三相黑油压裂多段井模拟讲解

#1．油、气、水三相数模在油田在生产过程，若地层压力低于泡点压力，原油就会脱气，如涠洲油田流沙港组油藏原油气油比高，泡点压力高，地饱压差小，开发过程中地层压力容易下降到泡点压力之下，地层中原油发生脱气，形成三相流动；文昌15-1油田、文昌14-3油田的部分油组存在原生气顶，在这些情况下的油田模拟研究就要使用油、气、水三相来模拟。1.1所需资料油气水三相数模模拟仍然属于黑油模拟的范畴，需要大部分基础资料也与油水两相模拟相同，主要差别是油相PVT部分使用PVTO/PVCO关键字（油水两相模拟使用PVDO关键字）、增加气相PVT（一般使用PVDG关键字）和油气相渗曲线（油水两相只需要油水相渗曲线）。对于黑油模拟，需要的数据资料及来源如下：来源数模所需的数据地震解释►层面（微）构造地质研究,^^_—►储层厚度（净厚度）测井解释N^X^:*孔隙度、渗透率岩心分析一\^特殊岩心分析—M―相渗、毛管压力高压物性资料流体PVT实验数据试井RFT资料/产能、WOC、压力生产数据k生产/注入控制数据油气水三相数模多数数据资料要求基本与油水两相数模相同，请参考油水两相数模相关章节。在油气水三相数模中，油相PVT数据必须使用活油PVT，包括不同溶解气油比条件下泡点压力、体积系数、油相粘度，这套数据可通过原油差异分离实验（DL）获得；油气水三相数模流体相对渗透率曲线中，油水相渗实际是烃相与水相的相对渗透率曲线，并需要增加油气两相的相对渗透率曲线，这项数据需要通过流动实验获得。数据文件结构一般情况下，ECL模拟数据包括8个部分，如下表所示:序号文件组成部分简要描述1RUNSPEC模型的特征说明：流体性质、单位、模型维数等2GRID模型几何及地质数据场：DX、DY、DZ、TOPS、KX、KY等3EDIT数据场修正：PV、TX、TY、TZ等，无修改需求内容可以缺省4PROPS流体及相对渗透率数据5REGIONS流体区域等及人为分区，油藏简单无需分区，内容可缺省6SOLUTION油藏初始条件：WOC、GOC、Pi等7SUMMARY定义输出的运算结果8SCHEDULE定义动态数据：井、射孔、集输中心、产量及时步控制下边针对油气水三相模拟阐述最基本的文件构成。RUNSPEC部分这是ECLIPSE数据文件中的第一部分，在用重起功能时可以不用再定义，它主要有以下内容：⑴TITLE说明项⑵网格维数定义⑶单位定义（英制、米制、实验室）⑷流体项定义（两相定义油、水；三相定义油、水、气、溶解气等）⑸文件的格式（有/无格式输入、输出，合成/独立文件）⑹模拟起始时间⑺各种功能的起用或选用⑻各种数据类维数的限定，如：井数，集输中心数，PVT表数等油气水三相模拟，必须定义的关键字：TITLE;DIMENS；FIELD/METRIC/LAB；OIL、WATER、GAS、DISGAS；START。GRID部分GRID部分是用于定义模型几何参数及储层参数的模型数据场，主要有以下几部分内容：⑴网格的几何尺寸⑵网格的顶深、孔隙度、渗透率

⑶有效厚度或净毛比对于湛江分公司常用的角点网格，基本的关键字是：COORD、ZCORN；PORO，PERMX、PERMY、PERMZ；PROPS部分PROPS部分主要是输入流体PVT和相渗数据，包括：油、气、水PVT;油、气、水地面密度；岩石压缩系数；油、气、水相渗和毛管压力。对于油气水三相油藏模拟，油藏压力可低于泡点压力，溶解气油比可变，油相使用活油PVT。主要关键字定义方法是：⑴活油PVTO--RspoBoVo0.5012001.0381.11/0.8320001.0631.06/1.1328001.0871.00/1.3936001.110.95/1.6044001.130.92/（以下48001.1250.92/未饱52001.1210.92/和区）56001.1170.92//⑵活油PVCO--PoRoBoVoCoCv12000.501.0381.111*e-52.7*e-5/20000.831.0631.061*1*/28001.131.0891.001*1*/36001.391.1100.951*1*/44001.601.1300.921*1*/油气水三相模拟对于PVT部分的定义可以使用PVCO、PMAX、PVDG、PVTW，或者使用PVTO、PVDG、PVTW。对于相渗和毛管压力数据要求输入油气两相相对渗透率曲线，可以使用SGOF/SLGOF、SWOF或者SOF3/SOF32D、SGFN、SWFN关键字。SOLUTION部分SOLUTION部分主要内容有：模型初始化，定义平衡区或直接定义网格的初始饱和度、压力；定义重启动（参看重启动相关章节）；定义水体（参看水体相关章节）；定义Rs、Rv、Pb、API与埋深的关系。这部分中油气水三相模拟与其它黑油模拟的定义方法相同，需要注意的是EQUIL关键字第7项要指明使用活油进行初始化。SUMMARY部分该部分是用以定义运算结果的列表输入和给后处理模块GRAF输入数据（其中的生产曲线的绘制），SUMMARY部分中的关键字命名方法有一定规律，关键字有4个字母组成，部分有5个字母组成，如下表：SUMMARY部分关键字定义基本规则第1字母第2字母第3字母第4字母第5字母主字母流体相滚动类型产量或累积量特殊字母F油田O油P生产井R日产量H历史拟合G集输中心G气I注水井J累积量R区域W水F流动W「井L液体（地面）C完井层V流体（油藏条件）B网格T示踪剂以上定义规则并不能囊括全部的SUMMARY部分关键字定义，由于关键字繁多，使用时最好还是参照ECL关键字手册。这部分中油气水三相模拟与其它黑油模拟的定义方法也是相同的。SCHEDULE部分该部分主要对井模型、生产历史、井控条件进行描述，油气水三相模拟与其它黑油模拟的定义方法也是没有差别的。该部分对于多段井模型的描述及大量生产历史数据一般均使用前处理模块处理生成，油气水三相模拟与其它黑油模拟的定义方法相同，请参照SCHEDULE相关章节。油、气、水三相数模实例（不注水）不需要注水的油气水三相油藏数模仍然使用黑油模拟器求解，是比较简单的数模模型，与最基本的油水两相黑油模型相比，只需要油相PVT使用活油关键字并增加油气相对渗透率即可。适用于边底水能量充足，地饱压差小的油藏，例如涠洲6-12油田。简单的模拟例子如下：RUNSPECTITLE3D3PE100-startingdateSTART1'JAN'2011/-Units:METRIC-phasespresentGASOILWATERDISGAS-RequestsblackoilmodeBLACKOIL-nxnynzDIMENS994/EQLDIMS-numnummaxmaxmax-equdepthnodestabtracer-regnodesVDtabtracernodes15050150/REGDIMS-maxsetsmaxmax-fipfipresflux-regregregreg1100/TABDIMS-satpres-maxrowsintables-tabtabsatpress115050120201111011001/WELLDIMS-maxmaxmaxmaxwellsmaxstages-wellscompsgroupsingrouppersep34110510543011/GRIDGRIDFILE2/--createan.INITfileINIT--*BOXpaneledit:TOPSsetequalto3820mforbox(1:9,1:9,1:1)BOX191911/-SPECIFYCELLTOP-DEPTHS(TOPS)FORLAYER1TOPS81*3820/ENDBOX-dxareall50mDX324*50/-dyareall50mDY324*50/-dzareall50mDZ324*10/EQUALSPERMX130//-*BOXpaneledit:PERMYsetequalto100mDforbox(1:9,1:9,1:4)EQUALSPERMY100//-*BOXpaneledit:PERMZsetequalto1mDforbox(1:9,1:9,1:4)EQUALSPERMZ1//-*BOXpaneledit:POROsetequalto0.2forbox(1:9,1:9,1:4)EQUALSPORO0.2//-*BOXpaneledit:NTGsetequalto0.8forbox(1:9,1:9,1:4)EQUALSNTG0.8//PROPS-FluidSpecificGravitiesGRAVITY-oilAPIywYg54.881.030.916/--WetGasPVTProperties(VapourisedOil)PVDG--PRESBGVISC11.400.1348260.0131649.200.0283950.01534107.500.0126190.01765154.000.0088190.01994207.300.0066990.02343

248.000.0057780.02685275.000.0053570.02957304.300.0050190.03306330.000.0048060.03675344.090.0047130.03890358.090.0046320.04096371.270.0045660.04301383.690.0045140.04507395.410.0044720.04717406.480.0044390.04925416.960.0044130.05134426.880.0043930.05348436.290.0043780.05560445.210.0043660.05775453.680.0043580.05986/--LIVEOILPVTPropertiesPVTORsPRESBoVISC3.0211.401.0950.71545/24.8449.201.1790.57933/56.57107.501.2840.44463/83.57154.001.3670.36695/120.00207.301.4760.29689/153.30248.001.5750.25293/179.05275.001.6520.22707/211.49304.301.7490.20134/245.23330.001.8500.18027/266.64344.091.9150.16908445.411.8400.18829546.741.7850.2062/284.74358.091.9660.16218/302.84371.272.0170.15597/320.95383.692.0680.15036/339.05395.412.1190.14527/357.15406.482.1700.14063/

375.25416.962.2200.13638/393.35426.882.2710.13248/411.45436.292.3220.12888/429.55445.212.3730.12555/447.65453.682.4230.12246555.012.3220.13498656.332.2460.14656//-WaterPVTPropertiesPVTWPREFBWCWgWCV4501.033e-0050.310/-RockPropertiesROCK-PREFC4504e-005/-WatersaturationfunctionsSWFN--swkrwpcwo0.16000.18000.20.00200.240.0100.280.0200.320.03300.360.04900.40.06600.440.0900.480.11900.520.1500.560.18600.60.22700.640.2770

0.680.3300.720.3900.760.46200.80.5400.840.6200.880.7100.920.800.960.901110--GassaturationfunctionsSGFNsgkrgpcogsgkrgpcog0010010.040.00500.080.01300.120.02600.160.0400.20.05800.240.07800.280.100.320.12600.360.15600.40.18700.440.22200.480.2600.520.300.560.34900.60.400.640.4500.680.50500.720.56200.760.6200.80.6800.840.7400/--OilsaturationfunctionsSOF3--sokrowkrog0000.04000.08000.12000.16000.2000.24000.280.0050.0050.320.0120.0120.360.0240.0240.40.040.040.440.060.060.480.0820.0820.520.1120.1120.560.150.150.60.1960.1960.680.3150.3150.720.40.40.760.5130.5130.80.650.650.840.80.8/REGIONS-Commonkeywords:-FIPNUMFluid-in-Placeregions.-SATNUMSaturationtableregions.-EQLNUMEquilibrationregions.-PVTNUMPVTdataregions-AnygridblocksnotassignedavaluewhentheendoftheREGIONSsectionisreachedwillbe

assignedtoregion1SOLUTION-setreserviorinitialconditionsEQUIL-datumpressure-datumpressuredepthPc@depthPc@initinitinitcomp-depthatdatum3840466.4woc3840wocgocgoctypetypeaccurcase038110111*1*1*/RSVD-DepthRs38204473860448/-setvariablestobeprintedinthe.PRTfileRPTRSTVOILDENOBASIC-2PRESSURESOILSWATSGAS/SUMMARY--setsummaryvariabletobestoredtobeavailableforlineplotsDATERPTONLYEXCELWBHP/WBP9/WGPR/WOPR/--writesummaryinfoto.RSMfileRUNSUMSCHEDULEWELSPECS'P''O'651*'OIL'1*'STD''SHUT''YES'1*'SEG'3*'STD'//COMPDAT'P'6511'OPEN'11*0.2163*'Z'1*//WCONPROD'P''OPEN''ORAT'204*10//TSTEP3*330/END1.4油、气、水三相注水数模实例对于地饱压差较小，同时边底水能力又不充足的油藏，开发过程中出于提高采收率的考虑，会采用注水开发方式，例如涠洲11-1油田流沙港组油藏开采一段时间后形成了次生气顶，后续注水补充能量开发。在这种情况下的油藏模拟应该使用油、气、水三相注水开发模拟。注水与不注水的区别只是在SCHEDULE部分增加了注水井的井模拟定义（与采油井使用相同关键字）、注水历史数据和井控条件，主要涉及WCONINJH和WCONINJE关键字，使用方法可参照油水两相注水数模部分章节，下边是简单的模拟例子：RUNSPECTITLE3D3PE100-startingdateSTART1'JAN'2011/-Units:METRIC-phasespresentGASOILWATERDISGAS-RequestsblackoilmodeBLACKOIL-nxnynzDIMENS994/EQLDIMS-numnummaxmaxmax-equdepthnodestabtracer-regnodesVDtabtracernodes15050150/REGDIMS--maxsetsmaxmax--fipfipresflux--regregregreg1100/TABDIMS-satpres-maxrowsintables-tabtabsatpress115050120201111011001/WELLDIMS-maxmaxmaxmaxwellsmaxstages-wellscompsgroupsingrouppersep34210510543011/GRIDGRIDFILE2/-createan.INITfileINIT-*BOXpaneledit:TOPSsetequalto3820mforbox(1:9,1:9,1:1)BOX191911/-SPECIFYCELLTOP-DEPTHS(TOPS)FORLAYER1TOPS81*3820/ENDBOX-dxareall50mDX324*50/-dyareall50mDY324*50/-dzareall50mDZ324*5/EQUALSPERMX130//-*BOXpaneledit:PERMYsetequalto100mDforbox(1:9,1:9,1:4)EQUALSPERMY100//-*BOXpaneledit:PERMZsetequalto1mDforbox(1:9,1:9,1:4)EQUALSPERMZ1//-*BOXpaneledit:POROsetequalto0.2forbox(1:9,1:9,1:4)EQUALSPORO0.2/-*BOXpaneledit:NTGsetequalto0.8forbox(1:9,1:9,1:4)EQUALSNTG0.8//PROPS-FluidSpecificGravitiesGRAVITY-oilAPIywYg54.881.030.916/-WetGasPVTProperties(VapourisedOil)PVDG-PRESBGVISC0.1348260.013160.0283950.01534107.500.0126190.01765154.000.0088190.01994207.300.0066990.02343248.000.0057780.02685275.000.0053570.02957304.300.0050190.03306330.000.0048060.03675344.090.0047130.03890358.090.0046320.04096371.270.0045660.04301383.690.0045140.04507395.410.0044720.04717406.480.0044390.04925416.960.0044130.05134426.880.0043930.05348436.290.0043780.05560445.210.0043660.05775453.680.0043580.05986/--LIVEOILPVTPropertiesPVTO--RsPRESBoVISC3.0211.401.0950.71545/24.8449.201.1790.57933/56.57107.501.2840.44463/83.57154.001.3670.36695/120.00207.301.4760.29689/153.30248.001.5750.25293/179.05275.001.6520.22707/211.49304.301.7490.20134/245.23330.001.8500.18027/266.64344.091.9150.16908445.411.8400.18829546.741.7850.2062/284.74358.091.9660.16218/302.84371.272.0170.15597/320.95383.692.0680.15036/339.05395.412.1190.14527/357.15406.482.1700.14063/375.25416.962.2200.13638/393.35426.882.2710.13248/411.45436.292.3220.12888/429.55445.212.3730.12555/447.65453.682.4230.12246555.012.3220.13498656.332.2460.14656//--WaterPVTPropertiesPVTW--PREFBWCWgWCV4501.033e-0050.310/--RockPropertiesROCK-PREFC4504e-005/-WatersaturationfunctionsSWFN-swkrwpcwo0.16000.18000.20.00200.240.0100.280.0200.320.03300.360.04900.40.06600.440.0900.480.11900.520.1500.560.18600.60.22700.640.27700.680.3300.720.3900.760.46200.80.5400.840.6200.880.7100.920.800.960.90110/-GassaturationfunctionsSGFN-sgkrgpcog0000.040.00500.080.01300.120.02600.160.0400.20.05800.240.07800.280.100.320.12600.360.15600.40.18700.440.22200.480.2600.520.300.560.34900.60.400.640.4500.680.50500.720.56200.760.6200.80.6800.840.740/-OilsaturationfunctionsSOF3--sokrowkrog0000.04000.08000.12000.16000.2000.24000.280.0050.0050.320.0120.0120.360.0240.024

0.40.040.040.440.060.060.480.0820.0820.520.1120.1120.560.150.150.60.1960.1960.680.3150.3150.720.40.40.760.5130.5130.80.650.650.840.80.8REGIONS-Commonkeywords:-FIPNUMFluid-in-Placeregions.-SATNUMSaturationtableregions.-EQLNUMEquilibrationregions.-PVTNUMPVTdataregions-AnygridblocksnotassignedavaluewhentheendoftheREGIONSsectionisreachedwillbeassignedtoregion1SOLUTION-setreserviorinitialconditionsEQUIL--datumpressuredepthPc@depthPc@initinitinitcomp--depthatdatumwocwocgocgoctypetypeaccurcase3840466.43840038110111*1*1*/RSVD-DepthRs38204474483860448-setvariablestobeprintedinthe.PRTfileRPTRSTVOILDENOBASIC-2PRESSURESOILSWATSGAS/SUMMARY--setsummaryvariabletobestoredtobeavailableforlineplotsDATERPTONLYEXCELWBHP/WBP9/WGPR/WOPR/--writesummaryinfoto.RSMfileRUNSUMSCHEDULEWELSPECS'P''O'881*'OIL'/'I''I'221*'WAT'//COMPDAT'P'8814'OPEN'11*0.2163*'Z'1*/'I'2214'OPEN'11*0.2163*'Z'1*//WCONPROD'P''OPEN''ORAT'304*10/WCONINJE'I''WAT''OPEN''RATE'301*500//TSTEP3*300/END压裂模拟压裂模拟在ECL中一般是使用PEBI网格对压裂井井筒周围的网格进行重新划分并赋予渗透率属性。使用在Office模块中的NWM（近井模型）来处理的（图2-1），主要用于对裂缝长度、裂缝条数、裂缝位置以及裂缝导流能力对开发动态影响的模拟，优选参数，并不能进行压裂施工设计。简单的压裂模拟，也可以对井附近的网格进行局部笛卡尔坐标的网格加密，并赋予其中很小宽度的网格以高渗透率来模拟裂缝（为了模型有好的收敛性，相对实际的压裂裂缝，一般在保证导流能力相同的情况下使用较大的裂缝宽度和较小的裂缝渗透率）。图2-1Office模块面板所需资料ECL压裂模拟只是从油藏动态角度对压裂裂缝进行模拟或者优化，所以需要压裂施工设计或者实施单位提供裂缝参数的确切数据或者力所能及的范围。主

要参数有：裂缝条数，裂缝长度，裂缝位置，裂缝导流能力。NWM一般操作流程压裂模拟是NWM中的一个应用内容，与一般的近井模型不同的地方是在进行PEBI网格局部加密时形成细长的裂缝网格。NWM的工作流程是先定义需要加密或者进行处理区域，进行目标区域内的井模型处理，再进行目标区域的网格加密并进行属性计算，最后运算，如图2-2。图2-2NWM模块一般工作流程LGRGeneration口WellDefinition图2-2NWM模块一般工作流程LGRGeneration口WellDefinition具体如何在网格加密时生成裂缝，下边进行有针对性的介绍。创建压裂裂缝NWM中的网格加密是进行裂缝模拟的关键步骤，要进行压裂模拟的基本步骤是口】：(1)在NWM网格处理选项卡中选择非结构化网格加密。启动NWM模块后，按照一下的菜单顺序打开：NWMModelIGridIUnstructuredLGRIRefinement|Gridrefinement。图2-3NWM网格处理选项卡(2)对井点网格进行加密。点击Gridrefinement界面中的按钮“Wells”。图2-4非结构化网格加密参数设置面板(3)打开NearWellGriddingControl界面，选择“Advanced”按钮。图2-5近井区域网格加密参数设置面板(4)打开EditWellControls界面，选择GridStyle为“Vert：Fracture”或者“Horz：fractured(bulkspaced)”，或者“Horz：fractured(fixedspaced)”，然后选择“SetFractureControls”。图2-6井裂缝参数设置面板

(5)在界面“FractureControlforHorizontalWell”中，输入裂缝位置(MD),裂缝长度（H.Length）。裂缝宽度（Width）和裂缝渗透率（Perm）等参数。图2-7水平井裂缝网格加密参数设置面板（6）点击OK，关闭“FractureControlforHorizontalWell”界面。（7）点击Apply，并关闭“EditWellControls”界面。然后再点击Apply，并关闭“NearWellGriddingControl”界面。（8）在“Gridrefinement”界面，点击按钮“generate"。此时NWM模块开始按照设置的参数对网格进行相应加密；计算完成后会提示加密网格生成成功，然后在NearWellboreViewer显示区域中会自动显示包括定义的裂缝的加密后网格，如下图。图2-8加入裂缝后的网格加密结果（9）生成属性。在Grid选项卡上的Properties区域点击Calculate按钮生成加密后的网格属性，如渗透率和孔隙度等，之后就可以在Run选项卡中输出网格文件并进行压裂裂缝的模拟运算。多段井模拟油藏开发过程中，流体从油藏流到了地面。通常情况下，首先它在油藏中流动，然后到达油气井的射孔处，进入井筒并通过油管最终来到井口。而在ECL的模拟中，该过程分成多个部分来计算，网格到网格的流动计算，网格到井筒流动计算，井筒各部分到井参考深度计算和井参考深度到井口的计算。其中，网格到网格的流动通过有限差分方程进行求解；网格到井筒通过完井参数控制计算；井筒各部分到井参考深度直井通常忽略不计，大斜度井、长水平井为模拟生产层段压力和流量的变化也可以使用多段井模型计算，多分枝井则必须使用多段井模型计算；参考深度到地面是采用VFP表计算。在油藏数模中，多段井模拟只是井模型不同。例如文昌14-3油田A3m井，多段井模拟重点是对井筒进行划分并赋予属性的处理。所需资料实际油井由于井轨迹和井下工具较复杂，多段井模型一般借助SCHEDULE前处理模块或NWM模型生成，主要涉及WELSEGS和COMPSEGS关键字。使用SCHEDULE前处理模块需要的资料一般井模拟处理所需要的资料外，还需要井筒的井径的变化和粗糙度，这两个参数的准确获取较为困难，可以通过入井管柱参数估算。SCHEDULE使用TUB文件将井径和粗糙度参数导入到处理模块中。下边是简单的TUB文件格式：-定义数据单位制UNITSMETRIC-主井眼井筒参数定义CASINGA3STARTINTERNALROUGHHNESSMDDIAMETER1852.07.50.001ENDMD3053.64-分枝井眼井筒参数定义CASINGA3%MB1852.07.450.0012908.57数据文件结构多段井模拟的数据文件结构与一般黑油油藏模拟相同，同样包含8部分内容。主要差别是在RUNSPEC部分使用WSEGDIMS关键字定义模型中最大多段井数、每口井最大井段数、最大井分枝数等；在SCHEDULE部分使用WELSEGS和COMPSEGS关键字定义井筒分段和各分段完井情况。在SCHEDULE处理模块输入参数网格、井、网格与井属性参数后，选择编辑分段右键菜单（图3-1），就可以出现图3-2的分段计算面板，点击计算就可以生成WELSEGS和COMPSEGS关键字。图3-1SCHEDULE处理模块井数据管理面板图3-2多段井编辑分段面板多段井模拟实例多段井模拟主要是井模型的处理，处理过程依靠SCHEDULE模块，手工编辑数据难度较大。生成多段井相关关键字后导入DATA模拟文件并进行模拟计算则比较简单。下边是多段井模拟的简单例子：RUNSPEC============================TITLEAMULTI-LATERALPRODUCERANDINJECTOR-MULTI-SEGMENTBRANCHESDIMENS10510/OILWATERGASDISGASFIELDTABDIMS11515215/EQLDIMS/WELLDIMS2013/VFPPDIMS633311/VFPIDIMS632/WSEGDIMS2304/START1'JAN'1997/GRID====================================================NOGGFEQUALSTOC\o"1-5"\h\z'DX'100/'DY'100/'PERMX'50/'PERMZ'5/'DZ'20/'PORO'0.2/'TOPS'70001101511/'DZ'1001101533/'PORO'0.0'DZ'1001101533/'PORO'0.0110COPYPERMXPERMY//RPTGRID--ReportLevelsforGridSectionData/PROPS========================================================SWFN--SwKrwPcow0.220.06.300.30.073.600.40.152.700.50.242.250.60.331.800.80.650.900.90.830.451.01.00.0/SGFN--SgKrgPcgo0.00.00.00.040.00.20.10.0220.50.20.11.00.30.241.50.40.342.00.50.422.50.60.53.00.70.81253.50.781.03.9/SOF3--SoKrowKrog

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