英语毕业论文A-Comparative-Study-of-Chinese-and-Western-Dieteti

中西饮食文化对比AComparativeStudyofChineseandWesternDieteticCultureContentsAbstract…………………1KeyWords……………1I.Introduction……………2II.UnderstandingCulture.……….………...31.Definingculture………….32.Confiningfoodculture……………………3III.DifferencesonEtiquetteinChineseandWesternFoodCultures…...41.ChopsticksinChinesefoodculture……………….…….…42.Forkandknifeinwesternfoodcultures……………….….5IV.DifferentSeatingArrangements……51.Spacespeaks……………..52.Southandnorthvs.rightand.left………...6V.DifferencesonContentsinChineseandWesternFoodCulture…71.TasteinChinesefood……………………..72.Nutritionandbalanceinwesternfood…………………7VI.DieteticCultureInfluenceourLanguageTeaching….……..….….....8VII.Conclusion…………………….……9References………….……9AComparativeStudyofChineseandWesternDieteticCulture第11页共10页AComparativeStudyofChineseandWesternDieteticCultureAbstract:Food,anessentialprerequisiteforexistence,playsanirreplaceableroleinthedevelopmentofsocietyandintheprocessofhumanbeings,whetherinancienttimesorinmoderntimes,andwhetherineastorinwest.However,thereisanoldEnglishsaying“oneman’smeatisanotherman’spoison”,whichmeansnotallhumanbeingshavethesamefoodordevelopthesamefoodhabits.Clydekluckhohn,aworld-famousanthropologist,statesinhispaperwhatisculture,“whatheeatsisofcoursevarieswithnations.Basedonthetheoryof“thedeepstructureofculture”and“culturalrelativism”,thisthesisendeavorstoanalyzetheculturaldifferencesandtheirrootedcausesinChineseandwesternfoodculturesfromtheperspectivesofconcept,etiquetteandcontentKeywords:Chineseandwesternfoodculture;differences;cross-culturalcommunication摘要:无论是在古代还是在现代，无论是在东方还是在西方，饮食，作为作为人类生存的必要前提,在人类社会发展和文明进步中起着无可替代的作用。然而，人类的饮食或饮食习惯各不相同。正如英语谚语所说，“某人之佳肴即他人之毒药”。美国著名人类学家克拉孔在其《什么是文化》一文中指出，“一个人的饮食当然要受到其获得食物种类的限制，但同时也受到文化的制约”。由此可见，饮食与文化密不可分.不同的民族缔造了不同的饮食文化。本人以“文化深层结构”和“文化相对论”为理论基础，着重探讨、分析中国与英美等西方国家在饮食观念、宴会礼仪、饮食内容等方面的跨文化差异，揭示导致饮食文化差异的深层次原因，从而阐明随着跨文化焦急的不断发展，中西饮食文化的交流，互补和兼容的因素也会日益增多。关键字:中西饮食文化；差异；跨文化交际I.IntroductionTherearemanyculturedifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglish.Food,anessentialprerequisiteforexistence,playsanirreplaceableroleinthedevelopmentofsocietyandintheprocessofhumanbeings,whetherinancienttimesorinmoderntimes,andwhetherineastorinwest.However,thereisanoldEnglishsaying“oneman’smeatisanotherman’spoison”,whichmeansnotallhumanbeingshavethesamefoodordevelopthesamefoodhabits.Clydekluckhohn,aworld-famousanthropologist,statesinhispaperwhatisculture,“whatheeatsisofcourselimitedbyavailability,butisalsopartlyregulatedbyculture.”Therefore,foodandfoodhabitscanbebestunderstood,onlywithinthecontextofeachindividualculture.”Globalizationisanimportantfactorstimulatingandacceleratingtheprocessofexchangebetweencultures,whichshoulddeserveourenoughattention.Itiswellknownthatglobalizationhasbeenbecominganinevitabletrendaroundtheworld,andaninexorableforcetoinfluencepeople’slifeinalmosteveryaspect.Inotherwordsthewheelofhumanhistoryhasmovedusinexorablyforwardfromisolationtointegration.TherearegreatdisparitiesbetweenChinaandwesterncountriesinideas,attitudes,contentsandfunctionsoffoodcultures.Basedonthetheoryof“thedeepstructureofculture”and“culturalrelativism”,thisthesisendeavorstoanalyzetheculturaldifferencesandtheirrootedcausesinChineseandwesternfoodculturesfromtheperspectivesofconcept,etiquetteandcontentThispapermakesthecomparativeanalysisbetweenChineseandwesterndieteticculture,andalsocomparestheChinesedieteticcustomswithwesterncountries’dieteticcustom.ChinesedieteticcultureispartofChinesevaluablecultureheritage.ChinesedietcultureisanimportantpartofChinesehistoricalculture,whichisfamousforitsvarietyandabundance.Today,moreandmoreforeigntouristswouldliketovisitChinaandtheyenjoyChinesefoodalot.Atthesametime,foreigntouristsalsowanttoknowthemeaningofnamesoftheChinesedishes.SotheaccuratetranslationofChinesedishesintoEnglishisnecessarytospreadChinesedietculture.TotranslateChinesedishesintoEnglishisthelinguistictransference.Westerndieteticculturesareveryfashionable.Westernfoodhasmanytypes.BecauseofcultureexchangesbetweenChinaandothercountries,fooddoesn’tnativetoChinaorwesterncountry,thedevelopmentincookingreflectsancientpeople’II.UnderstandingCulture1.DefiningcultureWhatisculture?Andhowtodefineit?Asamatteroffact,asearlyasin1952,twoanthropologists, KroeberandKluckhohn,publishedabookwithovertwohundredpagesdevotedto164definitionofculture,noneofwhicharethesame.Sincethen,manyotherscholarshaveofferedadditionaldefinitions,rangingfrombroaderonestonarrowerones.Sapirsays,“Culturemaybedefinedaswhatasocietydoesandthinks”(Sapir2002:180).BeneditsaysinherbookPatternsofCulture,“Whatreallybindsmentogetheristheirculture--theideasandthestanderstheyhaveincommon”(Benedict1934:16).BateandPlogproposeadescriptivedefinitionthatincludesmostofthemajorterritoryofcultureonwhichscholarscurrentlyagree:cultureisasystemofsharedbenefits,values,customs,behaviors,andartifactsthatthemembersofasocietyusetocopewiththeirworldandwithoneanother,andthataretransmittedfromgenerationtogenerationthroughlearning(Di2002:1)Basedonthedefinitionmentionedabove,Samovar,aleadingfigureincross—culturalcommunication,purposeshisowndefinitionthatisperhapsmoresuitedtothecommunicationbetweencultures--wedefinecultureasthedepositofknowledge,experience,beliefs,values,actions,attitudes,meanings,hierarchies,religion,nationsoftime,roles,spatialrelations,conceptsoftheuniverse,andartifactsacquiredbyagroupofpeopleinthecourseofgenerationsthroughindividualandgroupstriving(Samovaretal2000:36).Theseandotherdefinitionsallpointtoonefactthatcultureisallpervasive,includingeverythingfromritesofpassagetoconceptsofthesoul.Withoutculture,itishardtoimaginewhatwehumanbeingswillbeandhowoursocietywillbecome.2.ConfiningfoodcultureWhenwestudyacultureforcommunicationpurposes,however,weshouldfocusonthedominantculturalpatternandguardagainstgettingside-tracked.Whenwecompareculturaldifferences,weshouldconcentrateonthemajordifferencesoftwodominantpatterns.Forinstance,whenwesaydifferencesbetweenChineseandAmericancultures,wemeandifferencesbetweenthedominantHancultureandtheAmericanculture(Hu1988:6).Accordingtotheclassifications,mentionedabove,foodcultureobviouslybelongstopopularculturethatisovert,explicitandobjective.Actually,tillnow,nobodyhasevermadeawidelyrecognizeddefinitionbecauseofvariousreasons.However,here,asfarasthisresearchisconcerned,inordertomakethecomparisonmoreconcreteandpractical,theauthorconfinesfoodculturetotheaspectsoffoodcontents,foodhabits,foodetiquette,theattitudestowardsfood,thefunctionoffood,ect.Thatisderivedfromeachindividualculture.1)ChinesefoodcultureChinesefoodcultureinthisresearchmainlyreferstotheoneintheHannationality.Asweallknow,Chinaisanationwith56ethnicgroups,eachofwhichhasitsuniquefood,foodhabits,ect2)WesternfoodcultureWesternfoodcultureismainlyconcernedwiththeoneintheEnglish-speakingcountries,especiallyinAmericaandBritainduetothefactthattheirculturalpatternsandinfluencehavebecomedominantinthewest,whichisgenerallyrecognizedbytheinternationalcommunity.Ontheotherhand,mostofthematerialsandinformationonfoodculturecollectedbytheauthorareaboutAmericanandBritishpeople’sfood,foodhabits,ect.III.DifferencesonEtiquetteinChineseandWesternFoodCulturesEtiquetteisanotherimportantaspectthatshoulddeserveourenoughattentioninbothChineseandwesternfoodcultures.However,becauseofdisparitiesbetweenChineseandwesternfoodcultures,differentfoodetiquetteconsequentlymanifestsdifferentfeatures.Therefore,acomparisonbetweendifferentetiquetteinChineseandwesternfoodcultureswillnotonlyhelpusbetterunderstandthoseculturallyrootedcauses,butalsoimprovecross-culturalcommunication.1.ChopsticksinChinesefoodcultureAsmanyscholarspointoutthatthetraditionalattitudeofChinesepeopletowarduniverseornatureis“OnenessBetweenManandnature”(Jia1977:35).Undertheinfluenceofthisorientation,Chinesepeopleattemptabalancedactwithnatureandtrytoliveinharmonywithit.Besides,Chinaisatraditionalagriculturalcountry,andtheoldsayingthat”facingtheyellowsoilwiththebackagainstthesky”isthemostvividdescriptionofChinesepeopleTheapplicationofchopsticksasthechieftablewarecanbetracedbackasearlyasduringtheShangandChouperiods,althoughhandswereprobablyusedmoreoftenthanchopsticks(Chang1977:35).WhenChinesepeopleusechopsticks,usuallytheyappeartoberefinedandcultivated,withlittledisgracefulactionlikepokingorstabbing,andtheirattitudestowardfoodaregentleandkind,althoughChinesepeoplealsolikeeatingmeat.RolandBarthes,awell-knownFrenchliterarycritic,oncetalkedabouttheusageofchopsticks,andheremarkedthatunlikeforkandknife,chopstickswerenotusedtocut,pokeorstabfood,therefore,“foodwasnolongerthepreyunderthehumanbeings’violencebutturnedouttobethesubstancepassedharmoniouslythroughthem”(Liu2002:74)。Indeed,inthissense,chopstickshavebecomethegentlemediumbetweenmanandfood,andmoreover,theyreflecttheharmoniousrelationshipbetweenmanandnature.2.ForkandknifeinwesternfoodculturesMeat,ofcourse,wastheirbasicfoodsourceandgraduallytooktheplaceofstaplefood.Inordertosurviveonthesevereandharshenvironment,theyhadtobegoodathunting,i.e.,fightingwithorkillinganimalsbytheuseofsomeweaponslikeknives,forks,arrows,spears,etc.whichinturnresultedinaggressivenessandthesenseofadventureintheirtemperaments.Ascomparedwithchopsticks,itisnotexaggeratingatalltosaythatknifeandforkrepresenttheviolenceandcruelty,anddevastationtofoodwithoutanyconcealment.Whatisreflectedfromthewayofeatinginwesterncountriesactuallyishuman’sconquestovernature.Therefore,duringthewholeprocessofdining,westernersperformtheactionofcutting,pokingandstabbingrepeatedly,tosomeextent,whichistherecurringofthosebloodyfightingorkilling.Althoughhumanbeingshavelongbeenliftedoutofbarbarismandsteppedintotheageofgreatcivilization,todayforkandknifearestillmaintainedasthetraditionaltableware,remindingpeopleofthehardshipofgrabbingfoodinoldtimes,andofthe“DividednessbetweenManandNature”.IV.DifferentSeatingArrangements1.SpacespeaksIndeed,people’sconceptiononspaceisnotinheritedbutacquiredmainlythroughthecultureinwhichheisbroughtup.Therefore,theneedsforspace,thecommunicationrulesaboutspace,andthevaluesonspacevarywithdifferentcultures.Seatingarrangementisjustoneoftheexamples.Actually,aspointedbySamovar,“Cultureinfluenceseventhemannerandmeaninginseatingarrangement”.Seatingarrangementthus,isanimportantmeanstoshowdifferentinterpretationsonsocialstatusorinterpersonalrelationsbymakinguseofspace.Withregardtoseatingarrangementinabanquet,thereexisttwomajordistinctivedisparitiesbetweenChinaandwesterncountries:southandnorthvs.rightandleft,andmenfirstvs.ladies2.Southandnorthvs.rightandleftInChina,theseatfacingsouthinabanquetisusuallyregardedasthemosthonorable,whiletheseatfacingnorthiscomparativelylessinimportance.ItiscloselyrelatedtoChinesetraditionalculture.SinceChinaisanoldcountrywithalonghistoryofmorethan5000year,thereusedtobemanykingdoms,dynasties,andemperors.However,whateverthekingdomorthedynastywas,duringtheceremonyoftheroyalinaugurationorintheprocessofdiscussinggovernmentalaffairswithministers,theemperorwasalwaysseatedwithhisfacetowardsouth.Thuswithministers,theemperorwasalwaysseatedwithhisfacetowardsouth.Thus,wecanfindtheexpressionslike“面南称孤“、”南州冠冕“inChinese.ontheotherhand,whenministersmettheemperor,theirfaceswerealltowardnorth,whichisalsoreflectedintheexpressionlike“北面称臣”。Toagreatextent,itisjustbecauseofthisreasonthattheword“南”hasbeengraduallyelevatedintoapositionrelativelyhighinChinesepeople’sminds,symbolizingthesupremeauthority,power,andposition.Bycontrast,thepositionoftheword“北”，comparativelyspeaking,ismuchlower.ThisuniqueandinterestingculturalphenomenoncanfindthebestexamplesinChineseidioms,usually,theword“南“and“北“coexistinthesameidiom,usually,theword“南”appearsinfrontoftheword“北”,suchas“南腔北调”、“南征北战”、“南来北往”,ect.Therefore,inaformalbanquet,theseatfacingsouthundoubtedlywillbereservedforthoseHowever,inwesterncountries,thesituationisquitedifferent.Inancienttimes,apersonusedtoholdadaggerinhisrighthandtocarryouthisassassination.Onlywhentheguestwasarrangedtositontheleftsideofhost,wasitinconvenientforanassassintoperformtheaction,butmucheasierforthehosttosubduetheassassinandprotecttheguest.Therefore,themostdistinguishedguestwasarrangedtositontheleftsideofthehost.Ofcourse,withtheprocessofcivilization,thisoldstyleofassassinationhaslongbecomeextinct.Nowadays,whenwesternersarrangeseatsinabanquet,whattheyconcernaboutmostisfromtheperspectiveofpsychologicalneedinsteadofphysicalsecurity,whichresultsinthewidelyrecognizedrulethattheseatattherightsideofthehostismuchhonorablethantheoneattheleftside.Whentheseatingarrangementforthemaleandthefemaleinaformalbanquetisconcerned,Chinaandwesterncountrieshaverespectiveprincipletofollow.InChina,particularlyinancienttimes,theimageofthefemalewashardlyfoundinanyformalbanquets,whichaccordingtotheChinesetraditionalbeliefthatmenareexpectedtobedominantinthesociety.Asaresult,therewasnoneedatalltothinkaboutwomen’sseatingarrangement.V.DifferencesonContentsinChineseandWesternFoodCulturesApartfromthedifferencesonconceptsandetiquettediscussed,chinaandwesterncountriesalsodemonstratesomedisparitiesinmanyaspectsofthecontentsineachfoodculture,suchascuisineandcuisinenaming.Thefollowingpointswillbecomparedanddiscussed:exquisitenessandtastevs.nutritionandbalance,anddifferentcuisinenaming.Throughcomparisonandanalysis,itmayhelpusrealizenotonlythedisparitiesbutalsothesimilaritiesincertainaspect.1.TasteinChinesefoodThetasteisanessentialfeatureofChinesecuisine.Chinesepeopledonotmindthenutritionofthefoodasmuchasitstaste.Savoringfoodismoreimportanttothem.2.NutritionandbalanceinwesternfoodAninterestingphenomenoninwesterncountriesisthenutritionalinformationonthefoodlabel,fromwhichpeople’sconcernaboutnutritionisclearlyreflected.Alookattheinformation,likethenumberofcaloriesperserving,gramsoffat,sodium,cholesterol,fiberandsugarcontentwillmakeyoumoreknowledgeableinselectingfoodstoreduceyournutritionhealthrisk.Asamatteroffact,inAmerica,foodhabitsareoftenidentifiedasthemostimportantwayinwhichapersoncanmaintainhealthy(PamelaandKathryn,1998:38-39).Inconclusion,itisundertheinfluenceofpragmatismthatwesternersareinclinedtotaketheintakeoffoodintoconsiderationbasicallyfromthenutritionaryperspective.Intheireyes,foodoreatingisjustawaytokeephealthy,havinglittletodowithartistry.Norwilltheybeparticularaboutthetasteoffoodtoomuch.Therefore,whatwesternerscareaboutmostisthenutritioncontainedinfoodandthebalanceofthewholedietstructureratherexquisitenessincuisineandtasteoffood.VI.InfluenceofDieteticCultureonOurLanguageTeachingNowadays,ourEnglisheducatorsareinterestedincross-culture.TheythinkthedieteticcultureinfluencestheEnglisheducationandChineseeducation.Now,putthedieteticcultureaway,letuslookatthecross-culture.Forexample,whensomebodytellsyouthatyoudoagoodjob,westernpeoplewillanswerlikethis:Thankyouverymuch.ButChineseanswerisnotthesame;theywillgivetheanswerIhaven’tdoneenough.Theachievementistheresultofjointefforts.ThiswillshowthedifferencesbetweenChineseandwesterncultures.Westernpeoplepaymuchattentiontoindividual;Chinesepeoplemorecareaboutcollectivization，sothiscausethedifferencesbetweentwolanguages.Differentculturecausesdifferentlanguage.Ofcoursedieteticcultureinfluencesourdailylanguageteaching.AfterknowingthedifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishdieteticculture,wemustlearnhowtotranslateChinesedieteticwordsintoEnglish.AllofusknowthatChinesefoodhasmanystyles.Wecanlearnmanywords:刮鳞（scaling）,去皮（skinning）,去蒜皮（peeling）脱壳(shelling),剔骨(boning)，捣碎（mashing）,装陷（stuffing）,腌泡(marinating),盐腌(saltsoaking).TasteisthesouloftheChinesefood,ancientdividedtasteintosweet,sour,bitter,spicyandsoon.andstillhavespiced(五香)，sweetandsour（糖醋），pungentandspicy（麻辣），fish-flour（鱼香），multi-flavor（怪味）.InfactinChinatasteisanartist,everySometimesChinadishes’namescomefromstories.Suchas,Buddhajumpingoverthewall.（佛跳墙），Beggar’schicken（叫化鸡），pock—markedGrandma’sBean—curd（麻婆豆腐）.Maybewesternpeopledon’tunderstandthisdishes’name.So,Chinesegivethenames’information.Forinstance,Beggar’schicken--anameafteralegendtellingabeggarsmearedachickenalloverwithclayandthrowitintoafire,findingitalreadybakedintoadeliciousdish.Buddhajumpingoverthewall--anameafterthelegendsayingthatevenBuddhacouldn’tresistthetemptationofthedishandjumpedoverthewallofthetempletotasteit.SometimeswesternpeopletranslateChinesedishesintoEnglishjustbypronunciation,suchas,炒面(ChowMein),点心(DimSum),捞面(LoMein),炒饭(ChowFan),馄饨Inordertounderstanddietetictranslationtotally,andunderstanddieteticculturedeeply,thispaperstillgivestheChinesefamousnamesofdishes.AllChinesemaybedon’tunderstandthedishesname.“SteamPattiesOfCrabment”and“MincedShrimwithCrabRoeonTop”（白雪映红梅）.Somebodythoughtthattranslationisnottherightone.Becausetheythoughtthetranslationmustthinkabouttheculturebackground,sotheygiveanothertranslation,whichis“RedPlumsReflectedSnow”.Anotherexample,“Antsclimbtree”(beanvermicelliwithspicymeat)(蚂蚁上树).VII.ConclusionBythecomparisonandanalysiswehavemadesofar,oneconclusionmaybedrawnthatontheonehand,itisthedifferencehiddeninthedeepstructureofChineseandwesternculturesthatleadstothosedisparitiesreflectedineachindividualfoodculture,andontheotherhand,accordingtotheculturalrelativist’spointofview,foodcultureisneithersuperiornorinferiortotheother.Certainly,Chineseandwesternfoodculturedonotexistinisolation.Manycomponentsinaculture,suchascustoms,traditions,andbehaviorscanspreadfromonenationtoanother.AmericanlinguistL.Bloomfieldpointsoutthatthiskindofspreadiscalledculturaldiffusionbyethnologists(Bloomfield2002:471).Indeed,moreandmorecross-culturalcontactshavebroughtmanychangesandnewelementsintothedevelopmentofeachculture,notjustconfinedtothefoodaspect.References:1.Asante,M.K,Newmark,E...Blake,C.A,HandbookofInterculturalCommunication.London:SAGEPublications/BeverlyHills,1982.2.Benedict,R.PatternsofCulture.Boston:HoughtonMifflinCompany,1999.3.Bloomfield,L.ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress,2002.4.Chang,K.C,FoodinChineseCulture:AnthropologicalandHistoricalPerspective.USA:AllynandBacon,19985.DiYanhua.AmericanCulture.Changchun;JilingScienceandTechnologyPress,2002.6.EugeneA.Nida.Language,Culture,andTranslating[M].Shanghai:ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress,2001.7.HelenOatey.TheCustomsandLanguageofSocialInteractioninEnglish[M].ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress.2000.8.HuWenzhong.SelectedReadinginInterculturalCommunication.HumanEducationPress,1998.9.Pamela,M.S,andKathryn,R.D.FoodandCultureinAmerican.2nd.USA:WadsworthPublishingCompany.2000.10.R.Levine&B.Adelmon.BeyondLanguage,EnglewoodCliffs.[M].NJ:1999.11.Samovar,L.A,andPorter,R.E.InterculturalCommunication:AReader9th.USA:WadsworthPublishingCompany.1998.12.Sapir,E.Language:AnintroductiontotheStudyofSpeech.Beijing:ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress,2002.13.ZhangQi.IcreasingCulturalAwarenessinEFLTeachingandLearning[M].TeachingEnglishinChina.1999.14.HudsonR.A.Sociolinguistics[M].北京：剑桥大学出版社/外语教学与研究出版社，2000.15.陈愿.社会语言学专题四讲[M].北京：语文出版社，1998.16.顾嘉祖.跨文化交际--外国语言文学中的隐蔽文化[M].南京:南京师范大学出版社2000.17.葛建雄、曹树基、吴松第.简明中国移民史[M].福州：福建人民出版社，1999.18.贾玉新，《跨文化交际学》上海:上海外语教育出版社,1997.19.罗伯茨，蒋重跃，刘林海译.十九世纪西方人眼中的中国[M].北京：时事出版社,1999.20.林雨堂.生活的艺术[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社，1998.基于C8051F单片机直流电动机反馈控制系统的设计与研究基于单片机的嵌入式Web服务器的研究MOTOROLA单片机MC68HC（8）05PV8/A内嵌EEPROM的工艺和制程方法及对良率的影响研究基于模糊控制的电阻钎焊单片机温度控制系统的研制基于MCS-51系列单片机的通用控制模块的研究基于单片机实现的供暖系统最佳启停自校正（STR）调节器单片机控制的二级倒立摆系统的研究基于增强型51系列单片机的TCP/IP协议栈的实现基于单片机的蓄电池自动监测系统基于32位嵌入式单片机系统的图像采集与处理技术的研究基于单片机的作物营养诊断专家系统的研究基于单片机的交流伺服电机运动控制系统研究与开发基于单片机的泵管内壁硬度测试仪的研制基于单片机的自动找平控制系统研究基于C8051F040单片机的嵌入式系统开发基于单片机的液压动力系统状态监测仪开发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