四级写作基础知识与高级技巧课件

大学英语四级考试

写作知识与技巧

2021/8/171（一）四级作文的考试要求1.考生应在30分钟内，根据题目要求及写作提纲或规定情节，图表等写出120字以上，语言比较规范的短文。2.要求“内容切题，包括提纲的全部要点，表达清楚，文字连贯。句式有变化，句子结构和用词正确。”2021/8/172（二）

四级作文的评分标准

作文满分为15分，阅卷标准共分为五等：2分，5分，8分，11分及14分。阅卷人员根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，若认为与某一分数（8分）相似，即定为该分（8分）；若认为稍优或稍劣于该分，则可以加一分，即为9分，或减一分，即为7分，但不得加或减半分。具体标准如下：2分—条理不清，思路混乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多为严重错误。5分—基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差，有较多严重的语言错误。2021/8/1738分—基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯，语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。11分—切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。14分—切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性较好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错，文字运用较好。2021/8/174注：①白卷、作文与题目毫不相干，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想，则给零分。

②字数不够应酌情扣分。如题目中给出主题句、起始句、结束句均不得计入所写字数。

③只写一段者，0-4分；两段者，0-9分（指规定三段的作文）。2021/8/175（三）四级作文通病分析通过对历年英语短文写作考生答卷的分析，考生写作时已具有较大的主动性和创造性。绝大多数考生都有一定的英语基础，也已经基本上掌握了表达自己观点和想法的词汇和语法知识。但从整体得分来看，多数考生短文写作成绩却不尽人意。分数主要集中在5-9分。2021/8/176考生普遍存在着普遍的问题是思维单调，例证堆切，简单罗例数据，片面描绘画面，缺乏主题提升等方面的通病。究其原因，一方面存在着教学过程中忽略了对学生书面表达能力的培养，学生缺乏适量的作文训练；另一方面，还有些考生对英语短文写作的考试要求不十分明确，靠背几篇范文，压几道题，抱着碰运气的态度，就仓促上阵。

2021/8/177（四）四级作文常见的十大症结1.大小写，标点符号，拼写错误;2.卷面不洁，字迹潦草，用铅笔写作；3.语法和结构错误，造成文章结构松散，脱节；4.代词，连接词或逻辑顺序词错用，而造成文章的逻辑混乱；5.用中文思维加英文翻译所造成的语句生硬，错误；2021/8/178

5.文不对题，部分跑题或主题不突出所造成的文章不切题现象。6.词汇量匮乏，文章中难见高分词汇；7.语法不通，复合句使用错误多且表达不清；8.句型单一、句子无变化，表达方式单调;9.不会正确使用常用套语，文章缺少层次感；10.作文普遍缺乏文采，打动人的杰作奇缺。

2021/8/179（五）考试作文类型及命题1.短文写作大致分为五种类型：A.记叙文(Narration)B.描写文（Description）C.说明文（Exposition）D.论说文（Argumentation）E.应用文（PracticalWriting）2021/8/17102.命题形式（主要有三种形式）A.

命题类作文：包括命题提纲式，命题提纲式附首段起始句，命题式附各段主题句等分支。B.

规定情景类：包括情景式给定标题的论说文和情景式给定标题的记叙文等。C.图表，图画类作文：包括无题提纲式图表类作文，无题提纲式漫画或图片类作文；命题提纲式图表类作文和命题提纲式漫画或图片类作文。2021/8/1711

英语好句子的标准和要求

句子构建是写作的关键。字词组合看似简单其实奥妙无穷。不同文化、不同风格的作者肯定会写出不同的句子结构。句子有简单句、并列句、复合句之分。仅仅简单句可分为主谓结构、主谓宾结构、主谓宾+宾结构、主谓补结构、主谓宾补结构、主（系）动表结构等等。而复合句有不同的组合关系如条件关系、因果关系、让步关系、对比关系、递进关系。条件句又细分真实条件和非真实条件（虚拟）。2021/8/1712根据句子语态，句子有主动语态和被动语态之分。根据排列顺序，句子可分为正常语序句和倒装句。一般说来，好的文章包含复合句、非真实条件句、被动语态、倒装句更多，因为它们是受教育程度高低的主要衡量指标。它们的语法规则严格而复杂，受教育少的人是无法正确驾驭这种句子的构建。同时它们也是正式语体和书面语体的集中表现。

2021/8/1713外语习得者要消灭写句子时的错误通常是不可能的，但是朝少犯错误、不犯严重错误的方向而努力奋斗，这应该是受到鼓励和劳有所报的过程。正确无误的句子的标准如下：2021/8/1714正确无误的句子标准

1.

保持句子结构完整。2.

首字母要大写。3.

结尾要有句号或问号或感叹号或省略号。4.

句子应表达一个完整的意思。5.

句子前后要符合逻辑推理。6.

主语为代词时要指代明晰。

7.句子时态要正确，主要指前后一致或符合上下文场景。2021/8/1715Forexample:1.

FromShanghai,heatlastbecameahighofficialinBeijing.

Note:Thissentenceiscorrectingrammarbutnoteffectiveorlogicalinmeaning,becausehisbirthplaceorformerworksitedoesnotensurehispromotioninBeijing.Sothissentencelacksunity.

2021/8/17162.

Mr.Bushsaidtohisbrotherthathehaddoneagoodjob.

Note:Thereaderisnotsurewhom“he”shouldbereferredto.Sothissentencelackscoherence.2021/8/17171.

InthemonthofMaypeopleofdifferentprofessionsfromallcirclesineachcityholdvotingmeetingtoelecttheirrepresentatives,andtheserepresentativeswillgotoBeijing,theChinesecapital,inthemonthofOctobertoattendanotionalcongressofmodelworkersfromallcornersofChina.

2021/8/1718Note:Therearetoomanyrepetitionsandunnecessarywordsinthesentence,suchas“inthemonthofMay”,“inthemonthofOctober”,“differentprofessionsfromallcircles”,“votingmeetingtoelect”,“theirrepresentatives,andtheserepresentatives”,“Beijing,theChinesecapital”,“national…fromallcornersofChina”.Sothisisawordysentence.2021/8/17191.

Whatiscommontoallheroesisthattheydonotfeardeath,dangerandhardships.

Note:TheyemphasizethelastmeaningorthingwheneverthereareseveraladditionalwordsandphrasesintheEnglishculture.WestressthefirstwordorphrasewhilethereisparallelisminChineseculture.NowthatwearewritinginEnglish,wehavetofollowtheirsuit.

2021/8/17201.

XiaoLiwasborninasmallvillage.Thevillagewasnotprintedonanymap.Hisfatherwasateacherinthevillageschool.Heneverleftthevillage.Laterhegraduatedfromthatschoolandenteredajuniormiddleschoolinatown.Onweekdayshehadtoliveatschool.Withoutparentsthere,helearnedtolookafterhimself—buyingfoodandwashingclothes.

Note:Thisisachildishcomposition,justasadiaryfromapupil.Asanadult,weareadviseduponmoresophisticatedwritingatleastnotthatmonotonic.Sotobevariousinstyleistobeencouragedifagoodessaytendstoturnup.2021/8/1721表示原因的常用句型1）Therearethreereasonsforthis.2）Thereasonsforthisareasfollows.3）Thereasonforthisisobvious.4）Thereasonforthisisnotfartoseek.5）Thereasonforthisisthat...6）Wehavegoodreasontobelievethat...2021/8/1722例如：Therearethreereasonsforthechangesthathavetakenplaceinourlife.Firstly，people’slivingstandardhasbeengreatlyimproved.Secondly，mostpeoplearewellpaid，andtheycanaffordwhattheyneedorlike.Lastbutnotleast，moreandmorepeopleprefertoenjoymodernlife.2021/8/1723表示好处的常用句型1）

Ithasthefollowingadvantages.2）

Itdoesusalotofgood.3）

Itbenefitsusquitealot.4）

Itisbeneficialtous.5）

Itisofgreatbenefittous.2021/8/1724例如：

Booksarelikefriends.Theycanhelpusknowtheworldbetter，andtheycanopenourmindsandwidenourhorizons.Therefore，readingextensivelyisofgreatbenefittous.2021/8/1725表示坏处的常用句型1）Ithasmoredisadvantagesthanadvantages.2）

Itdoesusmuchharm.3）

Itisharmfultous.

2021/8/1726例如：

However，everythingdividesintotwo.Televisioncanalsobeharmfultous.Itcandoharmtoourhealthandmakeuslazyifwespendtoomuchtimewatchingtelevision.2021/8/1727

表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能

1）Itisimportant（necessary，difficult，convenient，possible）forsb.todosth.2）Wethinkitnecessarytodosth.3）Itplaysanimportantroleinourlife.2021/8/1728例如：Computersarenowbeingusedeverywhere，whetherinthegovernment，inschoolsorinbusiness.Soon，computerswillbefoundineveryhome，too.WehavegoodreasontosaythatcomputersareplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleinourlifeandwehavesteppedintotheComputerAge.2021/8/1729表示措施的常用句型

1）Weshouldtakesomeeffectivemeasures.2）Weshouldtryourbesttoovercome（conquer）thedifficulties.3）Weshoulddoourutmostindoingsth.4）Weshouldsolvetheproblemsthatweareconfronted（faced）with.2021/8/1730例如：Thehousingproblemthatweareconfrontedwithisbecomingmoreandmoreserious.Therefore，wemusttakesomeeffectivemeasurestosolveit.2021/8/1731表示变化的常用句型

1）Somechangeshavetakenplaceinthepastfiveyears.2）Agreatchangewillcertainlybeproducedintheworld’scommunications.3）Thecomputerhasbroughtaboutmanychangesineducation.2021/8/1732例如：Somechangeshavetakenplaceinpeople’sdietinthepastfiveyears.Themajorreasonsforthesechangesarenotfartoseek.Nowadays，moreandmorepeopleareswitchingfromgraintomeatforprotein，andfromfruitandvegetabletomilkforvitamins.2021/8/1733表示事实、现状的常用句型

1）Wecannotignorethefactthat...2）Noonecandenythefactthat...3）Thereisnodenyingthefactthat...4）Thisisaphenomenonthatmanypeopleareinterestedin.5）However，that’snotthecase.2021/8/1734例如：

Wecannotignorethefactthatindustrializationbringswithittheproblemsofpollution.Tosolvetheseproblems，wecanstartbyeducatingthepublicaboutthehazardsofpollution.Thegovernmentonitspartshouldalsodesignstricterlawstopromoteacleanerenvironment.2021/8/1735表示比较的常用句型

1）ComparedwithA，B...2)A

and

B

has

several

points

in

common.

3)It

is

true

that

A

...

,

but

the

chief

faultB

(obvious

defects

)are

...

4)A

and

B

differ

in

several

ways.

5)The

advantages

of

A

are

much

greater

than

those

of

B.

6）IprefertoreadratherthanwatchTV.7）Thereisastrikingcontrastbetweenthem.2021/8/1736例如：Comparedwithcars，bicycleshaveseveraladvantagesbesidesbeingaffordable.Firstly，theydonotconsumenaturalresourcesofpetroleum.Secondly，theydonotcausethepollutionproblem.Lastbutnotleast，theycontributetopeople’shealthbygivingthemduephysicalexercise.2021/8/1737表示例举的常用句型

1)

A

good

case

in

point

is

...

2)

As

an

illustration,

we

may

take

...

3)

Such

examples

might

be

given

easily.

4)

...is

often

cited

as

an

example.

2021/8/1738表示数量的常用句型

1）Ithasincreased（decreased）from...to...2）Thepopulationinthiscityhasnowincreased（decreased）to800，000.3）TheoutputofJulyinthisfactoryincreasedby15％comparedwiththatofJanuary.

2021/8/1739例如：Withtheimprovementofthelivingstandard，theproportionofpeople’sincomespentonfoodhasdecreasedwhilethatspentoneducationhasincreased.再如：Fromthegraphlistedabove，itcanbeseenthatstudentuseofcomputershasincreasedfromanaverageoflessthantwohoursperweekin1990to20hoursin20002021/8/1740表示看法的常用句型

1）Peoplehave（take，adopt，assume）differentattitudestowardssth.2）Peoplehavedifferentopinionsonthisproblem.3）Peopletakedifferentviewsof（on）thequestion.4）Somepeoplebelievethat...Othersarguethat...2021/8/1741例如：Peoplehavedifferentattitudestowardsfailure.Somebelievethatfailureleadstosuccess.Everyfailuretheyexperiencetranslatesintoagreaterchanceofsuccessattheirrenewedendeavor.However，othersareeasilydiscouragedbyfailuresandputthemselvesintothecategoryoflosers.再如：Do“luckynumbersreallybringgoodluck？Differentpeoplehavedifferentviewsonit.2021/8/1742表示结论的常用句型

1）Inshort，itcanbesaidthat...2）Itmaybebrieflysummedupasfollows.3）Fromwhathasbeenmentionedabove，wecancometotheconclusionthat...

2021/8/1743例如：Fromwhathasbeenmentionedabove，wecancometotheconclusionthatexaminationisnecessary，however，itsmethodshouldbeimproved.2021/8/1744部分常用套语

1）It’swellknowntousthat...2）Asisknowntous，...3）Thisisatopicthatisbeingwidelytalkedabout.4）Fromthegraph（table，chart）listedabove，itcanbeseenthat...5）Asaproverbsays，“Wherethereisawill，thereisaway.2021/8/1745例如：

Asiswellknowntous，itisimportantforthestudentstoknowtheworldoutsidecampus.Thereasonforthisisobvious.Nowadays，thesocietyischanginganddevelopingrapidly，andthecampusisnolongeran“ivorytower.Ascollegestudents，wemustgetintouchwiththeworldoutsidethecampus.Onlyinthiswaycanweadaptourselvestothesocietyquicklyafterwegraduate.2021/8/1746再如：

Doesitpaytobehonest？Thisisatopicthatisbeingwidelytalkedaboutanddifferentpeoplehavedifferentopinionsonit.2021/8/1747实用的构思方法1.组织素材：要想尽快，高效地收集，罗列素材，可分两个步骤走：第一步，围绕文章的主题展开风暴式思考（Brainstorming),尽可能多地调集脑海中已有观点和词汇，可无序排列，但必须剔除不熟悉和不会拼写的部分；第二步，按素材的重要性，逻辑归属等标准，对素材加以筛选，归类和排列，整理，以备后用。2021/8/1748Title:DiningOutinaFastFoodRestaurant要求：1.Presentsituationforfastfood.2.Possiblereasonsforitspopularity.3.ProspectsoffastfoodinChina.文章构思根据主题句将内容分为几个要点，再给出若干细节具体说明，如图所示：2021/8/1749ReasonsforthepopularityofFastFoodRestaurantAvarietyoffastfoodSatisfypeople’sneedsReasonsrelaxTastefoodWashingdishesTraditionalChinesefoodPizzaReasonablepriceListentomusicFrenchfrieshamburgerDomoreimportantthingnutritiousBenefitpeoplealotSavetimeandtroublecookingconvenientdeliciousshoppingCleaninguptables2021/8/1750DiningOutinaFastRestaurant

Nowadays,fastfoodispopularinChina.Fastfoodrestaurantshavemushroomedeverywhereandmanyworkingcouplesandschoolchildrennowenjoyhavingtheirbreakfastandlunchthere.

2021/8/1751FastfoodrestaurantsarerapidlygainingpopularityinChinaforquiteafewreasons.Firstly,thereareavarietyoffastfoodavailable.Ifyouarebusyortiredofcooking,youmayhaveAmericanhamburgers,Frenchfries,anItalianpizzaornumeroustraditionalChinesefoodcookedquicklybymoderntechniquesforachange.Thefoodoftenlookssoniceandsmells2021/8/1752Sogoodthatyoucannothelptryingityourself.Secondly,fastfoodsatisfiespeople’sneeds.Itisconvenient,nutritiousanddelicious;thepriceisalsoreasonablesothateverybodycanaffordit.Finally,withfastfood,youcansavetimeandaworldtrouble,suchasshopping,cooking,cleaninguptablesandwashinggreasydishes.Consequently,itbenefitspeoplealot.Youmaytasteallkindsoffood,listentosoftmusic,relax,andhavetimetodomoreimportantthings.2021/8/1753Fastfoodhasalreadychangedourwaysofliving.Withtherapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,fastfoodwillgiveusbetterserviceandpossiblywillbecomeindispensabletoourmodernlife.2021/8/1754文章总体构建1.合理布局篇章结构引言Introduction交代背景Background)点明主题Thesis概括性介绍文章的发展，内容和作者的观点正文Body主题句TopicS.拓展句SupportingS.总结句ConclusionS.详细具体地展开（叙述，论述，说明）文章的话题和作者的态度结论Conclusion小结Summary概括大意，重复要点，得出结论，提出建议2021/8/17552.写好引言，主体部分和结尾段落3.遵循科学的写作步骤A.审题B.组织素材C.撰写提纲D.行文E.修改与修订

2021/8/1756段落的基本结构段落可以概括地定义为围绕一个主题而展开的一组相关的句子。这组句子是密切关联的信息组合，也是文字表达的一个基本单位。段落的中心思想通常有主题句概括，而主题句中提出的问题和论点要在段落中通过扩展句进行讨论与回答。段落常常有三部分构成：1.主题句（topicsentence)2.扩展句（supportingsentences)3.结尾句（concludingsentence)2021/8/1757段落种类1.开头段：概括陈述主题，提出观点或论点，点明写作目的。吸引读者的兴趣与好奇心。2.中间段：是一篇文章的正文，其作用是对文章主题进行解释和证明。3.结尾段：是简要地呼应前面段落的内容进行总结，点明主题，使文章的意思更明确，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论。2021/8/1758

generalintroductoryremarksIntroductionnarrowcontrollingideaBody

Topicsentence________________________________________supportingdetails(examples,reasonsorarguments)___________________________________concludingremarksconclusion

restatementofcontrollingideafinalstatement2021/8/1759Title:TaxiOutline:1.Personalexperience;2.Advantagesoverbuses;3.Summaryandmycomments.2021/8/1760Taxi

Iwellrememberthedayswhenmymothersentmetokindergartenbybuseverymorning.Wehadtowaitforhoursuntilwefinallygotonboardabus.Beingsqueezedoutofbreathlikesatininanovercrowdedbus,wefeltluckywhenwesawwomenwithchildrenwaitinghelplesslyatbusstopsinheavyrainorbittercold.Nowwehavetaxiasanalternative,andpeoplelikeitscomfort,convenienceandreasonableprice.2021/8/1761Taxiisgainingpopularityforseveralreasons.First,travelinginanairconditionedtaxicabiscomfortable.Whereveryougo,thedrivertakescareofeverything;whatyoudoisjustsittingincozyseats,enjoyingyourselfinallkindsofweatheratanytime.Besides,itcansaveyoutimeandaworldoftroubleofdriving.Second,taxiisconvenient,especiallyinanemergencyoronspecialoccasions.2021/8/1762Forexample,ifyouaresuddenlyverysickdeepatnightwithnobodytoturnforhelpinanunfamiliarplace,taxiisalwaysavailabletohelpyoutoahospital.Finally,taxifareisaffordable.Evenyouhaveacar,youhavetopaythebillsofgas,insuranceandcarmaintenance.Whatismore,themanyadvantagesofataxiarerecognizedbymorepeople.2021/8/1763Withtherapidimprovementoflivingstandards,taxihasbecomeanimportantmeansoftransportationinChinabecauseofitsreasonableprice,itsavailabilityandthecomfortitoffers.Infact,manypeopledependontaxitogotoworkandalmosteveryonehastheexperienceoftakingataxionspecialoccasions.Iamhappyfornothavingbusesastheonlychoiceanymore.2021/8/1764句子的安排英语短文写作既然是一种语言创作，就不可能像数学有严格的公式可套用，但却可以找出一定的思路来遵循。第一段：引言句—扩展句—限制主题句第二段：主题句—扩展句—扩展句—扩展句—扩展句—段落小结；第三段：连接词+全文概括总结句—扩展句。当然这只是构成短文的基本思路，其中各段扩展句的数量在不同的文章可适当增减，以达到内容清晰，主题突出的目的。2021/8/1765段落的扩展(1)主题句Ifindacademiclifeendlesslyfascinating.(2)扩展句Ifindtheclassstimulating,mostoftheprofessorsinteresting,thereadingandstudyingsatisfying,andthestudentdelightful.(3)扩展句Iconsiderabigassignmentalivelychallenge.(4)扩展句ButIliketheleisureactivitiesbestofall.Everystudentmayhavehisorherchoiceofactivity:athletics,music,theater,lectures,discussionsandstudentpolitics.(5)结尾句IbelievethevarietyunequaledanywhereelseandImaygotoschoolforalongtime.2021/8/1766主题句写法示例1.Scienceandtechnologyconstitutetheprimaryproductiveforce.2.Moneyisagoodservantbutabadmaster.3.WithoutInternetitisdifficulttoimagemodernlife.4.Nowadayscollegegraduateshavemanyjoboptions.5.Asuccessfulinterviewdependsonthreefactors:jobrequirements,thequalificationandmannersoftheapplicant.2021/8/1767

首尾段的写作方式

首段开篇的方式常见的有：

1）谚语法

由于谚语一般已经被大家所接受，用谚语提出自己的观点也容易被读者所接受。

Asthesayinggoes,"Moneymakesthemarego",buttherearemanythingswecan'tbuywithmoney,suchastimeandtruelove.…

2021/8/1768

2）定义法

定义法是通过对文章中的关键词做一些简单或正面或反面的解释，限定其范围，这样比较有利于引出主题。

"Practicemakesperfect"isanoldsaying.Ittellsusthatitdoesnotmatterifweareclumsyatdoingsomething.Aslongaswekeepontryingandpracticing,wewilldoagoodjobintheend.2021/8/1769

3）提问法

通过提问一个或一连串的问题，可以激发读者的兴趣，从而引出主题。

a.Doyouhavemanyfriends?Aretheysimilartoyouordifferentfromyou?Whichkindoffriendsdoyouprefer?

b.Whatisagoodstudent?Differentpeoplemayhavedifferentanswerstothisquestion.2021/8/17704）概括法

概括法指先总结文章内容所涉及的现状，然后引出主题。

Inrecentyears,withthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,theInternethascomeintomoreandmorehomesandisplayingamoreandmoreimportantroleinourworkanddailylife.Ithasbecomeamusttous,butatthesametime,Internethasalsobroughtwithitalotofproblems.2021/8/1771

5）故事法

故事法指用简单有趣的故事激发读者的兴趣，从而提出自己的观点。

6）引语法

"Justaseatingwithoutlikingharmsthehealth,learningwithoutinterestharmsthememoryandcan'tberetained."FromVinci'swordswecanseehowimportantitistomotivatethestudentsinlanguagelearning.2021/8/1772

7）调查法

为了得到读者的认可，文章的开始可以引出调查数据等，借以提出主题。8）假设法

假设法是指通过假设提出一种选择，交代文章要涉及的问题，从而提出文章的主题。

Supposeyouwereofferedtwojobs,oneishighly-paidbutratherdemanding,theotherislessdemanding,butpoorly-paid,whichwouldyouprefer?…

9）综合法

具体写作时，同学们没有必要拘泥于一种方式，可以将上述方法总和起来。2021/8/1773常用与开头的短语、句式

(1)Withthe（rapidly）growingpopularityof（computers,/privatecars/,ourliveshasbeenconsiderablychanged）inChina，thequalityof

（2）Withthe（rapid）growthof（oureconomy/population)，manyproblemssuchas（watershortages/wasteofenergy/lackofprofessionalsandchaoticmanagement）arebeggingtosurface2021/8/1774（3）Withthedevelopmentof（scienceandtechnology/marketeconomy），moreandmore/anincreasingnumberofpeoplecometorealizethat…（4）Currentlythereisawidespread/seriousconcernover(illegalpublication/drugabuse/negativeinfluenceofwesterncultures).（5）Nowadays,aheateddebated/discussionabout…isunderwayinChina.somepeoplebelievethat…,whereasothersarguethat…2021/8/1775（6）Therearesomereasonsforowning(privatecars/personalcomputers).Tobeginwith,…Next,…Last,…Thereare,ontheotherhand,manyreasonsagainstit,First,…Second,…Finally,…（7）Therearemanyadvantagesanddis-advantagesin(owningacar).（8）Therearevarious/atleastthreeways/possibletechniques/problems/methodstodosomething2021/8/1776（9）Smoking/Alcoholicbeverageshouldbebannedfromcollegecampusesfortoereasons.Thefirstreasonisthat…Thesecondreasonisthat…/Ontheonehand,…Ontheotherhand,…(10）Thepossiblesolutionsof(theenergycrisis/watershortages/thesesocialproblems)dependonthreefactors…（11）Thetwomajorreasonsresponsiblefor(therapideconomicgrowth/thewidespreadoffakeproducts)are…2021/8/1777用于开“起”文章，常置于主题句前后的：

Atpresent;currently;first(ly);Firstofall;generallyspeaking;Ingeneral;lately;now;Recently;tobeginwith;Foronething…foranother;Ontheonehand…ontheotherhand2021/8/1778WhenaskedaboutWhenitcomestoFacedwith…,Somepeopleclaim/think/argue/believethat…,but/whileothers…(differently)

Nowadaysthereismuch/generaldiscussionasto….

Withthedevelopment/improvement/growthof…,

2021/8/1779Now,itiscommonly/widely/increasinglybelieved/thought/held/acknowledgethat…,

Accordingtoarecentsurvey/investigation/poll,…

Haveyoueverthought/wondered…?

Suppose…

Asthesayinggoes,…

2021/8/1780结尾写好结尾就是要使文章作到善始善终，使主题更加突出，使文章前后呼应，结尾要遵循简洁的原则，点到为止，不得拖拉，应避免节外生枝。在结尾部分不可出现与全文不一致的新话题。常用的结尾方式有:2021/8/17811.概括总结全文,提出解决方法(summary&solution)Tosolvetheproblem,theRe-employmentProjectiswellunderway.Thegovernment,mostimportantofall,needstodrawupaneconomicpolicythatwillcreatemorejobopportunitiestoeasethemountingunemploymentcreatedbytherestructuringofthestatesector.Thelaid-offworkers,too,shouldadjustthemselvestothenewsituationbyarmingthemselveswithnewerknowledgeandskillstogettheadvantageinnewpositions.2021/8/17822.回答前面问题（answertothequestion)Personally,Ibelievethatparentsshouldpaymoreattentiontothecultivationofsuchqualitiesasindependence,confidenceandcourageintheirchildren.Onlyinthiswaycanthechildrengrowup,fullyequippedtomeetwhateverchallengesthatlifemaypresent.2021/8/17833.提出建议（recommendation&suggestion)Inbrief,byrepeatingthissimplestep-by-stepprocess,youcanputasideyourfearsandwriteaclear,coherent,andconvincingessay.Allyouneediseagerness,perseveranceandcourageandapencilandpaper.2021/8/17844.给出预见(prediction)Ifpeoplestoppedtothinkbeforeacquiringpets,therewouldbefewerofcrueltytoanimals.Manytimes,itisthepeoplewhoadoptpetswithoutconsideringtheexpenseandresponsibilityinvolvedwhomistreatandneglecttheiranimals.Petsarelivingcreatures.Theydonotdeservetobeacquiredascarelesslyasonewouldacquireastuffedtoy.2021/8/17855.发人深省的问题（thought-provokingquestion)What,then,willhappeninthetwenty-firstcenturywhenmostofthepopulationwillbeoversixtyyearsold?Retirementpolicescouldchangedramatically.2021/8/17866.发出号召（callforaction)Therefore,tomakeourworldabetterplaceinwhichtolive,wemustmakethebestuseofeverydropofwaterandworkhandinhandtoprotectwaterresources.2021/8/1787常用于结尾的短语、句式

（1）Itishopedthatweshouldplacemuchemphasison/paymoreattentionto…（2）Toconclude，wecanseethat（thebestway/thepossiblesolution）is…（3）Inshort，（shortagesofwater，decreaseoffertilefieldsandenvironmentalpollution）arethemajorproblemstobesolvedto（increaserainproduction）2021/8/1788（4）Inordertomakeourworldabetterplaceinwhichtoliveweshouldmakegreateffortsto…（5）Inaword，therearethreesuggestionswemustfollow，onlyinthiswaycanwe（achieveagreatsuccess）（6）Itistimeforustotakeanactivepartin…（7）Letusworkhandinhandinhandto（solvethesesocialproblems）2021/8/1789结尾段常用的词语Therefore;Inshort;Finally;Insummary;Inaword;Onthewhole;Inall;Toconclude;Inbrief;Allthissuggeststhat…Inconclusion;Itcanbeconcludedthat…2021/8/1790

根据不同的段落要求，选择适当的转承语

常用的过渡词或短语（转承语的使用）2021/8/17912.表示“承”接，一般用于段落中间，可举例，可用同义词说明，可进一步解释，补充内容。Furthermore;forexample;forinstance;Inaddition;inotherwords;likewise;Inparticular;inthesameway;meanwhile;moreover;namely;similarly;What’smore2021/8/1792Thosewhohold….

Itistruethat…

Tobesure..

First/Firstly…

Themain/leading/underlying/root/primary/chief/essential….

2021/8/17933.表示“转”折，常用于段中：Incontrast;inspiteof;nevertheless;Onthecontrary;unlike;unfortunately;Whereas;although2021/8/1794Itsoundslikeagood(attractive)idea(suggestion),buttheyfailtounderstand(see,notice

Thereisprobablyanelementoftruthinthearguments(ideas),buttheyignoreamoreimportant(basic)fact…

2021/8/1795Closerexamination(analysis),however,suggests(shows)thatthisargument(claim,idea)maynotbeborneof(supported)bythefollowingevidence(facts,examples,statistics).

Close(careful)examination(analysis)ofthesearguments(ideas,suggestions),however,wouldreveal(suggest,prove)howflimsy(不足信的，不严密)(fallacious（靠不住的）,groundless（没有根据的）)theyare.

2021/8/1796Howeverlogical(sound,forcible(有说服力))theseargumentsmaybe,theydon'tmakesense(onlyskimthesurfaceoftheproblem)when…isviewedtheotherway(takenintoconsideration).

Asopposedto(Contraryto)thewidely(commonly,generally)heldidea(belief,view),newstudies(facts)challenge(failtojustify)theopinion(view).

2021/8/1797Good/Superior/Wonderfulas….,ithasitsowndisadvantages/itbringsitsownproblems.

Theymayberightabout…,buttheyseemtoneglect/failtomention/takeintoaccount…

Inallthediscussionanddebateover…,oneimportant/basicfactisignored/overlooked/neglected.

2021/8/1798Itistruethat/Admittedly,butitisunlikely/doesn'tfollow/doesn'tmeanthat…

Thereisanelementoftruthinthesearguments/statements,buttheyignoreadeeperandmorebasic/essential/importantfact/factor…

Inmanycases,however,…

Asfaras..isconcerned,…

2021/8/17994.表示“合”，一般用于段落小结或引出结尾段：Aboveall;accordingly;asaresult;Consequently;inaword;thus;Insummary;tosumup;inconclusion;So;therefore;hence2021/8/17100陈述或论证观点、看法（view，point，opinion）、原因（reason、cause）、方法、手段、措施、步骤…（method，means，measures，step…）、因素（factor）、利弊、优缺点（advantage，disadvantage）时常用的词语、句式：

2021/8/17101（1）引述段落提出问题时常用的句式、词语：…的原因有许多.Therearemanyreasonswhy……的原因如下；Thereasonswhy…areasfollows我的看法是…Myopinionisthat2021/8/17102（2）展开段落论证时常用的句式、词语：

①、第一层次（首先）First，Firstly，Inthefirstplace，Firstofall，Tobeginwith，Foronething.

我的第一理由是…Myfirstreasonisthat…

主要因素是…Themainfactoristhat…2021/8/17103②第二层次（其次）Second，Secondly，IntheSecondplace，Next，Then，Foranother，另一种方法是…Anothermeansof…istodo…第二种解决方法是…thesecondsolutionisthat…③第三层次（第三点）Third，thirdly，besides，inaddition，furthermore，whatismoreimportant

2021/8/17104（3）总结性段落常用句式、词语：最后一点last，lastly，finally，inthelastplace，lastofall，inshort，inbrief简言之inaword