2019年12月六级听力原文及译文

M:SohowwouldyoudefineW:Well,interestinglycnough,there'sagreed-upondefinitionofJazz.Indeed,aremanydiffcrentstylesofJazz.Somesingingbutmostdon't.Someareclectric experimentation,butnotalways.Whilenosimpledefinitionforit,andwhiletheremanydifferentstylesofJazz,yousimplyitwhenyouhearit.[4]Honestly,theonlytoknowwhatJazzis,islistentoityourself."ifyou'vegottaask,you'llneverQuestions1to4arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustWhatdowelearnaboutthewoman'sWhatdoesthemansayaboutJazzWhatdoesthewomansayaboutWhatshouldyoudotoappreciatedifferentstylesofJazzaccordingtotheM:[5]HowdiditgoatthebankthisW:Notwell.Myproposalwasrejected.M:Really?Butwhy?W:Bunchofreasons.Forstarters,[6]theysaidmycredithistorywasnotgoodM:DidtheysayhowyoucouldW:Yes,theysaidthatafterfiveyearsofpayingmymortgage,thenIwilleamoreviablecandidateforaloan.Butrightnow,it'stooriskyforthemtolendmemoney.TheyfearIwilldefaultonanybusinessloanI'mgiven.M:Well,thatdoesn'tsoundfair.[7]Yourbusinessideaisamazing.Didyoushowthemyourbusinessn?Whatdidtheysay?W:Theydidn'treallyarticulateanypositionregardingtheactualbusinessn.Theysimplylookedmycredithistoryanddetermineditwasnotgoodenough.Theysaidthebankhasstrictguide-linesandrequirementsastowhotheycanlendmoneyto.AndIsimplydon'tmeettheirfinancialthreshold.M:[8]Whatifyouaskforasmalleramount?Maybeyoucouldgathercapitalfromothersources,smallerloansfrommoreW:Youdon'tgetit.Itdoesn'tmatterthesizeoftheloanIaskfororthethetypeofbusinessIpropose.That'sallinconsequential.ThefirstthingeverybankwilldoisstudyhowmuchmoneyIhaveandhowmuchdebtIhavebeforetheydecidewhetherornottolendmeanymoremoney.[7]IfIwanttocontinueaheadwiththisdreamofowningmyownbusiness.Ihavenootherchoicebuttobuildupmyownfinances.Ineedaround20%morein savingsand50%lessdebt.That'sallthereistoM:Iseenow.Well,it'sahugepitythattheyrejectedyourrequest,butdon'tlosehope.Istillthinkthatyourideaisgreatandthatyouwouldtumitintoaphenomenalsuccess.里获得小额。 估我有，然后再决定是否再男：现在我明白了，他们了你的Questions5to8arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustWhatdidthewomandothisWhywasthewoman'sproposalWhatisthewomannningtoWhatdoesthemansuggestthewomanThere'salotaboutLeoSanchezandhisfarminThere'salotaboutLeoSanchezandhisfarminSalinas,CaliforniathatseemsThenationalaveragefarmsizeisaround440acres,buthisisonlyoneacre.Theaverageageoffarmershoversaround58yearsold,butheisjust26.[9]AndSanchezconstantlyattemptstoimproveeverythingfromseedingtechniquesoutinthefieldtothepromotionandsaleofhisproduceonline.Thisisevidenceofanexperimentalapproach.It'sanapproachnotdictatedbytheconfinesofconven-tional,large-scaleagricultureleadbyinternationalWhilefarmingisoftendifficultforboththebodyandmind.Sanchezsaysheandmanyofhisfellowyoungfarmersaremotivatedbydesiretosetanewstandardforagriculture.Manyofthemareemployingamultitudeof,somenewandsome..notsonew.[11]Recently,Sanchezboughtahand-operatedtoolwhichpullsoutweedsandloosenssoil.Itactuallydatesbacktoatleast1701.ItstandsinsharpcontrasttoSanchez'sothergadget:agas-powered 尽管农耕对身心来说都是个难题，但发点是要为农业设立一个新的标准。他们中与桑切斯于1997年发明的另一种由气体驱discriminatewhenitcomestothenewnessoftools.Ifitworks,itworks.Farmershavealonghistoryofinventionandit'snodifferenttoday.Youngfarmersareguidedbytheirloveforagricultureandaidedbytheirknowledgeoftechnology.Tofindinexpensiveandappropriay-sizedtools,theycollaborateandinnovate.Sometimestheoldstuffjustworksbetterormoreefficiently.Questions9to11arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustWhatdowelearnaboutLcoSanchez'sWhathasmotivatedLcoSanchezandhisfellowyoungfarmerstocngagcinWhydidLcoSanchezbuyahand-operatedweedingPassage[12]EatGrubisBritain'sfirstnewfoodthatbreaksWesternfoodbyintroducingedibleinsectsasanewsourceoffood.AndSainsbury'sisthefirstUKsupermarkettostockthe 'scrunchyroastedcrickets.Sainsbury'sinsiststhatsuchfoodisnojokeandcouldbeanewsustainablesourceofprotein.Outofcuriosity,IpaidavisittoSainsbury's.AsIputmyhandintoapacketofcricketswiththeirtinyeyesandlegs,theideaofonegoinginmymouthmademefeelalittlesick.[13]Butthefirstbitewasapleasantsurprise.Alittledryandlackingoftaste,butatleastawingdidn'tgetstuckinmythroat.roastedseasoninglargelyoverpoweredEatGrub是英国第一家通过引入可食Sainsbury's超市坚信这种食物不是笑话，而可能是一种新的可持续蛋白质来源。出于好奇，我去逛了逛Sainsbury's超里，我就觉得有点来让我otherflavour,althoughtherewasaslightlybitteraftertaste.Thetexturewascrunchy,butsmeltalittleofcatfood.EatGrubalsomendsthecricketsasatopfornoodles,soupsand[14]The boaststhatitsdriedcricketscontainmoreproteinthanbeef.chickenandpork,aswellasmineralslikeironandcalcium.[15]Unliketheproductionofmeat,bugsdonotuseuplargeamountsofland,waterorfeed,andinsectfarmingalsoproducesfarfewergreenhousegases.However, "consumerdisgust"remainsalargebarrierinmanyWesterncountries.I'mnotsurebugswilleapopularsnackanytimesoonbutthey'redefiniyfoodforQuestions12to15arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustWhatdowelearnfromthepassageaboutthe EatWhatdoesthespeakersayabouthisfirstbiteofroastedWhatdoesEatGrubsayabouthisdriedWhatdoesthepassagesayaboutinsectsomethingtoyouadozentimeswithnoluck,butthenwhenyouseeapicture,theideafinallyclicks?Ifthatsoundsfamiliar,maybeyoumightconsideryourselfavisuallearner.Or,readingorlisteningdoesthetrick,maybefcellikeyou'reaverballearner.Wecalltheselabelslearningstyles.Butistherereallyawaytocategorizedifferenttypesofstudents?Well,itactuallyscemsthatmultiplepresentationformats,especiallyifoneofthemisvisual,helpmostpeoplelearn.Whenpsychologistsandeducatorstestforlearningstyles,they'retryingtofigureoutwhethertheseareinherenttraitsthataffecthowwellstudentslearn,insteadofjustapreference.Usually,theystartbygivingasurveytofigureoutwhatstyleastudentfavors,likevisualorverbalIearning.Then,theytrytoteachthestudentssomethingwithaspecificpresentationstyle,likeusingvisualaids,anddoafollow-uptesttoseehowmuchtheylearned.Thatway,theresearcherscanseeiftheself-identifiedverballearnersreallylearnedbetterwhentheinformationwasjustspokenaloud,forexample.Butaccordingtoa2008review,onlyonestudythatfollowedthisdesignfoundthatstudentsactuallylearnedbestwiththeirprefcrredstyle.Butthestudyhadsomebigflaws.There-searchersexcludedtwo-thirdsoftheoriginalpar-ticipants,becausetheydidn'tscemtohaveanyclearlearningstylefromthesurveyatthebeginning,andtheydidn'tevenreporttheactualtestscoresinthefinalpaper.So...itdoesn'treallyseemlikelearningstylesareaninherenttraitthatweallhave.But,thatdoesn'tmeanthatallstudentswilldoamazingly,iftheyjustspendalltheirtimereadingfroma但是2008年的一项研究显示，仅有一在一些重大缺陷。研究人员排除了2/3的原始参与者，因为他们在一开始的中似乎只是把所有的时间都花在阅读上。相Instead,mostpeopleseemtolearnbetterifthey'retaughtinseveralways-especiallyifoneisvisual.[18]Inonestudy,researcherstestedwhetherstudentsrememberedlistsofwordsbetteriftheyheardthem,sawthemorboth.Andeveryoneseemedtodobetteriftheygottoseethewordsinprint,eventheself-identifiedauditorylearners.Theirpreferencedidn'tseemtomatter.Similarstudiestestedwhetherstudentslearnedbasicphysicsandchemistryconceptsbetterbyreadingintextorviewingpictures,too.Andeveryonedidbetterwiththehelpofpictures.结果发现每个人都在的帮助下做得更Questions16to18arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustWhydopsychologistsandeducatorsstudylearningWhatdoesthespeakersayaboutonestudymentionedinthe2008Whatmessagedoesthespeakerwanttoconveyaboutlearningattheendofthe-marketcapitalismhasn'tdus;ithastrappedus.It'simperativeforustoembraceaworkcerevolution.[19]We'reunlikelytospendourlastmomentsregrettingthatwedidn'tspendnoughofourlivesslavingawayatwork.Wemayinsteadfindourselvesfeelingguiltyaboutthetimewedidn'tspendwatchingourchildrengrow,orwithourlovedones,ortravelling,oronthecul-turalorleisurepursuitsthatbringushappiness.Un-fortunay,theaveragefull-timeemployeeintheworld42hoursaweek-wellovera3rdofthetime自由市场并没有解放我们，反而困住了我们。须进行一场职场革悦的文化追求和休闲而感到内疚。不幸的非常珍视的时间都被偷走了。职员reawake.Someofouralltooprecioustimeisbeingstolen:officeworkersdoaroundtwobillionhoursofunpaidovertimeeachyear.Soit'sextremely ethatsomeernmentcoalitionshavestartedlookingintopotentiallycuttingtheworkingweektofourdays.Thechampionsof-marketcapitalismpromisedtheirwayoflifewouldbringusdom.Butitwasn't domatall:fromthelackofse-cure,affordablehousingtogrowingjobinsecurityandrising aldebt,theindividualistrapped.[20]Ninedecadesago, technologicaladvancesandrisingpro-ductivitywouldmeanthatwewouldbeworkinga15-hourweekbynow:thattargethasbeenwhatHereisthemostmalignantthreattoourper-sonaldom,particularlyasthebalanceofpowerintheworkcehasbeenshiftedsodramaticallyfromworkertoboss.Ahugeportionofourlivesinvolvesthesurrenderofourdomand alautonomy.It'stimeinwhichwearedirectedbytheneedsanddesiresofothers,anddeniedtherighttomakeourownchoices.[21]That'sbadforus.It'shardlysurprisingthatoverhalfamillionworkerssufferfromwork-relatedmentalhealthconditionseachyear,orthat15.4millionworkingdayswerelosttowork-relatedstresslastyear,ajumpofnearlyaquarter.Yes,there'reallthosewho,farbeingoverworked,actuallyseekmorehours.Butashorterworkingweekwouldenableus自由市场的拥护者们承诺，这是对我们个人自由最严重的， 经 数百万工人redistributehoursfromtheoverworkedtotheunderworked.Weneedtolookatwaysofcuttingtheworkingweekwithoutslashinglivingstandards.Afterall,theworld'sworkershavealreadysufferedtheworstde-ductioninwagessincetheearly1800s.Andcuttingtheworkingweekwouldbeconducivetotheindividual,givingmillionsofworkersmoretimetospendastheyseefit.Questions19to21arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustWhatdopeopleoftenfeelguiltyaboutaccordingtotheWhatdidleadingeconomistspredict90yearsWhatistheresultofdenyingworkers'righttomaketheirownTodayI'mgoingtotalkaboutGermany'sdreamairportinBerlin.TheairportlooksexactlylikeeveryothermajormodernairportinEurope,exceptforonebigproblem:morethansevenyearsafteritwasoriginallysupposedtoopen,itstillstandsempty.Germanyisknownforitsefficiencyandrefinedengineering,butwhenitcomestoitsnewghostairport,thisreputationcouldnotbefurtherfromthetruth.[22]dbylongdelays,perpetualmismanagementandever-soaringcosts,theairporthas somethingofajokeamongGermans-andasourceoffrustrationforlocalpol-iticians,businessleadersandresidentsalike.[23]nningforthenewairportbegan这个机场和欧洲其他大型现代化机场看起但说到它的新机场，这种名声就大错特新机场的规划始于。当时，重1989.Atthetime,itbecameclearthatthenewly-reunifiedBerlinwouldneedamodernairportwithfargreatercapacitythanitsexistingairports.Thecitybrokegroundonthenewairportin2006.Thefirstmajorsignofproblemscameinsummer2010.whentheconstructioncorporationpushedtheopeningfromOctober2011toJune2012.In2012,thecitynnedanopeningceremony.[24]Butlessthanamonthbeforehand,inspectorsfoundsignificantproblemswiththefiresafetysystemandpushedtheopeningbackagainto2013.Itwasn'tjustthesmokesystem.Manyothermajorproblemssubsequentlyemerged.Morethan90metersofcablewereincorrectlyinstalled:4000doorswerewronglynumbered:escalatorsweretooshort.Andtherewasashortageofcheck-indesks.Sowhy,withsomanyproblemsdiscovereddidn'ttheairportcorporationdecidetogiveupontheprojectandstartover?Thereasonissimple.Peopleareoftenhesitanttoterminateaprojectwhenthey'vealreadyinvestedtimeorresourcesintoit,evenifitmightmakelogicalsensetodoso.Thelongerthedelays,themoreproblemsinspectorsfound.Leadershipofthenningcorporationhaschangedhandsnearlyasmanytimesastheopeningdatehasbeenpushedback.Initially,ratherthanappointingageneralcontractortoruntheproject,thecorporationdecidedtomanageitdespitelackofexperiencewithan10月推2012年6月。2012年，柏林原计问题。总计超过90米的电缆安装不正确，ofthat[25]Tocompoundthedelays,theairportisresultinginmassivecosts.monthitremainsunopenedcostsbetween€9mand€10m.Assumingallgoeswell,theairportshouldopeninOctober2020,butthestill-emptyairportstandsasthebiggestembarrassmenttoGermany'sreputationforefficiency-andacontinuingdrainoncityandstateresources.Questions22to25arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustWhatdoesthespeakersayaboutthedreamairportinWhywasthereaneedforanewairportinWhydidBerlinpostponetheopeningofitsdreamairportagainandWhathappenswhiletheairportremainsPartII SectionAM:[1]Today,ourguestisRosieHollander,whoworksasafeature’seditorforfashionmaga-zine.Hi.Rosie.You'reafeatureseditoratoneofthemostwidely-readwomen'smagazinesintheUK.Whatkindofresponsibilitiesdoesthatjoben-tail?W:Wespendourdayslookingatideasfromjournalists,writingcopyforthemagazineandwebsite,andediting.Wedorandomthingslikeaskingpeopleinthestreetquestionsandtestingsportsclothing.Wealsodolesstangiblethingslikeunderstandingwhatourreaderswant.It'scertainlyvariedandsometimesM:Duringyourworkingday,whatkindofworkmightyoutypicallydo?W:[2]Mydaymainlyincorporatesrespondingtos,writingandeditingstoriesandcomingupwithnewfeatureideas.M:Howdoesthejoboffeatureseditordifferfromthatoffashioneditor,orothereditorialposi-tions?W:Thefeaturesteamdealswitharticlessuchascareers,reports,confidenceandconfessions-everythingexceptfashionandM:[3]Alotofpeoplebelieveworkingatamagazineisaglamorousjob.IsthisanaccuraterepresentationofwhatyouHollander女：我们每天都在研究的想法，为和撰写稿件，并进行编辑。我们W:I'dsayit'sglamoroustoanextent,butnotinthewayisportrayedinfi.Wedohaveourmoments,suchasinterviewingcelebritiesandattendingparties,whichisahugethrill.UItimay,though,we'rethesameasourreaders,butworkinginajobwe'reallveryluckytohave.M:Didyouhaveto eanydifficultiestoreachthispointinyourcareer?Howdidyoumanagetodothis?W:[4]Ihadtobereallypersistentanditwasveryhardwork.Afterthreeyearsofworkinginapetrolstationandngunpaidwork,Istillhadn'tmanagedtogetanentry-leveljob.Iwasluckythatmylastdesperateattemptledtoajob.Itoldmyselfthatallexperiencesmakeyouabetterjour-nalistinthelongrun.Andluckily,Iwasright.的。我曾在工作了三年，同时做额外Questions1to4arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustWhatisthewoman'sWhatisoneofthewoman'smainWhatdomanypeoplethinkaboutthewoman'sWhathelpedthewomantogethercurrentW:Areyouwatchinganygoodshowsthesedays?M:Actuallyyes.I'mwatchingagreatsatirecalledFrankie.Ithinkyou'dlikeit.W:Really?What'sitM:It'saboutarealguynamedFrankie.He'safamouscomedianinNewYork.Andthe女：这些天你有没有看什么好？男：是关于一个叫基的的故showisamixtureofcomedyanddramalooselydepictinghislife.W:I'msorry.Doyoumeantosayit'sareal-lifeseriesaboutareal ?It'snon-fiction,isn'tit?M:No,notreally,no.It'safictionaswhathappensineveryepisodeismadeup.However,theleadroleisacomedianbythenameofFrankieandheyshimself.SoFrankieinbothreallifeandintheTVshowlivesinNewYorkCity,isacomic,isdivorcedandhastwolittledaughters.Allthosethingsaretrue.Butasidefromhim,allhisfriendsandfamilyareyedbyactors.Andtheplotsandeventsthattakecearealsoinvented.W:Oh,IthinkIseenow.Thatsoundslikeaveryoriginalconcept.M:Yes,itis.[5][6]Infact,thewholeshowiswritten,directed,editedandproducedbyhimanditisveryfunnyandhaswon.W:That'scool.[7]Iwilltrytodownloadit.I'mwatchingacomedycalledTheBigBangTheory.It'sahugehitaroundtheworld.M:Oh,yes,I'veheardofit,butneveractu-allywatchedit.W:Well,thenyoushouldcheckitout.It'salsoveryfunny.It'saboutfourmalescientistsandafemalewaitress.Themenareverysociallyawkward,butverybright.Andthisiscontrastedbythelady'ssocialskillsandcommonsense.[8]Theshowhasbeenrunningforover10yearsandsomeoftheactorspracticallyglobalsuperstars.Nowthatthey扮演自己。所以生活和电视剧中都一个喜演员，离过婚，有两个小女儿。这些都是真但是除 的，发生的情节和它是关于四个科学家和一个员与员娴社交技巧和形成了suchfamousQuestions5to8arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustWhatdoesthemanthinkofthesatireFrankieherecentlyWhatdoesthemansayisspecialaboutthesatireWhatdoesthewomansaysheisgoingtodowiththesatireWhatdoesthewomansayaboutthecomedyTheBigBangRelatedtoRelatedtothe"use-it-or-lose-itlaw"isthe"keep-movingprinciple".Welearnaboutstagnationfromnature:ariverthatstopsmovinggetssmelly.Thesamethinghappenstopeoplewhostopmovingeithermentallyorphysically.[9]Thosewhoycontactsportsknowthatthemostistheonewh you'llneedsometi yourbreatheverysooften,butthesentialmessageiskeepmoving,extendandlearning.Shipslastalot toseathantheystay meistruefor yhealthylifebys doesn'tlastverylongafterretire-ment.Themorewe'llhearis"don'tretire".Ifafellowsays,"I'm94yearsoldandI'veworkedalllife",weneedtorealizethatishowwegot样的事情也会发生在那些心理或身体停止活态，我们也能过上健康长寿的生活。统计 已经94岁了，我这子都在工作"，我们需要过不断参与而 候得了奖。本杰明·富兰克林在最好的一部分作品是在他84岁的时候创作的。巴勃罗·毕加索直到80be94-bystayinginvolved.GeorgeBernardShawwonaNobelPrizewhenhewasnearly70.Benja-minFranklinproducedsomeofhisbestwritingsattheageof84.AndPabloPicassoputbrushtocan-vasrightthroughhis80s.Isn'ttheissuehowoldwethinkwe[11]Abonuswiththekeep-movingprincipleisthatwhilewekeepmovingwedon'thaveachancetoworry.Hence,weavoidthedreaded"paralysisbyysis'Questions9to11arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustWhatdoesthespeakersayaboutyersofcontactWhatdolongevitystatisticsrevealaboutthe Whatbonusdoesthekeep-movingprincipalbringusaccordingtothePassageIn2014,onein16Americansvisitedthehos-pitalemergencyroomforhomeinjuries.Whatarethemaincausesoftheseaccidents?Awanderingmind.[12]Byoneestimate,peopledaydreamthroughnearlyhalfoftheirwakinghours.Psychob-ogistshaverecentlyfocusedonthetendencytothinkaboutsomethingotherthanthetaskoneisng.[13]Foroneexperiment,researchersdevelopedanApptoyzetherelationshipbetweendaydreamingandhappiness.Theyfoundthattheaverage'smindwanderedmostfre-quentlyabout65percentofthetimeduring suchasbrushingtheirteethandcombingtheirhair.Respondents'mindstendedto2014年，每16个人中就有个因在其他事情而不是手头正在做的事情。在一个实验中研室人员开发了一个应用程序来分析白且梦和感之间的关系。他们发现，普通人在刷牙和梳头等个人活动时最常走神，时间约占65%。当对象感到烦的。白日梦是如何影响白日梦者的？走神使我们在开车时容易发生。在一项研究中，研究人员采访了955morewhentheyfeltupsetratherthanhappy.Theyweremorelikelytowandertowardpleasanttopicsthanunpleasantones.Howdodaydreamsaffectdaydreamers?Awanderingmindleavesusvulnerablewhendriving.Inonestudy,researchersinterviewed955peopleinvolvedintrafficaccidents.Themajorityofthemreportedhavingdaydreamedjustbeforetheaccident.[14]Yetotherresearchsuggeststhatdaydreaminghasbenefits.Rescarchershavefoundthatitgivesusachancetothinkaboutourgoals,anditalsoseemstoincreasecreativity.Inoneexperiment,145undergraduatescompletedfour"unusualuses"tasks,eachrequiringthemtolistasmanyusesaspossibleforaneverydayobject.[15]Afterthefirstpairoftaskswascompleted,onegroupofparticipantswasassignedanundemandingactivityintendedtocausetheirmindstowander.Whenalltheparticipantsproceededtothesecondpairoftasks,thedaydreamersperformed40percentbetterthantheothers.他们中的大多数人说事故发生前就在做白会，而且似乎还能提高创造力。在一项实验途”任务，每项任务都要求他们列出一件日Questions12to15arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustWhatdoesthepassagesayaboutpeople'sForwhatpurposedidtheresearchersdevelopthenewHowdoesdaydreamingbenefitpeopleaccordingtosomeWhatwasthefindingoftheexperimentwith145DatingfromDatingfromasfarbackasthecentury,theyareclaimedtobethehistoricbuildingsinWesternEurope.Thesebuildingsoffervitalin-sightsintoScandinavia'sVikingpast.[16]Butnow,withonly30woodenchurchesremainingandthcirconditiondcteriorating,expertsareworkingtopreservethestructuresforfuturegenerations.Someofthesespectacularchurchesarenomorethansmallbuildings,barelyfourmetreswideandsixmetrestall.Othersaremuchlargerstructuresthatsoarupto40metresintothecoldair.[17]Mostcon-sistoftimberframesthatrestonstoneblocks.Thismeansthattheyhavenofoundations.Althoughmanyofthechurchesappearfromtheoutsidetobecomplexstructures,theynormallyfeatureonlyasinglestorybutnumerousdifferentroofStaffsfromtheNorwegian havecarriedoutconservationworkon10ofthechurchesoverthepasttwoyears.Mostofthesechurchesdatefrombetweenthe12thand14thcenturies.Otherchurcheswereconservedinpreviousyears.Sofar,specialistshaveworkedtoaddpreservativematerialstothechurch'sexteriors.Theyalsorecedrottingroomsandhaltedthesinkingofthechurchesintotheground.Intwocases,hugemachineshavebeenusedtoliftthebuildingsupto30centimetresintotheair.Thiswas plishedsothattheteamcouldexamineandrepairthechurch'soriginalme-dievalstoncblocks.Theteamnstoreturntoaroundadozenofthebuildingstoassessprogressandfurther挪威的工作人员在过去两年中对年得到了保护。到目前为止，专家们直致 换了朽化的房间，最早的三座立式木制教堂可能建于袤的松林中存在大量比例匀称的直而细长TheearliestthreestandingwoodenchurchwasprobablybuiltinNorwayinaround1080.However,thelargestknownwoodenchurcheswerebuiltfrornthe1130onwards.Thisperiodwasoneofintra-erivalryinwhichnoblessoughttoincreasetheirinfluencebyfundingtheconstructionofchurchesandotherbuildings.[18]ThereasonforconstructingthebuildingsfromwoodisprobablythatideallyproportionedstraightandslendertimberwasavailableinlargetiesinScandinavia'svastpines.Aswoodwassoplentiful,itwascheapertousethanthestoneusedinthebuildingsofotherEuropeancultures.Thearca'sship-buildingtradition,partlyestablishedbytheVikings,alsomeantthatsophisticatedcarpentrywasamajoraspectofthelocalculture.Thecomplexstyleofthemedievalwoodenchurchcarvings,andtheskillsusedtomakethem,almostcertainlyderivefromthe tVikingtradition.Questions16to18arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustWhatdoesthespeakersayabouttheVikingwoodenWhatisspecialaboutmostoftheVikingwoodenWhywerctheVikingchurchesconstructedfromInlastweek'slecture,wediscussedthechar-acteristicsofthenewlybornoffspringofseveralmls.Youprobablyrememberhumanin-fantsarelessdeveloped在上周的讲座中，我们讨论了几种哺thanother lsofthesameage.[19]在第一项研究中，三岁的孩子们一起了两段，每一段中都出现了不同的孩子们花了更长的时间来他们没有见 奇。这表明孩子们记得他们一时只见过一次的研究员。当然，随着，我们大长时性很可能会在随后的几年里丢intoday'slec-turc,we'lllookatthrecintcrestingstudicsthathintattheabilitiesofhumanInthefirststudy,three-year-olds sshownsidebyside,eachadifferentresearcher,oneofwhomthey'doncetwoyearsearlier.Thechildrenlongerwatching showingresearchertheyhadn'tmet.Thisiscon-withyoungchildren'susualtendencytolongeratthingsthataren'tfamiliar.Andthisisamazing.Itsuggeststhatrememberedtheresearcherthey'dmetjusttimewhentheywereonlyone-year-olds.course,asmostofusforgetmemoriesfromfirstfewyearsaswegrowolder,theselong-termmemorieswilllikelybelostsubsequent[20]Oursecondstudyisaboutmusic.thisstudy,rescarchersycdmusictothroughspeakerslocatedoneithersideofhumanface.Theywaiteduntilthebabiesboredand9vertedtheirgazefromtheface.Andtheychangedthemoodofthemusic,fromsadtohappyortheotherwayaround.Thismoodswitchmadenodifferencetothree-montholds,butforthenine-month-itwasenoughtorenewtheirinterest,andstartedlookinggaininthedircctionoftheThissuggeststhatbabiesofthatagecanldifferencebetweenahappymelodyanda[21]Ourfinalstudyisfrom1980.Butstillrelevanttoday.Infact,it'soneofthefa-mouspiecesofresearchaboutemotioneverpublished.Thestudyordinary clipsofninemonthsoryounger.In clips,babiesmadevariousfacialexpressionsresponsetoreal-lifeevents,including ctionsandpainfulones.Theobserverswereabletoreliablydis- assortmentofcmotionsonthebabies'Theseemotionsincludedinterest,joy,sadness,anger,disgust,contemptandNextweek,we'llbelookingatthisstudymoreclosely.Infact,wewillbesomeof clipsfromthatstudytogetherscchowwellwedoindiscerningbaby'sQuestions19to21arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustWhatarethethreeinterestingstudiesWhatdoesthesecondstudyfindaboutnine-month-oldWhatist