论中西饮食文化差异毕业论文

PAGEPAGE13OnDifferencesbetweenChineseandWesternDietaryCultures论中西饮食文化差异院系外国语学院专业英语班级2009级本科（7）班学号11023012027学生姓名指导教师职称讲师2013年4月AcknowledgementsIwouldliketoextendmysinceregratitudetoallthosewhohaveeverhelpedandencouragedmeduringthewritingofthisthesis;otherwisemyworkwouldnothavebeensosmoothlyfulfilled.MydeepestgratitudegoesfirstandforemosttoMrsGuo,mysupervisor,forherconstantencouragementandguidance.Shehaswalkedmethroughallthestagesofthewritingofthisthesis.Withoutherconsistentandilluminatinginstruction,thisthesiscouldnothavereacheditspresentform.Second,IwouldliketoexpressmyheartfeltgratitudetoProfessorWangXueling.Thankyouforleadingmeintothedoorofinterculturalcommunicationwhichhasreallybroadenedmyhorizonsandenrichedmylife.Thankyouforbeingsopatient,sosupportiveandIamexceedinglyproudofbeingyourstudent.IamalsogreatlyindebtedtotheprofessorsandteachersattheForeignLanguageDepartmentofXinxiangUniversitywhohaveinstructedandhelpedmealotinthepasttwoyears.Lastbutnotleast,myheartfeltappreciationandeverlastingaffectiongotomybelovedfamilyfortheirlovingconsiderationsandboundlessconfidenceinmeallthroughtheseyears.MotherandFatherthankyouforbringingmeintothisworldandalwaysgivingmethestrengthtostriveformygoals.Theirselflessloveconstantlyshinesonme,andlightsupmyworld.Ialsoowemysinceregratitudetomyfriendsandmyfellowclassmateswhogavemetheirhelpandtimeinlisteningtomeandhelpingmetoworkoutmyproblemsduringthedifficultcourseofthethesis.AbstractDifferenceindietarycultureisoneoftheproblemsthatweshouldpaymoreattention.Chinaisacountrywithalonghistoryandboastsavarietyofcuisines.Chinesedietaryculturehasbeenalwaysintheleadingpositionoftheworldfromthepasttonow,anditisalsotheveryimportantpartoftheChineseculture.TheWesterndietaryculturehasitstypicalfeatures,beingfast,hygienic,nutritiousandscientific.Chinesedietaryculturepursuesthesyntheticbeautysuchascolor,smell,taste,flavor,sound,andtheenvironment.ThecomparativestudyattemptedbytheauthorintendstopromotethemutualunderstandingandcommunicationbetweenChinaandtheWestern.Itisimportantfornationstounderstandeachother.Inthecooperation,nationsgainmorebenefitsfrommutualhelpandmakeeverybodyenjoyahappylife.Thefindingsinthisthesiswillhelpnationstodrawoneachother’smeritsandmakemutualprogress.Keywords:diet;cultural;difference摘要饮食文化的差异就是值得我们关注的话题之一。中国有着悠久的历史与引以为傲的各种各样的烹饪技术。直到今天中国的饮食文化一直处于世界的领先位置，它已经成为中国文化中的重要的一部分。西方饮食文化讲究快捷方便、卫生、营养、科学。中国的饮食文化追求色、香、味、行、意和环境。希望通过中西饮食文化的比较，增进两种文化间的理解和交流，进而互相学习，取长补短，和谐共处，共同发展。国与国之间需要了解彼此。在合作中，帮助彼此得到更多的利益而是每一个人享受快乐生活。这就是理想，只要大家去做，世界会变得美好。关键词:饮食；文化；不同ContentsTOC\o\h\z\uAcknowledgements IAbstract II摘要 IIIⅠ.Introduction 11.1Background 11.2Purpose 11.3TheHistoryandPositionofFoodCultureinChinaandWest 11.4FoodCulture 11.4.1CharacteristicsofChineseFoodCulture 21.4.2CharacteristicsofWesternFoodCulture 2Ⅱ.AnalysisofCulturalDifferencesbetweenChineseandWesternDietary 32.1.DifferencesinConcepts 32.2DifferencesinTargets 42.3DifferencesintheDietaryPatterns 62.4DifferencesintheNature 72.5DifferencesintheEtiquette 82.6DifferencesinDietaryHabits 82.6.1DifferencesinTableware 82.6.2DifferencesinCookingMethods 92.6.3DifferencesinDailyDiet 10Ⅲ.Conclusion 103.1MajorFindings 113.2Implication 113.3Limitation 11Bibliography 13Ⅰ.Introduction1.1BackgroundFoodisonlyoneaspectofculturaltraditions,yetitisprobablyoneofthemostpersistent.Thereisnoculturalgroupandnoindividualforwhomatleastonespecificfood.Foodplaysaninextricableroleinourdailylives.Withoutfoodwecannotsurvive.Butfoodismuchmorethanatoolofsurvival.Foodisasourceofpleasure,comfortandsecurity.Foodisalsoasymbolofhospitality,socialstatus,andreligioussignificance.Whatweselecttoeat,howweprepareit,serveit,andevenhowweeatitareallfactorsprofoundlytouchedbyourindividualculturalinheritance.1.2PurposeThecontentaimstounderstandthedifferencebetweenChineseandwesterncuisineculture.CulturaldifferencesinthehabitsofdietsbetweenChineseandtheWesternreflectthedifferentconceptsaboutthedietarystatus,eatingfoodanddietaryhabits.ThroughtheanalysisofdietarydifferencesbetweenChineseandWesternfoodculture,wegettoknowtheculturaltraditionsofbothChinaandtheWest.Itletussetupaninvinciblepositioninthecompetition.AtthesametimeitcanimproveandinnovatefortheChineseculture.Thesenationsshouldmutualhelpandstudyeachothersothatwecanmakeourworldmoreharmoniousthanbefore.1.3TheHistoryandPositionofFoodCultureinChinaandWestChinaenjoysthefameofFoodKingdomforthousandsyear,sopeoplelivingherefocussomuchontasteasatradition.Aftercenturiesofevolutiononcooking,Chinesecuisinesharesagreatmarketininternationalfoodtable.Chinesechiefpaytheirattentiononthreeparts:varietychoiceofmaterials,complexityofcookingstyle,widerangeoftaste.Asanothereconomicandculturalcenter,theWesternWorld,italsoproducesanimportantFoodculturesystem.Inthissystem,France,BritainandtheUnitedStatesarethethreemajorbranches.Theyaffecttheworldfortheiruniqueculturalconnotations.Asthetwomajorfoodcultures,theirmutualinfluenceandfusionwillimproveculturaldiversityoftheworld.ThisisthesignificanceofChineseandWesternfoodculturepreciselystudies.1.4FoodCultureFoodculturereferstothetechnical,scientificandartisticaspectsintheprocessofthefoodproductionandfoodconsumption,thedevelopmentandutilizationoffoodingredientsinspecificsocialgroups,aswellasthediet­basedcustoms,traditions,ideologyandphilosophy,inaword,thesumofallthefoodthingsofacombinationoftheway,process,functionoffoodproductionandconsumption.Thestudyonfoodcultureisextremelyrichincontent.1.4.1CharacteristicsofChineseFoodCultureThedietisactuallythecontentofourdailylife,butwhydowesaythatitcontainsspecificculture?ThisisbecausethediethasaspecialstatusintheChineseculture.AnditisalsodifferentbetweenChinaandWest.Chinesepeople’sdietstartsasearlyasintheQinDynasty.Atthattime,thetypicaldietprimarilyconsistsofthemiscellaneousgrains,inadditiontosomesupplementaryfoodsuchasvegetablesandmeat.CertainlythiskindofdietrelatestoourChinesefirstreligiousBuddhismalotwhichadvocatesvegetariandiet.Andthericeisthestaplefood,butthevegetableistogetfooddown.Thericeisnotdelicious,sopeoplemusteatthevegetablewhichismoredeliciousthanricetogetthericedown.AndthisurgesChinesecookingtomaketheunsavoryfoodtobecomethedeliciousfood,whichgraduallybecomesthemostimportantgoalofcooking.MoreoverthetechnologyofdietprocessinginChinesecookingisfirst-class,thusmanifestingthecharacteristicsofChineseculture.TheChinesecooking’sdietprocesstechnologyisfirst-classintheworld,thusithasmanifestedtheChineseculturecharacteristic.AlltheseenabletheChinesedietculturetohavethefollowingcharacteristics.First,theChinesecookingtechnologyhasdevelopedalotandmanythingswhichdonotlooklikeeatablefoodintheWesterner’seyescanbecomethefoodrichintheappearance,thefragranceandtasteundertheChinesechef’scarefulcooking.Second,Chineserecipesarewidespread,andeverythingthatcanbeeatenwillbefullused.TheWestbotaniststhinktheChineseeatmorethansixtimestypesofvegetablesthantheWesterners.Third,fortheChinesepeople,thepursuitofeatingisjusttopursuebesthappinessoflife,foodbecomingthefirstrequirement.1.4.2CharacteristicsofWesternFoodCultureIntheWesterndiet,meatalwayshasahighproportionbecausethedietwasinitiallybasedmainlyonanimalhusbandry.Inthemoderntimes,althoughtheproportionofcropcultivationhasbeenincreasing,theproportionofmeatinthedietisstillmuchhigherthanthatofChina.Asthenaturaldelicioustasteofmeat,fortheWesternersthereisnoneedoftoomuchdecorationforfood,limitingthedevelopmentofcooking.Europeansmostlyusetoolstoshowtheiraffluence,forinstance,thenumberofkindsandluxurybecomethecontenttocareabout.Moreover,theywillnotmakethepursuitofeatingwhichiseasytosatisfytobethepursuitofthebesthappiness.WetakeEuropeandAmericanasarepresentativefortheWest,foritsculturesimilarlyhasawell-establishedandlonghistory.Tothemiddleages,theEuropeanculturehadgrownup,andduringthattimetheoldWest’sdietculturehadalreadyformed.Itsmainfeaturewas:thebreadflourwasthestaplefood,rawmaterialwasalsoveryrich.ThemanufacturingmethodwassimplethanthatofChina,buttheyalsopaidgreatattentiontothetaste.Ⅱ.AnalysisofCulturalDifferencesbetweenChineseandWesternDietaryTherearedistinctivefoodculturesindifferentnationsandcountries,withstrongnationalcharacteranddiversityoffeatures.Foodproduct,duetothegeographicalfeatures,theclimateoftheenvironmentandthecustomsandsoon,willappeargreatdifferenceintherawmaterials,taste,cookingmethodsandeatinghabits.ThecomparisonofthedifferencesbetweenChineseandwesternfoodculturewillbefromthefollowingeightareas:differencesinconcepts,differencesintargets,differencesinthedietarypatterns,differencesinthenature,differencesintheetiquette,differencesinthecookingmethods,differencesinthetableware,differencesinthedailydiet.2.1.DifferencesinConceptsFirst,theChineseandwesterndiethasthedifferencesthatcannotbeignoredinconcepts.NobodywilldenythattheWesterndietisarationalconcept,regardlessofthecoloroffood,incense,flavorandshape,butnutritionmustbeassured.Itcaresabouttheintakeofcalories,vitamins,proteinandsoonduringaday.ComparingwiththeChinesediet,westerndiettastesstereotyped,assimpleaschewingthecandle,butthesensetellsthem:Wemusteatthemallbecauseofthenutrition.Andthentheyputitbluntly,justlikerefuelingmachine.TheconceptofWesterndietiscompatiblewiththeentireWesternphilosophy.MetaphysicsisthemainfeatureofWesternphilosophy.SuchkindofphilosophybringsvitalitytoWesternculture,sothenaturalsciences,psychologyandmethodologyachievearapiddevelopment.Insomeotheraspects,suchphilosophypropositionisasignificantlyobstacle,suchasthedietaryculture,whichistheinevitablethingtodropbehind,andjustthemetaphysicsofmethodologymarkseverywhere.Incelebration,itstressestableware,stressesthestaple,stressestheservings,andstressesthecolorandshapemixofrawmaterials.Butnomatterhowluxuriousthegradeis;fromLosAngelestoNewYork,onlyonetasteofsteak,itisnoarttospeakof.Andasdishes,thechickenischicken;steakissteak,eveningroups,whicharealsoconductedinashallowdish.Inadishof“FrenchMuttonchops”,onesideispotatomud,andmuttonchopssitsnexttoit,anothersideisallocationofcookingbeans,andplusafewtabletsoftomato.Colorisonclear,butthetastesofthevariousmaterialsareseparated,nottoreconcile,andtheentireflavorislikewisesimpleandclear.TheChinesedietisasenseofbeautydiet.Whenpeoplesampledishes,theyoftensaythisdishis“delicious”,orthatdishis“notdelicious”.Butifyouaskwhatismeantby“delicious”,why"tasty"andwhataretheaspectsof“delicious”,Iamafraidthatitwillbedifficulttoanswer.ThisshowsthatwhichChinesepeoplehankeronadietisjustthe“mood”thatisdifficultforonetosayanything.Evenusingthecolor,flavor,shapeandimplementwhichpeopleoftensaidtomaketherealmreification,Iamafraiditisstilldifficulttocrownall.ThebeautypursuitofChinesecuisineisdistinctlyoverridingtherationalpursuit.ThisconceptofdietisalsocoincidingwiththetraditionalChinesephilosophy.ChinesephilosophyisarepresentativeofOrientalphilosophy.Itsdistinguishingfeaturesarethemacro,visual,vagueandevasive.Chinesecookingmethodistoreconcile,andtheultimategoalistoreconcileoutofapleasingtaste.Themainstressismeasuredandtheoverallco-ordination.ItcontainsawealthofdialecticsofChinesephilosophy,andallthesedependonthedegreeofthewonderfulflavorandharmonyofdish.Theever-changingwithindegreesdecidesthechangeableofChinesefood,anditalsodecidesthecharacteristicsofChinesefoodaswellasthecharacteristicsoneachofthechefs.2.2DifferencesinTargetsAlldietcannotbedonewithoutvegetables.Theword“dish”isforthesoundinChina,anditalwayshassomethingtodowiththeplants.Accordingtoasurveyofwesternplantsscholar,thereare600varietiesofvegetables,sixtimesmorethanintheWest.Infact,vegetabledishisusualfood.Meatdishentersthenormaldietonlyonholidaysorhigherlivingstandards,sosinceancienttimes,andtherewasasayingof“freshvegetables”.Mandarinlanguage:“Commonpeopleeatfreshvegetables,fishonlyofferedintheworship.”Itissaidthatfreshvegetablesaremainlytothecivilianingeneral,onlybeingabletoeatmeatonlyinworship.Vegetariandiettakesthedominantpositioninthenormalstructure.Chinesepeopleconsiderthevegetablesasthemaindish;ithasinextricablylinkedwiththeadvocacyofBuddhists.Theydeemanimalsas“people”andplantshave“nosoul.”So,theyadvocatevegetarianism.Westernersdonotseemtohavesuchagoodhabit.Theyupholdaculturaloriginofnomadic,seafaringnation.Livingmainlybyfishingandhunting,collectionandplantingarejustthecomplement.Therearemoremeatdishesintheirlives.Feeding,clothing,andusingaretakenfromtheanimals,andevenWesternmedicineisderivedfromanimals.Whenthewesternersintroducethedietcharacteristicsoftheircountries,theyalwaysfeelthattheirdietismorereasonableonthemixofnutritionthanChina.Thefoodindustryismoredeveloped,suchascans,fastfood,althoughthetasteismonotonous,butitsavestime,anditalsohasgoodnutrition.Therefore,intheircountries:peoplearegenerallyhealthierandtallerthanChinese,andthepeoplehavestrongshouldersanddevelopedmuscles;butChinesepeoplelookshort,theirshouldersnarrowandlegsthin,theirskinyellowandtheirbodyweak.ThedifferencesbetweenChineseandwesternfoodforWesternerstojudgethemeritsofthetwodietisnotjustified.Mr.Sunhadprofoundstudyofthecultureoffoodandincisiveexposition.InhiscomposingTheSchemeforNationalReconstruction,detailingthedifferencesbetweenChineseandWesterndietphenomenon,heconcludes:"Chineseordinarypeopledrinkgreentea,andeatsimplefoodsuchasvegetablesandtofuformeal.Suchkindsoffoodarethemosthealthyandbeneficialaccordingtotheresearchofhygienist.Therefore,theremotepeopleinchina,whosedietarefarfrommeatandwine,alwayslivealonglife.AlsoChinahasabigpopulation,andChinesepeoplehaveenormouspowertoresistdisease,buttheynevertrythenon-diet.“Headded:”TheChinesevegetariansalleattofu.Tofuisexpectedastherealmeatinplants,asithasthenutritionthatmeathas.Itisthemeatwithouttoxicmaterials.SotheChinesearevegetarianusedtobeacustomwithoutthepromotionofscholars.ItisalsoacustomthattheEuropeanandAmericandrinkthickWine,eatmeatandfish.Sotherewassciencepromotionbeforeandaseverelawlater,suchastheUnitedStatesProhibition.Andthetransferwillnotcarryoutinashorttime.Mr.Sun’swordstelloutthescientificbenefitsofChinesedietanddisadvantagesofWesterndiet.AccordingtothecharacteristicsofthesignificantdifferencesbetweenChineseandWesterndiettargets,theChinesecharacteriscalledtheplantcharacter,whiletheWesterners’isanimalcharacter.Inresponsetotheculturalbehaviors,Westernersloveadventure,exploration,conflict;buttheChinesepeopleonlyliketolivebanally.AccordingtoAmericanexpertonfolkloreRuth’sopinionsonthe"culturalpattern"theory,ChinesecultureisquitesimilartotheclassicalworldApollo-typecharacterandWesterners’issimilartothemodernworldFaust-type.Indeed,theWesternerssuchasAmericansinthedevelopmentofthewest,theyputthewholefamilyonthetruck,andgooutofthecityinamidrumblingwiththesupplies.TheChinesepeoplearealwaysthinkingabout“home”and“roots”,despitethepromotionthatyoungpeopleshouldtaketheworldashome.Butafterafewdecades,theoverseasChinesewillcomebacktothemainlandwithcrutchtoseektheirroots.Thisconceptofreturnandsuchhumanspiritthatcanonlybesaidtocooperatewiththeaccumulationinthediet.ThenitbringscohesivenesstotheChinesenationandthenmakesthehumanfolkfullofenergy.2.3DifferencesintheDietaryPatternsTheChineseandWesterndietarypatternscanbeverydifferent,andthesedifferencesaffectthenationalcharacter.InChina,acelebration,nomatterwhat,therewillbeonlyoneform,assittingtogether,sharingonefeast.Banquetusesroundtable,whichhascreatedaunityofform,whichiscourtesy,comityatmosphere.Cateareinthecenterofthetable.Itistheobjectsforpeopletoappreciateandtaste,anditisalsoanintermediateofcommunication.Peopletoasteachotherandsharethevegetables,whichreflectthemutualrespectbetweenpeopleinthefaceofthegoodthings,alsoshowthevirtuesofcomity.Althoughfromthehealthpointofview,thisapproachhasobviousdeficiencies,butitisinournational"happy"mentality,itreflectstheclassicalChinesephilosophyareaof"and"impactforfuturegenerations.Itishelpfultofacilitatethecollectiveemotionalexchangesandconsequentlydifficulttoreform.Thewestern-stylebanquets,althoughthefoodandwineareveryimportant,butinfacttheyarejustfoil.ThecoreofBanquetisfriendship,bytheconversationwiththeguestswhosittingnexttoachievethepurposeofrecreation.Ifmakingananalogouscomparebetweentherecreationofthebanquetsanddancing,itmaybesaidthattheChinesebanquetislikegroupdance,andthewesternbanquetislikemenandwomendancing.ThisshowsthatcommunicationpurposeofChinesebanquetandwesternbanquetareveryobvious.OnlytheChinesebanquetismorepopularinthecommunion,butwesternbanquetshowsguestsreflectedinthefriendshipbetweenneighbors.ThemoreobviousdifferencesbetweenChineseandwesterndietarypatternsisbuffetdinnerwhichispopularintheWest.Thismethodistodisplayallfood,andeverybodyispickingnotfixedinhisorherplacestoeat.Theywalkfreely.Thisapproachwouldprovidetheemotionalinteractionbetweenindividuals;theyneverneedtoputeverywordonthetable.Thisalsoshowsawesternpersonalityandself-respect.However,alltheeatingwithoutjamminglackstherealaffectivetoneliketheChinesepeople.SomepeoplewanttoputthebuffetintheChinesefood,butIthinkitisnotfeasible.ZhangQijuninthePrinciplesofCookingtellsusthemainreason:First,buffetisnotlikedrinkingtea.Drinkingteaisjustthethingtoyoubeforeyouchoose,anddisplayedinthecafeteriathereisalargenumberoffoodtoeat,sowhenyouwanttohaveit,itiscoldyet.Chinesecuisinewillservehot,ifcold,nothingtoeat.Secondly,buffetdishesonlycandoharddishesandbeneficialdishes.Thenyoucanaccessforlargeplots.AndthosemostrepresentativeoftheChineseculinaryarts,suchasthetenderandlighterdishes,arenotinthisshow.Third,thebuffetcandostewingpot;itmeansabigpotintermsoffood.Anysophisticatedcookingofadishcanonlybecookedinapotattwomost,anditisnotabletocookthedishfordozensofpeople.Soitwillnotbedelicious,nevertalkingofthetaste.Undersuchcircumstances,itisclearthattheuseofbuffetdinnerwilldenyChineseculinaryarts.TheChinesepeoplearedrinkingaroundthetabletoshowharmonyandunity,butthebuffethasbrokensuchpattern.Itraisesthepersonalindependenceandself-mentionedatthefirstplace.ThisistheoppositeofthescaleofthegreatunityofallChinesetraditionalculture.2.4DifferencesintheNatureDifferencesinthenatureoftheChineseandwesterndietareinosculatedwiththerespectivelifestyleandthepaceoflife.Inthewest,peopledotheduplicationofpipelineoperations,andimplementpiece-wagesystem,sothepacesoftheirlivesaresofast.Peoplefallunderthemechanicalmethodeitherintentionallyorunintentionally,andbelievethat“Workiswork,andgameisgame.”Mechanicallivesledtoonenessofdietorasingleblindaboutdiet,andeatbeefsteakandpotatoeseveryday.Monotonousdietisthesameaswork,forwhichthepurposesistofulfillthe“incident”,naturallywithnointerests,andallthesehavenowordintermsoftaste.ButChinaisnot,“Thegameiswork,andtheworkisofagame”.Suchlifemannerisalsoemergedindiet.Abakersellsbreadinthestreet,helikesusingtherollingpoletobeatthechoppingboardrhythmicallywhentheykneadflour.Whenthecooksfryadish,evenbeatingscoop,theyalsocarethesenseofrhythmduringcooking.Thesewouldnotworkforanyconveniences,butitincreasestheinterestsofworkers.Onlyinsuchanatmosphereworkwillbemeaningful,anditwillhavemorecreativityandartistryofChinesecuisine.TherestillexistvariousdifferencesbetweenChineseandwesterndietarycultures.ButwiththedevelopmentofculturalcommunicationbetweenChinaandthewest,alongwiththestrengtheningofcommunicationbetweenChinaandthewest,Chinahasimportedvariouskindsofwesternfood,knownasthe“KFC”“DICOS”,“McDonald”.Thismarksanewwesterndietarycultureexchangesandinfiltration.Webelievethatwiththedevelopmentofsociety,theculturaldifferencesbetweenChineseandwesterndietarywillnolongerbethedifference.2.5DifferencesintheEtiquetteInChina,anybanquet,nomatterwhatpurpose,therewillbeonlyaform,thatis,wearesittinground,sharingoneseat;feastusetheroundtable,whichcreatesaunityinform,courtesyoftheatmosphereofinterest.Althoughfromthehealthpointview,thisdiethasobviousshortcomings,butitisconsistentwithournation,“happy,”thegeneralstateofmind.Westernerspursuediningsystem.Thefirstisthepointofthedish,whattoeatsomething,whichalsoshowsthewesternrespectforindividuality.Upafterthemeal,peopleeateachoneoftheirown,feelfreetoaddtheirownspices,asecondcoursedisheatenbeforeeating,beforeandafterthetwonevermixedvegetablestoeat.MostofChina’sbanquetwillbeseniority,respectfortheelderlyastherowsofseatsstandards.Chinesediningetiquettereflectsa“let”thespirit.Thebanquet,allthepeoplewillwaitfortheowner,andonlywhentheownerpleasehismouthcanyoustarttopleaseyourmouth.Whenanewfoodup,theownergenerallypleasestheguestofhonorandshowsrespectforolderpeoplefirst.Westrowseatisstandard,priorityforwomen.Intheseatingarrangement,ifthecommonmenandwomentoparticipateinthebanquet,co-chairedbythehostandhostess,menandwomenmustbefittedtotwoseparateguestlists,seatingarrangementsintheformusuallyis:thehostandthehostessareopposite,thehost’sleftandrightisbothsidesofthefemaleguests,thehostfacesthedoorsothathecanknowwhoiscomingandthenarrangeintime.Butifbothmenandwomenrushtodinnertogether,openthedoorandletwomenfirst.Inservingwithmeals,youshouldknowsomerules.First,youcanservefromtherighttothefemaleguestofhonor,andthendistributethentootherwomeninorder,andfinallytothehostess;thenpressthesameordertothemenserving.Whenthehostessandotherwomenpickupthenapkin,knife,andforktostarteatingafterthemanbegan.Afterthemeal,thehostessgetsuptoleave,andotherpersonscanleave,andwomenaregiventhepriority.2.6DifferencesinDietaryHabits2.6.1DifferencesinTablewareChopsticks,knifeandforkarethemostrepresentativetablewareinChinaandtheWest.TheirlifestylesrepresenttwodifferentkindsoflivesinChinaandtheWest.Someprofessorssaythatpeopleintheeastandthewestusedifferenttablewaretoeatduetothedifferentenvironment.Chopsticksarerelatedtobamboo.ThereisalotofbambooinChina,soancestorsobtainmaterialsfromlocalsources.Bamboobecomesthemostprimitivem