美国的前世今生AmericaPastandPresent

NEWWORLDENCOUNTERSAmerica:PastandPresentChapter1NativeAmericanHistoriesbeforeConquest20,000yearsago--SiberianhuntersbecomefirstAmericaninhabitants14,000yearsago--HumansreachtipofSouthAmerica.ThesePaleo-IndiansdidnotsufferfrommanycommunicativediseasesRoutesoftheFirstAmericansTheEnvironmentalChallenge:

Food,Climate,andCultureNativeAmericansenjoyedanabundantsupplyofmeatSomesuggesttheyover-huntedandcausedtheextinctionofseverallargespeciesClimaticwarmingprobablyplayedamuchbiggerrole5,000yearsago--AgriculturalRevolutionCropsincludemaize,squash,andbeansShiftfromnomadichuntingandgatheringtopermanentvillagesorlargecitiesMysteriousDisappearancesAnasaziCulture—ChacoCanyonSophisticatedirrigationWell-builtroadsfortransportationAdenaandHopewellPeoples—OhioValleyLargeceremonialmoundsExtensivetradenetworkCahokia—MississippiValleyLargeceremonialmoundsFar-flungtradenetworkAztecDominanceAztecssettlevalleyofMexicoCenteroflarge,powerfulempireHighlyorganizedsocialandpoliticalstructureRulethroughfearandforceEasternWoodlandCulturesAtlanticCoastofNorthAmericaNativeAmericanslivedinsmallerbandsAgriculturesupplementedbyhuntingandgatheringLikelywerethefirstnativesencounteredbyEnglishsettlersLocationsofMajorIndianGroupsandCultureAreasinthe1600sAWorldTransformedLargenumbersofwhitesprofoundlyalteredNativeculturesTherateofchangevariedfromplacetoplaceNativetraditionschangedradicallyforculturalsurvivalCulturalNegotiationsDiversityoflanguagegroups,ethnicitiesDefineplaceinsocietythroughkinshipCommunal,charismatic,sociopoliticalformationDiplomacy,trade,warorganizedaroundreciprocalrelationshipsConfederacies

ofEasternNorthAmericaHurons--SouthernOntarionearLakesOntarioandErieIroquois--CentralNewYorkPowhattans--ChesapeakeThreatstoSurvival:TradeNativeAmericanswereeagerforEuropeantradeTheybecamedependentonandindebtedtoEuropeansCommercealsoinfluencedwarfarepatternsThreatstoSurvival:DiseaseContactbringspopulationdeclineamongAmericanIndiansCause:LackofresistancetoepidemicdiseasesmallpoxmeaslesinfluenzaRateashighasninety-fivepercentWestAfrica:AncientandComplexSocietiesDiversityofsub-SaharanCulturesIslamStrongtraditionalbeliefsAhistoryofempiresMaliGhanaDailylifecenteredonelder-ruledclansTradeRoutesinAfricaBeginningsofthe

SlaveTrade15th-centuryPortuguesechartsealanesfromEuropetosub-SaharanAfricaNativerulerssellprisonersofwartoPortugueseasslavesHowManySlaves?17thcentury--ca.1,000Africansperyear18thcentury--5.5milliontransportedtotheAmericasBy1860--ca.11millionBefore1831,moreAfricansthanEuropeanscametotheAmericas.EuropeontheEveofConquest10thCentury--LeifEricsonsettles“Vinland”Late15th-century--preconditionsforoverseassettlementattainedriseofnation-statesspreadofnewtechnologiesspreadofoldknowledge.1492--Columbusinitiateslarge-scaleEuropeancolonizationBuildingNewNation-StatesPopulationgrowthafter1450“NewMonarchs”forgenationsfromscatteredprovincesSpainFranceEngland“Middleclass”anewsourceofrevenuePowerfulmilitaryforcesdeployedImaginingaNewWorldSpainthefirstEuropeannationtoachieveconditionsforsuccessfulcolonizationUnifiedunderFerdinandandIsabella1492--JewsandMuslimsexpelledConquestofCanaryIslandsprovidesrehearsalforcolonizationMythsandRealityColumbuspersuadesQueenIsabellatofinancewestwardexpeditionto“Cathay”1492--InitialvoyageThreesubsequentvoyagestofindcitiesofChina1506--diedclingingtobeliefhehadreachedtheOrientMadepossibleSpanishdominioninAmericaTheConquistadoresIndependentadventurerscommissionedbySpanishcrowntosubduenewlandsBy1512--MajorCaribbeanislandsdecimatedBy1521--CortésdestroysAztecEmpire1539-42--deSotoexploresSoutheast1540-42--CoronadoexploresSouthwestVoyagesofEuropeanExplorationFromPlundertoSettlementEncomiendaSystemrewardsConquistadorsLargelandgrantsIndianinhabitantsprovidelaborortributeAppointedofficialsansweronlytoCrownCatholicChurchProtectsIndianrightsPerformsmassconversionsBy1650,1/2millionSpaniardsinNewWorldUnmarriedmalesintermarryMixed-bloodpopulationemergesTheFrenchClaimCanada1608--SamueldeChamplainfoundsQuebecFrenchEmpireeventuallyincludesSt.LawrenceRiver,GreatLakes,MississippiFrenchCrownmakeslittleefforttofostersettlementFurtradeunderpinseconomyIndiansbecomevaluedtradingpartnersTheEnglishEntertheCompetitionClaimsNewWorldterritoryunderHenryVIII(r.1509-1547)AchievespreconditionsforcolonizationunderElizabethIBirthofEnglishProtestantismEnglishriseinfluencedbyProtestantReformation1517--MartinLuthersparksreforminGermany1536--JohnCalvin’sInstitutespublishedinGenevaReformationpitsEuropeanProtestantsagainstCatholicsTheEnglishReformationTudormonarchsbringpoliticalunityReformationunderHenryVlll(r.1509-1547)strengthensCrownProtestantreformacceleratedunderEdwardVI(r.1547-1553)DeathofMaryI(r.1553-1558)cutsshortEnglishCatholicCounterreformationElizabethI(r.1558-1603)consolidatesEnglishReformationMilitantProtestantismLutheranReformationGodspeaksthroughBible,notPopeorpriestsJustificationbyfaithaloneforsalvationCalvinistReformationJohnCalvinstressesGod’somnipotencePredestination—somepersonschosenbyGodforsalvationCalvinistChristianityexpandsinnorthernEuropeFrance—HuguenotsScotland—PresbyteriansEngland—PuritansWomaninPowerElizabethI(1558-1603)averycapablemonarchElizabethintroducesViaMediaProtestantDoctrine“Catholic”RitualEndsreligiousturmoilinEnglandElizabeth’sexcommunicationbyPopepromptsSpanishcrusadeagainstEnglandEnglandalignedwithProtestantnationsagainstCatholicpowersReligion,War,andNationalismSpanishhostilitymakesElizabeththesymbolofEnglish,ProtestantnationhoodSeaDogs’seizureofSpanishtreasuremakesthemEnglishheroesElizabeth'ssubjectsraidSpain'sAmericanempire1588--SpanishArmadadefeatedIrishRehearsalforAmericanSettlementEnglishexperiencesinIrelandshapedhowtheywouldconquertheNewWorldTotheEnglishtheIrishwerewildandbarbaricTheywouldviewNativeAmericansthesamewayEnglishConquestofIrelandIrelandwasalaboratoryforEnglishcoloniza