentsituations,〞saysco-authorBarryWellman.5阅读下面短文,根据其容写一篇60词左右的容概要.Formostofus,socialmedia,likeTwitterandFacebook,isapartofoureverydaylives—atwork,homeorboth.Butalotofpeoplearestillfiguringoutwhentouseitandhow.Thisisespeciallytrueinhighschool,wheremanyteachersareunsureofhowitfitsintheclassroom.DanKrutka,ahighschoolteacher,isanadvocateforusingsocialmediaintheclassroom,andisanenthusiasticuserofTwitterhimself.Krutkasaysit’sagreatwaytomunicatewithhisstudentsduringnon-classhours."Youcancontinuetolearntogetheroutsidetheclassroom,〞saysKrutka."SowhenstudentsarepostingonTwitter—saytheypostsomethinginaccuratelyortheymakeareallygoodpoint—Icangoaheadandrespondtothembeforeclass.〞Krutkasaystweetingwithhisstudentsisn’tjustaboutconvenience,it’salesson.Hesaysstudentsneedtolearnhowtousesocialmediaproperly."Peopleusesocialmediairresponsiblyandschoolshouldbeaplacewherewe’retalkingaboutthatandhowtouseitresponsibly,〞hesays."Asateacher,Ithinkpartofmyjobistohelpstudentsunderstandhowtomakebestuseofitasthoughtfullearners.〞ButKrutkaisamongthefeweducatorswhofeelthisway.Manyschools,includingthoseinWesternMassachusetts,arestillstrugglingwithwhetherornotTwitterorFacebookshouldbeusedasteachingtools.Manyteachersbelievethatsocialmediaingeneralcaneasilydistractstudents.SeanKavanagh,aninthgradeworldhistoryteacher,triedusingTwitterinclass,butwasdistractedbyallofthenon-classrelated"noise〞．Besides,itseemsthatsomestudentsdon’tfeellikethiswayeither.RayLynnisinKavanagh’shistoryclass."I’dratherkeepmyschoolandmypersonalsocialmedialifealittlemoreseparate,〞shesays."I’drathernothavemyteacheronmyTwitterorFacebook.〞6阅读下面短文,根据其容写一篇60词左右的容概要.Inmodernsocietythereisagreatdealofargumentaboutpetition.Somevalueithighly,believingthatitisresponsibleforsocialprogressandProSPerityv繁荣>.Otherssaythatpetitionisbad,thatitsetsonepersonagainstanotherandthatitleadstounfriendlyrelationshipbetweenpeople.Ihavetaughtmanychildrenwhoheldthebeliefthattheirself-worthreliedonhowwelltheyperformedattennisandotherskills.Forthem,playingwellandwinningareoftenlife-and-deathaffairs.Intheirsingle-mindedPUrSUitV追求>ofsuccess,thedevelopmentofmanyotherhumanqualitiesissadlyforgotten.However,whilesomeseemtobelostinthedesiretosUcceed,otherstakeanoppositeattitUde.InacUltUrewhichonlyvalUesthewinnerandpaysnoattentiontotheordinaryplayers,theystronglyblamepetition.AmongthemostvocalareyoUngsterswhohavesUfferedUnderpetitivepressUresfromtheirparentsorsociety.TeachingtheseyoUngpeople,Ioftenobserveinthemadesiretofail.TheyseemtoseekfailUrebynottryingtowinorachievesUccess.Bynottrying,theyalwayshaveanexcUse,"Imayhavelost,bUtitdoesn’tmatterbecaUseIreallydidn’twanttotry.〞WhatisnotUsUallyadmittedbythemisthebeliefthatiftheyhadreallytriedandlost,thatwoUldmeanalot.SUchalosswoUldbeameasUreoftheirworth.Clearly,thisbeliefisthesameasthatoftrUepetitorswhotrytoprovethemselves.Botharebasedonthemistakenbeliefthatone’sself-respectreliesonhowwelloneperformsinparisonwithothers.BothareafraidofnotbeingvalUed.Onlyasthisbasicandoftentroublesomefearbeginstodissolve<缓解>canWediscoveranewmeaninginpetition.阅读下面短文,根据其容写一篇60词左右的容概要.Totravelabroad,weoftenmeettheproblemofwhattotakeandhowtotakeit.Takeaslittleaspossible.Chooseclothesforyouruseindifferentkindsofsituationsandwhenyouhavemadeyourfinalselection,takehalfofit！Itisalwaysabigproblemtotaketoomanythings,andanywayifnecessary,youcanbuywhatyouneedinAmerica.Thingslikejeans,T-shirtsandotherclothesaregoodbuysintheUS.Ifyouhuntaroundyoucanusuallyfindsomethingonsale.Whateverbaggageyoutake,makesureitiseasytotake.Gettingonandoffbusesandtrains,evenjustchangingplanes,canbeatestifyourbagsaretooheavyortoomany.Thebestwayistotakeonesuitcase,andthenasmallerbag.Evenwhenyouhavetocheckinyoursuitcaseattheairportorbusstation,youcankeepallyourmoneyanddocumentsbyyourside.Itisalsoagoodideatokeepachangeofclothinginyourshoulderbagincaseyoursuitcasegetslostbyanairlineorbuspany.ThemeansyouchoosetotravelaroundUSAwilldependonyourmoney,yourtimeandsomethingelse.SincetherearecertaindiscountsavailabletotravelerswhobuytheirticketsoutsideUSA,itisagoodideatomaketravelplansbeforeyougo.Also,whenyoubuyyourticketsoutsidetheUS,yousavetheeightpercentsalestax.TravelislikeeverythingelseinAmeric—ayouhavetoshoparoundforthebestbuys.Neverbeafraidtoaskforthecheapestfare.Theclerkseldomoffersyouthecheapestone.8阅读下面短文,根据其容写一篇60词左右的容概要.Punishingchildrenisacontroversialtopic.Everybodyhasdifferentopinionsabouthowtoacttocorrectachild’sbehavior.Parents,teachers,doctors,andspecialistslikepsychologists,havedisagreementsaboutwhetheritisgoodforachild’seducationtopunishhim.Theword"punish〞meansdifferentthingstodifferentpeople.Punishmentcanbephysicaloremotional.Physicalpunishmentiswhentheparenthits,slapsorspanksthechild.Ontheotherhand,emotionalpunishmentiswhentheparent,inordertoeducatethechild,doesn’tlethimwatchTV,gotoplaywithhisfriends,ordothingslikethat.Theparentdoesn’tteachhim,butstillhepunishesthechild.Althoughmanysurveysandstudieshavebeenmadeaboutwhatthecorrectwayistoraiseachild,nobodyhastheanswerorthetruth.Ithinkitwillbeverydifficulttofindtheanswerorgetpeopletoagree.Ithinkparentsshouldlovetheirchildandgivehimthebesteducation,butatthesametime,theyshouldpunishthechildifhedeservesit.Ithinkifyouloveyourchild,youshouldberationalwhenyouapplythepunishment.Itshouldbereasonablebutstrict.Theparent’sgoalistohaveinthefutureagoodmanorwomaninsociety,sosometimesyoushoulddowhatisnecessarytogetyourchildtobehavewell.9阅读下面短文,根据其容写一篇60词左右的容概要.Sharksareamazingfishthathavebeenaroundsincelongbeforethedinosaursexisted.Theyliveinwatersallovertheworld,ineveryocean,andeveninsomeriversandlakes.Unlikebonyfish,sharkshavenobones；theirSkeletonv骨架>ismadeofCartilagev软骨>,whichisnotnearlyashardasbone.TherearemanydifferentspeCiesofsharksthatrangeinsizefromthesizeofaperson’shandtobiggerthanabus.Fully-grownsharksrangeinsizefrom7inChesv18Cm>longvtheSpinedPygmyshark>,upto50feetv15m>longvtheWhaleshark>．Mostsharksaremiddleinsize,andareaboutthesamesizeaspeople,5－7feetv1.5－2.1m>long.Halfofthe368sharkspeCiesareunder39inChesv1m>long.Sharkshaveavarietyofbodyshapes.Mostsharkshavestreamlined,torpedo-shapedbodiesthatflyeasilythroughthewater.Somesharksve.g.theangelshark>haveflatbodiesthatallowthemtohideinthesandoftheoCeanbed.Somesharkshavealongbodyshapeve.g.CookieCuttersharksandwobbegongs>．Sawsharkshavelongnoses,andhammerheadshaveextraordinarilywideheads.Thegoblinsharkhasalarge,pointedProtUberanCeV凸起>onitshead；itspurposeisunknown.Thereareabout368differentspeCiesofsharks,whiCharedividedinto30families.Thesedifferentfamiliesofsharksareverydifferentinthewaytheylook,live,andeat.Theyhavedifferentshapes,sizes,Colors,fins,teeth,habitat,diet,personalities,methodsofreproduCtion,andotherCharaCters.Sometypesofsharksareveryrarevlikethegreatwhitesharksandthemegamouth>andsomearequitemonvlikethedogfishsharkandbullshark>．10阅读下面短文,根据其容写一篇60词左右的容概要.It’stheweekendandatsomepointyou’’snodoubtthatlisteningtoyourfavoritemusiCCaninstantlyputyouinagoodmood.ButsCientistsarenowdisCoveringthatmusiCCandomoreforyouthanjustliftyourspirits.ResearChisshowingithasavarietyofhealthbenefits.FreshresearchfromAustriahasfoundthatlisteningtomusiccanhelppatientswithChroniCV慢性的＞backpain.AndarecentsurveybyMind—thementalhealthcharity—foundthatafterdiscussing,patientsfoundgrouptreatsuchasartandmusictreat,themostuseful.Here,wepresentsomeveryusefulwaysthatmusiccanhelpyouandyourfamily’shealth.Musicworksontheautonomicnervoussystem—thepartofthenervoussystemresponsibleforcontrollingourbloodpressure,heartbeatandbrainfunction—andalsothelimbicsystem—thepartofthebrainthatcontrolsfeelingsandemotions.Accordingtoonepieceofresearch,boththesesystemsreactsensitivelytomusic.Whenslowrhythmsareplayed,ourbloodpressureandheartbeatslowdown,whichhelpsusbreathemoreslowly,thusreducingmuscletensioninourneck,shoulders,stomachandback.Andexpertssaythatapartfromphysicaltension,musicalsoreducespsychologicaltensioninourmind.Inotherwords,whenwefeelpainful,webeefrightened,frustratedandangry,whichmakesustenseuphundredsofmusclesinourback.Listeningtomusiconaregularbasishelpsourbodiesrelaxphysicallyandmentally,thushelpingtorelieveandpreventbackpain.ExpertsbelieveanytypeofclassicalmusicsuchasMozartorBeethovencanhelprelievemusclepain.Calm,slowmusicisalsothoughttohelp.答案解析1’sworse,itmayfailtoachieveexpectedresults.Thus,doctorsremendpeoplenottoputtheirhealthatriskbutloveandaccepttheirnaturalcolors.2Shynessismonandsomereasonsmayaccountforitaccordingtoscientists.Theythinkshynessmayefromgenetics,familysizeandbirthplace.Forinstance,youngerchildrenortheonlychildaremorelikelytobeshy；IsraelisarelessshythanJapanesebecauseoftheirdifferentattitudestowardsfailure.Tohelppeoplesufferingfromshyness,scientistsalsogivesomeusefulsuggestions.3Tolivelifeataslowerpaceisbetterthantolivelifeinahurry.Therearethreereasonsforthis.Firstly,doingthingsinahurrywillraisethepossibilityofmakingmistakes.Secondly,beinginahurrywillnotgivepeopleenoughtimetoenjoytheirlife.Thirdly,doingthingsinahurryraisespeople’spressureandthereforeisbadfortheirhealth.Thus,Let’sslowdownforahealthierandhappierlife.4SomecriticsworrythatcyberspacewillrobtheInternetusersofnecessarysocialskills.However,areportsuggeststhattheInternetcanbeofbenefittosocialnetworks.Itcanserveasatooltohelppeoplestayinregulartouchwithfriends.Besides,itsuppliespeoplewithso