雅思阅读专项长难句讲义及练习

雅思强化阅读长难句解析讲义郭凌风UnderstandingIELTSGrammar---SolutiontoLong&ComplicatedSentences长难句成因：“树形结构”：修饰成分纷繁复杂主从句交织特殊句式StrategiesforLong&ComplicatedSentences:一、主从复合句解析名词性从句定语从句状语从句多重复合句二、特殊结构句式解析1.分隔结构2.倒装结构3.强调结构4.双重或者多重否定5.比较结构一、主从复合句解析名词性从句1.1主语从句Lookingatthepicturemakeshimexperienceasevereattackofnostalgia.Forher,awoman,todefyherhusband’sorderwouldbeconsideredaudaciousathertime.Whatbothersmeaboutthispointofviewisthatitimpliesthathumanbeings,insomedeepsense,arenotpartofnature.Thatheisinlovewithherisnolongerasecret.主语从句解读方法：主语从句引导词：Practice:（1）Thathefinishedwritingthecompositioninsuchashorttimesurprisedusall.（2）Whetherwewillgoforanoutingtomorrowremainsunknown.（3）Whowillbeourmonitorhasn'tbeendecidedyet.（4）Whothewatchbelongstoisunknown.（5）Whomwemuststudyforisaquestionofgreatimportance.（6）Whatcausedtheaccidentremainsunknown.（7）Whatweneedistime.（8）Whatweneedaregooddoctors.（9）Whateveryoudidisright.Example1：Thatthenineteenth–centuryFrenchnovelistBalzaccouldbefinanciallywiseinhisfictionwhilelosingallhismoneyinhislifewasanironywhichwasduplicatedinothermatters.Example2:Thatsuchradicaladaptationscanoccurdemandsaviewofthebrainasdynamicandactiveratherthanprogrammedandstatic.Example3:However,itcannotbedeniedthatitwasSmithwhointroducedsuchatargetforlaternovelists.FurtherPractice:1.Itiscommonknowledgethatthefullmoonbringsfairweather.2.Itisasurprisethatyougavesuchananswertothequestion.3.Itiscertainthatfreemedicalcarewillbegiventomostpeopleinourcity.4.Itisprobablethathehasknowneverything.economy.Practices：Itakefurthercomfortinthefactthathumanspeciesmanagedtoproduceprettydecentcreativeworkduringthe5000yearsthatpreceded1710,whentheStatueofAnne,theworld’sfirstmoderncopyrightlaw,passedtheBritishparliament.AccordingtoJames,achild’sfirststepontheroadtoself-understandingcanbeseenastherecognitionthatheorsheexists.[剑9]定语从句引导词：Which:Liketheslaves,womentookliterallythepreambleoftheDeclarationofIndependence,whichstatesthatallmenarecreatedequal.Librariesmadeeducationpossible，andeducationinitsturnaddedtolibraries；thegrowthofknowledgefollowedakindofcompound-interestlaw，whichwasgreatlyenhancedbytheinventionofprinting.That:Withtheintroductionoftheelectroniccomputer,thereisnocomplicatedproblemthatcannotbesolvedinafewhours.Often,thechildren’sdisagreementsinvolvedastruggleoveratoythatnoneofthemhadplayedwithbeforeorafterthetug-of-war:thechildrenseemedtobedisputingownershipratherthanwantingtoplaywithit.[剑9]Thereissomething,theyargue,insidethepaintingthatspeakstousall,thatunleashesfeelings,emotion,andrecognition.关系代词that的省略：BecausethepotentialtalentJohnhasisobvious,heisgoingtobeelectedasthepresident.Anotherpowerfulsourceofinformationforinfantsabouttheeffectstheycanhaveontheworldaroundthemisprovidedwhenothersmimicthem.Who:ThestudentwhoisansweringthequestionisJohn.Thepersonwhowashereyesterdayisamusician.Whom:InBerlin,hefirstmetthewomanwhomhewouldonedaymarry.Whose:Childrenwithparentswhoseguidanceisfirm,consistent,andrationalareinclinedtopossesshighlevelsofself-confidence.关系副词:When:Shewillneverforgetthedaywhenshegotmarried.Where:OneofthewildestandmostinaccessiblepartsoftheUnitedStatesistheEvergladeswherewildlifeisabundantandlargelyprotected.Why:Givemeonereasonwhyweshouldhelpyou.复杂定语从句：介词/介词短语+引导词ThisisthedeskonwhichIfoundmybook.Thepigmentationofapearlisinfluencedbythetypeofoysterinwhichitdevelopsandbythedepth,temperature,andthesaltcontentofthewaterinwhichtheoysterlives.Thebeaverchewsdowntreestogetfoodandmaterialwithwhichtobuilditshome.Hisbookvividlyillustratestheintensitywithwhichnineteenth-centuryAmericaprotestedtheintrusiontheforcesofindustrializationandurbanization.Wearenotconsciousoftheextenttowhichworkprovidethepsychologicalsatisfactionthatcanmakethedifferencebetweenafullandanemptylife.【剑5】This,inessence,istheproblemofmodernsociobiology—todiscoverthedegreetowhichhard-wiredgeneticprogrammingdictates,oratleaststronglybiases,theinteractionofanimalsandhumanswiththeirenvironment,thatis,theirbehavior.【剑8】Perhapsforustoday,twoofthemostsignificantaspectsofmostofthesestudiesofgeniusarethefrequencywithwhichearlyencouragementandteachingbyparentsandtutorshadbeneficialeffectsontheintellectual,artisticormusicaldevelopmentofthechildrenbutcausedgreatdifficultiesofadjustmentlaterintheirlives,andthefrequencywithwhichabilitieswentunrecognizedbyteachersandschools.【剑8】Theeasewithwhichtrulygreatideasareacceptedandtakenforgrantedfailstolessentheirsignificance.状语从句关联词：破解关键：Whenitisstruck,atuningforkproducesanalmostpuretone,retainingitspitchoveralongperiodoftime.Insectswouldmakeitimpossibleforustoliveintheworld;theywoulddevourallourcropsandkillourflocksandherds,ifitwerenotfortheprotectionwegetfrominsect-eatinganimals.Eventhoughtheprecisequalitiesofheroinliterarywordsmayvaryovertime,thebasicexemplaryfunctionoftheheroseemstoremainconstant.Sincetheconsumerconsidersthebestfruittobethatwhichisthemostattractive,thegrowermustprovideproductsthatsatisfythediscerningeye.I’mnotlivingwhereIwas.EverywhereIgo,Ifindthesamething.IhiredaboatsothatIcouldgofishing.Takeyourcoatincaseitrains.Hestudiedhardinorderthathecouldpasstheexam.Heshutthewindowwithsuchforcethattheglassbroke.Mostsubstancecontractwhentheyfreezesothatthedensityofasubstance’ssolidishigherthanthedensityofitsliquid.多重复合句However,LewisandBrooks-Gunn(1979)suggestthatinfants’developingunderstandingthatmovementstheyseeinthemirrorarecontingentontheirown,leadstoagrowingawarenessthattheyaredistinctfromotherpeople.[剑9]Sincebothrapidandlightrailhaveelectricengines,pollutionismeasurednotfromthemotorexhaustbutfromthepowerplantgeneratingelectricity,whichisusuallylocatedoutsidethecity,whereairqualityproblemsarelessserious.二、特殊结构句式1.分隔结构处理原则：Example:Inrelationshipsofmutualdependence,suchasbetweenlabourandmanagementorwithinanorganizationorafamily,thequestion(ofwhoismorepowerful)turnsonwhoislessdependentontheother.Indevelopingcountries,whereatleast10citiesareexpectedtohavemorethan12millionpeoplebytheendofthisdecade,failingtogiveprioritytopublictransportwouldbedisastrous.Itwilltakeyearsforwhites—includingthosewhothinkofthemselvesasliberals—todiscoverandeliminatetheracistattitudestheyallactuallyhave.Thirdly,thewasteradioactivematerial,includingnotonlytheuraniumbutalsowaterandeventheclothesusedbypowerstationpersonnel,mustbedisposedof.AcousinofthetenaciousAsianlonghornedbeetle—whichsinceitsinitialdiscoveryin1996inNewYorkCityhascausedtensofmillionsofdollarsindamageannually–,thecitruslonghornedbeetle,wasdiscoveredonajuniperbushinAugust2001inTukwila,Washington.GenerationsofteachershaveassignedThoreau’sbookWalden(1854),whichrecountshisexperimentinlivinginsolitaryharmonywithnature,asanillustrationoftheintensitywithwhichnineteenth-centuryAmericaprotestedtheintrusionintopastoralharmonyoftheforcesofindustrializationandurbanization.Practices:YetLinnaeushimselfwouldprobablyhavebeenthefirsttoadmitthatclassificationisonlyatool,andnottheultimatepurpose,ofbiologicalinquiry.LikeDouglass,whoinvokedtherhetoricofmaleindividualismtoencourageidentificationwithhisnarrative,shehadtomakeherreaderstaketheoppressionofslavewomenpersonally,toseeitasathreattotheirownsenseofthemselvesaswomen.2.倒装结构(1).Only+状语位于句首AlthoughnumerousbookshavebeenwrittenaboutAmericanmothers,onlyrecentlyhasliteraturefocusedontheroleofamother.(2).以never,little,often,notonly,notuntil,hardly,scarcely等词引导的句子。【剑3】Notonlydiditsolveaproblemthatintriguedmanforages,but,moreimportantly,itliterallyopenedthedoortoexplorationoftheuniverse.(3).比较状语从句Inatypicalexample,whenviewingphotographsoffood,hungrysubjectsexperienceamuchgreaterincreaseinpupildiameterthandosatedsubjects.(4).为了突出强调某一内容（表语或状语）Gonearetheproblemsofnotbeingabletoinstantlycontactpeopleinotherpartsoftheworld.(5).So/As或者neither/nor引导的句子【剑4】Neverbeforehastheplanet’slinguisticdiversityshrunkatsuchapace.(6).某些让步状语从句Inaddition,difficultasitistobelieve,therearedesertfishesthatcansurvivethroughyearsofdroughtintheformofinactiveeggs.3.强调结构含强调结构的句子：Itis/was+被强调的部分+that/who+其他部分照写可以强调：主语，宾语，状语不可以强调：谓语，定语Nuclearpowersupplies5%oftheworld’senergyfrommorethan400plants.强调主语：强调宾语：强调状语：Itwasthelossofrevenuefromdeclinesintourismthatin1935ledtheSaudiauthoritiestograntaconcessionforoilexplorationtothecompanythatlaterwillbeknownasbeingAramoc.Itisbecauselivingspaceformostofman’sfellowcreaturesonthisplanetisfigurednotonlyinsquaremeasureofsurfacebutalsoincubicvolumeabovetheearththatweneedtoknowtheimportanceofbig,maturetrees.Dunn(1988)pointsoutthatitisinsuchday-to-dayrelationshipsandinteractionsthatthechild’sunderstandingofhis-orherselfemerges.【剑9】4.双重否定或多重否定Examples:Suchbehaviorisnotunusualamongsocialmammals.Onecanhardlysaythatthesetheoristshavefailedtohaveanyeffects.Practices:【剑6】Rarelydopatientswatchadoctorwritewithapenthatisn’temblazonedwithdrug’sname,orseeanurseuseatabletnotbearingapharmaceuticalcompany’slogo.Indeed,fewwomen’srightsconventionswereheldduringthe1850’satwhichDouglasswasnotafeaturedspeakerandwhoseproceedingwerenotfullyreportedinhispaper.Unlessonealreadyknowsagreatdeal,onecannotlearnmuchformvisitingtheRomanforumortheAthenianacropolis.AcolonialWilliamsburgwouldbeimpossibleinacountrythatwasnotwealthy.Itwasinterestingtobeinthequietoldtownoncemore,anditwasnotdisagreeabletobehere