全站仪在公路导线和中线测量中应用土木工程专业

PAGEPAGE10全站仪在公路导线和中线测量中的应用李春生杨春龙赵冰(南阳市公路交通规划勘察设计院南阳473003)摘要：介绍全站仪在公路导线和中线测量等方面的应用技巧,提出全站仪使用中应注意的事项。关键词：全站仪公路测量技巧1全站仪在导线测量中的应用1.1全站仪坐标法的优点采用全站仪测点可直接用坐标法,而不需用极坐标法,使仪器操作员从繁重的数据计算中解脱出来现在外业几乎不用记录,只是简单记一下点号和点与点之间的关系,以备内业整理时参考,也不必配备记录计算员。内业整理的时候只要将数据从全站仪传输至PC2E500计算器或直接将数据输入到计算机中,经过坐标平差,在计算机上用AutoCAD等软件绘出点位、取舍点位,求出每一弯道的偏角值、交点间距离以及逐桩坐标等即可。1.2注意应用国家控制点及其三维坐标在用坐标法测点前,尽量找到国家控制点和这些控制点的三维坐标,通过和这些控制点的联测,不仅可以检验自己的测量精度,而且在误差允许范围内可以通过这些坐标进行平差,使测量精确度更高。1.3点的设置应兼顾放中线的需要在设点时,不仅应设路线控制导线点,即转点,也应为放中线作准备,在路线上通视条件好、地势较高处可以布设一些架仪器的点,这样做的好处是在放中线时有了更多的选择机会,不必为增设架仪器点而多次让仪器转站。1.4仪器操作人员配置及后视人员的作用一般用全站仪配合公路导线测量一共需要5～6人,其中前视位置3～4人,仪器操作员1人,后视1人。后视人员可让全站仪记录更多的点,对后期中线测量和路线设计可以起到非常大的作用。下面通过具体的工程实例来说明后视人员的重要性。在省道豫23线南阳市境邓州至孟楼二级公路改建工程的导线测量中,由于是老路改造,因此测量原则是在满足规范要求的前提下尽可能利用老路。一般直线段容易控制,而弯道处要想尽可能地沿老路就必须让弯道半径选择得非常合适。我们测量的做法是:后视的人对完后视后,再到弯道处沿老路的弯道放5～6个控制弯道半径的点,让全站仪记录下点的坐标,这样在内业处理导线时,到这些弯道处利用海地等路线设计软件,通过调试半径使得曲线尽可能多地通过这些点。如在一个较长且两侧房屋很多的平曲线处,后视人员在老路曲线上测得12个点来控制曲线,在内业处理时发现该位置设复曲线是最佳方案,避免了设一个曲线半径造成拆迁多而且线形不理想的失误。1.5导线测量应注意的问题用全站仪配合打导线也有一些需要特别注意的地方,否则可能引起较大误差甚至导致返工。1）对后视的时候一定要注意后视人立的后视点的点号和坐标是否与仪器中输入的点号和坐标一致,最好用对讲机互相通报一下点号,用棱镜对完后视后,再用仪器放后视点,看位置是否一致,这样可将出错几率降至最小。在省道豫48线西峡境的导线测量中,由于初次使用坐标法,仪器操作员将架站点和后视点的坐标输反了,结果在电脑上展图时才发现路线在这个位置折了180°角返回了,使得全天的工作都成了无用功。2）在可能的情况下,后视点离架站点的距离越远越好,一般情况下,架站点与后视点之间的距离不应小于架站至测点之间的距离,这样可以保证测量精度。3）在坐标法测量中不要打倒镜,因为全站仪的坐标法核心实质还是将由偏角、距离得来的数据经全站仪内部计算模块处理后换算成坐标,所以打倒镜等于将整个坐标系旋转180°,也就是说偏角少偏了180°,结果当然是错误的。4）全站仪测高程有它的局限性,其测高程的误差主要为竖直角观测误差、测距误差、仪器高与棱镜高量测误差,而这3种误差中竖直角观测误差的影响最大,只能采取适当的措施来提高观测精度,如采用觇牌代替棱镜作为照准目标、适当增加测回数、短距离传递高程、仔细量取仪器高和棱镜高等。一般情况下,导线测量中测点的高程值只作参考,而不能用作水准测量。2全站仪在中线测量中的应用2.1架站位置的选择尽量选择那些地势较高、通视条件好、可以看到更多中线上点位的位置。我们在刚开始用全站仪的时候,对这一点不太重视,结果往往搬站过多,不仅影响进度,也影响精度。特别是在山区,如一个山头上的点可以看到周围几公里的中桩位置,而沿路线两侧架站往往需要好几站才可以敷设完这段中线。再如山区沿溪线的中线放线,由于平面线形往往不理想,多有山头阻挡视线,总是需要多次搬站,如果我们选择路线河对岸的山腰、平地或者居民楼的房顶等来做为架站位置,则可以达到事半功倍的效果。2.2测点少时的处理全站仪敷设中线遇到不通视时,在点少的情况下,应采取仪器所能看到离所放点位置最近的点(一般不是中线上的点)为参照物的方法处理。在山区和路线上建筑物障碍物较多时,有时搬一次仪器也就放一二个点,往往不再另外搬站,而是用移动参照点和测参照点相结合的方法,每次都取得了省时、省力、又满足精度要求的结果。2.3全站仪测高程功能的应用技巧全站仪虽然测水准程序比较烦琐,而且精度不高,但有时候测高程的功能可有效发挥。如在山区沿溪线的改线测量中,有些路线的几个中线点上了山头,如果用水准仪来测这几个点的高程,根据以往经验,水准仪往山头上转架几次仪器后容易引起误差过大,造成水准点之间不闭合。我们的做法是:在山脚下选一个比较固定的参考点,用全站仪读出该点的Z轴高程,随后用全站仪在放山头上这些中线点的时候,顺便测出这些点的Z轴高程,可以算出这些点相对于山脚下参考点的高差,这样用水准仪测出该参考点的高程后,加上这些高差,便得到山头上中线点的高程。这样做的好处是:在不影响测量精度而得到山上点高程的同时,避免了水准仪上山头容易引起水准点之间不闭合的发生。2.4全站仪与其他测量方法的结合使用中线测量用全站仪可提高测量速度,但由于自身的测量机理使得它的使用也有一定的局限性,如每遇到不通视的时候往往需要搬站,特别是在平原测量,因为仪器搬站要耽误很多时间,影响测量速度。其实,中线敷设的过程中并不一定要过分依赖全站仪,要结合以往的花杆皮尺“穿杆”法等。我们在平原微丘地区,特别是直线段较多的地区,测量中线的方法是:全站仪只用来放控制点,即直线段每300m放一个中线点,曲线段的中线点全部由全站仪放,直线段的点由A、B2个人专门在中线组前面敷设,敷设后A继续往前面300m放下一个中线点,留B拿一根花杆给后面中线组当“前视”,由中线组利用望远镜、皮尺、花杆、对讲机等工具来“穿杆”,当中线组到这个用全站仪放的中线点经2点复核合格后,前面300mA处的点也用全站仪对好了,B到A处立前视,A继续往前走、这中间全站仪随时可以通过对讲机来复核中线组自己用“穿杆法”放的点位。另外非常重要的一点是:全站仪搬站的时间最好选在直线段上,这样的好处是不让中线组等着仪器搬站而停工。我们用这种方法在省道豫23线南阳市境邓州至孟楼段(平原微丘区)二级公路改建工程的中线测量中,创出了一天敷设10km的速度。3结束语全站仪在我国出现只是近几年的事,大面积的普及应用才刚刚开始,但它给我们带来的方便已经是非常显著了。在全站仪的使用过程中,都会有自己的心得体会、经验技巧,如果每一个使用者都能将自己的经验奉献出来,对我们大家来说都将是一笔不小的财富。参考文献[1]JTJ061—99，公路勘测规范[S].北京:人民交通出版社,1999[2]聂让.全站仪与高等级公路测量[M].北京：人民交通出版社,1999.287～300——出处：《交通科技》2005年第5期TotalstationinthehighwaycenterlineconductorsandMeasurementLichun-shengZhaoBingYangchunlong(NanyangCityPlanningSurveyandDesignInstituteofHighwayTrafficNanyang473003)Abstract:Thetotalstationinthehighwaycenterlineconductorsandtheapplicationofmeasurementtechniques,theTotalStationusemattersneedingattention.Keywords:TotalStationRoadmeasuringtechniques1Totalstationinthewiremeasurement1.1TotalStationCoordinatetheadvantagesofTotalStationcanbeuseddirectlywiththemeasuringpointcoordinatemethod,ratherthanpolarcoordinateslawrequired,sothatheavyequipmentoperatorsfromthecalculationofthedataout.Outsidetheindustryarenowvirtuallynorecords,onlyasimplemindandthenextpointwiththepointoftherelationshipbetweenthefinishingindustryforthereferenceperiod,butalsodonothavestaffwitharecordofthecalculation.FinishinginatimewhentheindustryaslongasthedatatransmissionfromthetotalstationtoPC2E500calculator,ordirectlytothedatainputtoacomputer,aftercoordinateadjustment,onthecomputerusingAutoCADdrawingsoftwaresuchaspoints,cut-offpoint,andcalculatedtheanglevalueofeachcurve,thedistancebetweenthepointofintersectionaswellasthecoordinatesofeachpileandso.1.2Noteandtheapplicationofstate-controlledthree-dimensionalcoordinatesofpointsCoordinatesmethodusedbefore,asfaraspossiblethecountrytofindcontrolpointsandcontrolpointsofthesethree-dimensionalcoordinates,andthesecontrolpointsthroughthejointtest,notonlycantesttheirmeasurementaccuracy,anderror-yunXuscopecanbecarriedoutthroughtheadjustmentofthesecoordinates,sothatahighermeasurementaccuracy.1.3PointsetshouldtakeintoaccounttheneedtotakethemiddlelaneInthesetpoint,notonlyshouldbewirelinecontrolpoints,thatis,topointthecenterlineshouldalsopreparefortherelease,dependingontheroutepassconditions,andhigherterraincanbelaidatanumberofaircraftequipment,thebenefitsofdoingsoistotakethemiddlelanewhenthereisagreaterchoiceanddonothaveequipmentforanadditionaltwopointstoallowdevicestostopseveraltimes.1.4Apparatusaftertheoperationandstaffing,astheroleofstaffTotalStationwiththeroadgenerallytraversingatotalof5~6people,dependingonthelocationoftheprevious3to4people,equipmentoperator1,thelatterdependingonaperson.Afterthetotalstationasthestaffcanrecordmorepoints,thecenterlineofthelatterlineofmeasurementanddesigncanplayaverylargerole.Worksthroughthefollowingspecificexamplestoillustratetheimportanceofafter,asthestaff.HenanProvincialHighway23inNanyangCityLinetoBangladeshfloorhabitatsDengzhousecondaryroadstraversingalterationworks,becauseitistheoldGM,themeasurementprincipleistomeettheregulatoryrequirementsunderthepremiseofusingtheoldasmuchaspossible.Easytocontrolthegenerallinesegment,andtheDepartmentinordertobendasmuchaspossiblealongtheoldroadonthebendradiusmustbeaverysuitablechoice.Wemeasuredthekeyis:thepeople,asaftertheafter,after,as,toturnthecorneralongtheoldrelease5~6bendradiuscontrolpoint,soTotalStationtorecordthecoordinatesofpoints,sowithintheindustrytodealwithwires,theDepartmentofthesebendlinessuchastheuseofdesignsoftwareinHaitithroughthedebugradiuscurvesmakeasmuchaspossiblethroughthesepoints.IfbothsidesofalongerandalotofflatcurvesHousingDepartment,later,asintheoldcurvemeasured12pointstocontrolthecurve,includingtheindustrydealwiththepositionfoundinthecomplexcurveisthebestoptiontoavoidthesetcausedbythedemolitionofamulti-radiuscurvesandlinearnon-idealerrors.1.5WiresshouldbenotedthattheissueofmeasurementTotalStationwiththewireusedtofightsomeoftheareasinneedofspecialattention,otherwiselargeerrorsmayariseevenleadtorework..1）Whenthelatter,aswemustpayattentiontopeopleafterthelegislation,asthelatterpointofviewandcoordinatewiththeimportationofequipmentandtakethepointsConsistentstandard,itisbesttousewalkie-talkiecommunicationswitheachotherlikedotswithaprismdependingontheexhausted,theusedequipmentafterthereleasepointofviewtoseewhetherthesamelocation,sothaterrorprobabilitycanbereducedtoaminimum.HenanProvincialHighway48inlineXixiathroughoutthewiremeasurement,asfirst-timecoordinates,apparatus,aircraftoperatorswillviewthesiteandpostthecoordinatesoftheanti-lost,resultinginShowmaponyourcomputerwhentheroadatthislocationfoundthatthe180°foldkokreturnedtomaketheworkdayhasbecomeworkwithnoavail2）Wherepossible,afterthepointofviewfromtheplanefartherfromthesiteaspossible,undernormalcircumstances,afterthetwositesandbetweenthepointofviewPutupastationshouldnotbelessthanthedistancetothedistancebetweenthemeasuringpoint,sotoensureaccuracy.3）Inthemeasurementofcoordinatesdonotbringdownthemirror,becausethewholepointMiriamcoreessenceofthecoordinatesoflaworbythedeclination,thedistanceobtainedinternalcalculationbythetotalstationdataprocessingmodulesareconvertedintocoordinates,sobringdownthemirrorcoordinatesystemisequivalenttorotatingthewhole180°,thatistosaylessbiasedangleof180°,theresultofcourseiswrong.4）Totalheightmeasurementhasitslimitations,themeasurementerrorofthemainelevationoftheobservationerrorfortheverticalangle,rangingerror,apparatus,highWithhighmeasurementerroroftheprism,whichisthreekindsoferrorsinverticalangleobservationtheimpactoftheerrorthemost,onlytotakeappropriatemeasurestoimprovetheaccuracyofobservation,suchastheuseofspylicenseallowedthegoaltoreplacetheprismastheappropriatemeasuretoincreasethenumberofshort-distancetransmissionofelevation,carefullychecktheamountofhighequipmentandhigherprism.Undernormalcircumstances,traversingthemeasuringpointintheelevationvaluesforreferenceonly,andcannotbeusedasthestandardofmeasurement.2TotalStationinthecenterlineMeasurement2.1putupastationinthelocationofchoiceAsfaraspossibletoselectthosehigher,dependingontheconditionsofagoodpass,youcanseemorepointsintheonlineposition.WehavejuststartedusingTotalStation,whennotpaidmuchattentiontothispoint,theresultstendtomoveoffstationMore,notonlyaffecttheprogress,butalsoaccuracy.Especiallyinmountainousareas,suchasontopofamountainwecanseeafewkilometersaroundthelocationinthepile,andalongbothsidesoftheroadoftenrequiresseveralstationsputuoastationcanonlybedepositedendofthissetupthecenterline.Anotherexampleisthemiddleofthemountainsedgestreamletactinomyceteline,asthehorizontalalignmentisoftennotideal,manyhillstoblocklineofsight,alwaysneedtostopseveraltimestomove,ifwechoosetoroutetheothersideoftheriverthemountain,Thegroundfloorortheroofoftheresidentsdo,suchasthelocationforputupastationcanbehighlyeffective.2.2pointsfewerprocessingTotalStation,asthebarrierencounteredbythelayingofthecenterline,inthecaseofsmallpointsshouldbetakenfromthemachinescanseethemostrecentreleasePoints(generallynotinthelineofpoints)forthereferenceapproach.Routesinthemountainsandtheobstaclesweremorebuildings,andsometimesmovingequipmentwilltakea12pointmoveisoftennolongertheotherstations,Butwiththemobilereferencepointandreferencepointformeasuringacombinationofmethods,eachhasmadetosavetime,effort,andtheresultsmeettheaccuracyrequirements.2.3TotalMeasurementApplicationoffunctionalskillsAlthoughtheleveloftotalstationmeasurementscumbersomeprocedures,andaccuracyisnothigh,butsometimesthefunctionofheightcanbemeasuredeffectively.AsinMountainedgestreamletlinemeasurementofchange,someroutesinseveralmidlinepointonthemountain,ifmeasuredbylevelingtotheelevationofthesepoints,basedonpastexperience,LevelturntothehilltopaftertwopreviousinstrumentsEasilyleadtoerroristoolarge,resultinginclosurebetweenthestandardpoints.Ourapproachis:inthemountainsatthefootoftheelectionofafixedreferencepointforcomparison,WithtotalstationreadoutthepointsofZ-axisheight,andthenreleasewithTotalStationinthemidlinepointofthesehills,whentheypointthewaytomeasuretheZ-axisheightcanbecalculatedinrelationtothesepoints,thereferencepointthefootofthehill.Theelevation,sothatmeasuredbylevelingtheheightofthereferencepoint,coupledwiththeheightdifferencebetweenthem,theywillhavethehillsonthecenterlineoftheelevationpoints.Thisthebenefitis:doesnotaffectthemeasurementaccuracyhasbeenthehighpointofthemountainatthesametime,thewaytoavoidlevelingeasilyleadtothestandardofthehillbetweentheoccurrenceofnon-closure.2.4TotalStationwithothermeasurementmethodsusedinconjunctionMeasuringTotalStationcanbecenterlinetoimprovethemeasurementspeed,butbecauseofitsownmeasurementoftheuseofthemechanismofmakingithavesomelimitations,suchasthebarrier,when,asoftenrequiredwhenmovingpoints,inparticularMeasurementintheplains,asstationequipmenttomovealotoftimetodelay,theimpactofthemeasurements.Infact,theprocessoflayingthecenterlinedoesnotnecessarilyhavetorelytoomuchontotalstation,inconjunctionwiththeprevioustapeunderaflower,"wearbar"Law.Wemicro-hillintheplainsareas,especiallyinareaswithmorelinesegments,themethodofmeasuringthecenterlineis:onlyusedtotakecontrolofTotalStationPoint,thatis,linesegments,oneforevery300mcenterline,thecurvepointabovethecenterlineofthereleasebytheTotalStation,straightfromthepointsA,B2personalexpertiselayinfrontofthemiddlegroup,afterthelayingofAcontinuetothefront300mdownacenterlinepointBtostayundertotakeaflowerbehindthecenterlinegroupwhenthe"FrontView",fromthecenterlinegroupusingbinoculars,measuringtape,flowerclubs,walkie-talkiesandothertoolsto"wearbar",whichlinegrouptotheThefullMiriamreleasedthecenterlinestationpointforreviewby2:00afterpassinginfrontof300mADepartmentTotalpointsalsotothewell,BtoA,astheDepartmentbeforethelegislature,Acontinuestomoveforward,itcanbethemiddleofTotalStationthroughthewalkie-talkieMidlinegrouptoreviewtheiruseof"underlawtowear"thepointrelease.Anotherveryimportantpointis:TotalremovalofthetimepointschosenthebeststraightSegmentonthebenefitsofsuchagroupisnotwaitingforequipmenttomovethecenterlineandlay-offpoints.Weusethismethodin23provinciallineNanyangCityofHenanDengzhouHabitatBangladeshfloortoparagraph(plainmicroHillarea)theconversionofsecondaryroadsMeasurementofthecenterline,hitaone-dayspeedofthelayingof10km.3ConclusionTotalStationinChinainrecentyears,thereisonlyamatterofuniversalapplicationofalargeareahasjustbegun,butithasbroughtusconvenienceisofverysignificant.IntheuseofTotalStation,willhavetheirownexperiences,experienceskills,ifeachuserwillbeabletodevotetheirownexperiences,forbothofuswillbeabigasset.References[1]People'sRepublicofindustrystandards.JTJ061-99investigationnormsRoad.Beijing:People'sTrafficPress,1999[2]Nieso.TotalStationwiththemeasurementofhigh-gradehighways.Beijing.People'sTrafficPress,1999.287~300——From:TRANSPORTATIONSCIENCE&TECHNOLOGY,2005.5目录TOC\o"1-2"\h\z\u第一章总论 11.1项目名称与承办单位 11.2研究工作的依据、内容及范围 11.3编制原则 31.4项目概况 31.5技术经济指标 51.6结论 6第二章项目背景及建设必要性 82.1项目背景 82.2建设的必要性 9第三章建设条件 113.1项目区概况 113.2建设地点选择 错误！未定义书签。3.3项目建设条件优劣势分析 错误！未定义书签。第四章市场分析与销售方案 134.1市场分析 134.2营销策略、方案、模式 14第五章建设方案 155.1建设规模和产品方案 155.2建设规划和布局 155.3运输 185.4建设标准 185.5公用工程 205.6工艺技术方案 215.7设备方案 215.8节能减排措施 24第六章环境影响评价 256.1环境影响 256.2环境保护与治理措施 266.3评价与审批 28第七章项目组织与管理 297.1组织机构与职能划分 297.2劳动定员 297.3经营管理措施 307.4技术培训 30第八章劳动、安全、卫生与消防 318.1编制依据及采用的标准 318.2安全卫生防护原则 318.3自然灾害危害因素分析及防范措施 328.4生产过程中产生的危害因素分析及防范措施 328.5消防编制依据及采用的标准 348.6消防设计原则 358.7火灾隐患分析