对比《简爱》中女性陈规形象与《飘》中女性新形象

AComparisonbetweenFemale“OldImages”inJaneEyreand“NewImages”inGonewiththeWindAbstract:JaneEyreisthemasterpieceof19centuryEnglishfemalewriterBronteCharlotte,andittellsastoryaboutloveandwomen’sdignity.GonewiththeWindiscreatedbyMitchellMargaret,afamousAmericanfemalewriter,whichisanovelrelatedtoreflecttheCivilWarofAmerica.However,bothofthemhavesomethingsimilar.JaneEyreandGonewiththeWindarelovestories,thetwoheroinesinJaneEyreandGonewiththeWindareindependentwomenandtheyaredifferentfromotherwomenintheVictoriantimes.Theynolongeradheretomen.Inaddition,theyhavetheirownthoughtandfightwithsocietyandfateintheprocessofself-fulfillment.Butaftercomparingthesetwonovelswecanknowthattheheroineshavedifferences.AlthoughJanehasthecouragetostrugglewiththefateshestillmaintainsthefemaleoldimages,ScarlettO’Haratotallygetsridoftherestrictionofthesocietyandbecomesthenewimages.Thisthesisanalyzesthefemaleimagesthroughcomparisonofeverysectionanditshowsthatwomen’sfemaleconsciousnesshavebeenimproved.Keywords:JaneEyre;ScarlettO’Hara;oldimages;newimages;comparison摘要：《简爱》是英国女作家夏洛克·勃朗特创作的一部关于爱情和女性尊严的小说，而《飘》则是美国著名女作家玛格丽特·米歇尔创作的一部反映美国南北战争题材的小说。两部小说具有一定的相似性：《简爱》和《飘》都是反映爱情故事的小说；两位女主人公是同是独立的女性，与维多利亚时代的女性有着本质区别，她们不再依附于男性，有自己的思想，她们在实现自我价值的过程中都与社会和命运作抗争。但是，通过对比两部小说我们会发现两位女主人公的不同之处。简爱虽然具有反抗精神但在一些方面依旧保留着女性的“陈规形象”，而郝思嘉则完全摆脱了社会对女性的束缚，成为当时女性的“新形象”。本论文通过对比来分析女性形象，根据这些对比可以看出女性意识和女性地位的不断提高。关键词：简爱；郝思嘉；陈规形象；新形象；对比IntroductionTherearemanyscholarsbothinourcountryandaboardwhohavealreadydonealotofstudiesaboutJaneEyreandGonewiththeWind,butnotsomanystudiesaboutthecomparisonbetweenfemaleoldimageinJaneEyreandnewimageinGonewiththeWind,thisthesiswillfocusontheirsimilaritiesanddifferences.JaneEyreisthenineteenthcenturyfamousBritishfemalewriterCharlotteBronte'smasterpiece.ItisgenerallyacceptedthatJaneEyreisCharlotteBronte’s“poeticlifeportrayal,withautobiographicalworks.”Whentheauthorcreatingthisnovel,theUKwastheworld'snumberoneindustrialpower,butwomenarestillsubordinatestatus.JaneEyrehastwobasicmelodiesinlife:passion,fantasy,rebellionandperseverance,thedesireforfreedomandhappinessandthepursuitofhigherspiritualrealms..Thenovelhassuccessfullycreatedarestless,shame,rebelliousfemaleimages.GonewiththeWindistheUSAfemalewriterMargaretMitchell’sonlyworks.Itisapanoramicsocialnovel,whichtakestheAmericanCivilWarasthehistoricalbackgroundandthesociallifeoftheSouthasthelivingenvironment..TheheroineScarlettviolenttreachery,workhardwithapioneeringspiritofself-improvementspirit,showingtheherfemaleautonomypursuit.Beforethewar,sheabandonedthetraditionalladymannersandreserved,desperatetopursuetheirlove.Duringthewar,inordertosurvive,sheabandonedthearistocraticMisssqueamishtoprotectfamilies.Afterthewar,shebreakingtheshacklesofwomen,pursuingtheself-worth.Thisthesiswillbeconsistofthreeparts.Inthefirstchapter,itwillmakeacomparisonbetweenJaneEyreandScarlettO’Haraontheirfamilybackgroundandappearance,theirattitudestowardstoloveandmoney.Inthesecondchapter,itwillanalysesthesimilaritiesandthedifferencesbetweenthethemes.Inthethirdchapter,itwillmakeacomparisonbetweenfemale“OldImages”inJaneEyreand“NewImages”inGonewiththeWind.Ihopethroughthecomparisonscouldshowthatwomen’spositionandwomen’sfemaleconsciousnesshavebeenimproved.Chapter1TheComparisonbetweenJaneEyreandScarlettO’HaraFirstly,IwillcompareScarlettO’HarawithJaneEyreonthreeaspects.Whenwereadthetwonovels,wecanknowthatbothofthemnottraditionalwomen,becausetheydealwithdifficulties,theyshowtheirgreatcourageandstrongability,Thenthefollowingparagraphsthethesiswillanalyzethemandcomparethesimilarityanddifferencesfromtheirbackgroundandappearance,theirattitudestowardsloveandmoney.1.1JaneEyre’sandScarlettO’Hara’sfamilybackgroundandappearances1.1.1JaneEyre’sfamilybackgroundandappearancesJaneEyre’sparentsdiedwhensheisveryyoung,soshegoestoheruncle’shome.Heruncletreatsherwell,butafterheruncledied,JaneEyre’stimeatGateshedHallisatypicalexperienceofmisery.Inherfamily,sheislookeddownbyeveryoneanddoesalotofhousework.JaneEyre’scousinsJohnReedisthefirstoppressorJanemeetsinherlife.HebeatsandinsultsJaneatwill.Mrs.Reedisaharshandcold-heartedwomeninthisnovel,JanesaytoherthatIamgladyouarenorelationofmine.IwillnevercallyouauntagainsolongasIlive.AfterJanefightsback,sheislockedintheredroomlonely.AfterthatMrs.ReeddecidedtosendJanetoacharityschool—LowoodInstitution.LowoodInstitutionisjustlikeaprison,theschoolrestrictsthedevelopmentofthestudents.AtLowoodallthegirlsaresystematicallystarvedanddeprivedofallsensorysatisfaction.Mrs.Brochelehurt,heisthehesecondoppressorinJane’slife,heisthetreasurerandmanageroftheInstitution.Heisalovelessandhypocriticalman.Hedoesnotletthemhaveenoughrestandforcesthemtocuttheirnaturallycurlyhairandwearstheworstqualityandtheugliestclothes.Hewantstokillthesepoorgirlsnatureofpursuingbeauty.Jane’sappearanceisquitenormal,andsheisasmallandplainorphangirlbroughtupbyherharshandcold-heartedaunt.Insteadofbeingpretty,rich,frill,andmodest,Janehasnothingattractiveatthefirstsight.1.1.2.ScarlettO’Hara’sfamilybackgroundandappearancesScarlettO’HaralivesinanaffluencefamilyinthesouthernpartofAmerican.HerfatherisGerald,hedoesnotreceivealotofeducationsohisknowledgeissolackthat“theonlyLatinheknewwastheresponsesoftheMassandtheonlyhistorythemanifoldwrongsofIrelandthathadcomedownthroughtheyears.”(Margaret.1993:17)EllenO’HaraisScarlett’smother,sheisdifferentfromherroughandnotwell-educatedhusband,sheisanelegant,nobleandbeautifulwomen.Wecanknowhertendercharactersfromthewayshespeaks,”thesoftslurringvoice”,but“itwasavoicethatneverraisedincommandtoaservantorreprooftoachildbutavoicethatwasobeyedinstantlyatTara”.Sheisagentlewomenbutsheisalsoaseriouswomen,sheisastrictwithherdaughterbecauseshehopesthatherdaughterwillbeaperfectwomenlikeher.Expectherparents,Scarlett’shastwoyoungersisters,buttheydonotgetalongwellwitheachother.SuellenisahypocriticalgirlwhoisScarlett’sfirstyoungersister.Shewantstodrawpeople’sattentionandheractionmakesScarlettsneerher.Carrent,hersecondyoungersister,isshyanddoesnothasherownidea.Allinall,Scarlettgrowsupwithherrudeandnoisymalefriendsnotwithherelegantandnoblefemalefriends.TheappearanceofScarlettisnotsuperior,buthersharpandgoodfiguremakeherverysexy.InthefirstchapterofGonewiththeWind,thewritergivesusadetaileddescription:Itwasanarrestingface,pointedofchin,sguareofjawhereyeswerepalewithoutatouchofhazel,starredwithbristlyblackbrowsslantedupward,cuttingastartingobliquelineinhermagnolia-whiteskin.(刘翠湘、汪珍2008:21）1.2JaneEyre’sandScarlettO’Hara’sattitudestowardlove1.2.1JaneEyre’sattitudetowardloveJaneEyreastheheroineoflovenovelsisthefemaleimageoftheunprecedentedfemaleimageinthisnineteenthCenturyliteraryworks.Theheroineofthepastlovestoryisbeautiful,elegantimage,andJaneEyre,"poor,humble,notbeautiful,little",butshehasaheartofwisdom,strong,braveheart,themorevaluableisshedoesn'tbecauseofhispoorandappearanceandlowself-esteem.Onthecontrary,herbravefirm:"Iandyoursoulareequal.""Ihavethesamesoulasyou,andithasaheartaswell.!""Iamnotbythecustoms,practices,evenisnotwithfleshandbloodwithyourspeech--thisismymindtalkingwithyourmindasifwehavelefttheworld,twopeoplestandtogetherinfrontoftheGod,equaltoeachother,aswehavealwaysbeenas!"=1\*GB3①JaneEyredaretoloveasocialclassisfarhigherthantheirmen,moredaringtotaketheinitiativetoexpresstheirlovetoeachother.JaneEyredespisewealth,socialstatusandreligiousdignity,shethought,"truehappinessliesinthebeautifulworldofspiritandnobleandpureheart.JaneEyreisarationalunderstandingofwomenontheirownideasandpersonality,aisnolongerblindlyfollowinmenandworldlyrequirementfemale,aoftheirownvaluesandemotionstomakeindependentjudgmentsofwomen,astrong,independentwomen.1.2.2.ScarlettO’Hara’sattitudetowardloveScarlett,theoutstandingpersonwhowasbornintheAmericanturbulence,herexcellentpersonalityemittedboundlesslight.Sheisbraveandstrong,optimistic,neveryielding.Andthemostprominentisherdedicationtolove.However,outoffrustration,shemarriedtwomenwhoshedon'tlike.WhensheonceagaintoseeherfavoriteAshley,stilllikeagirlasmadlyinlovewithhim,desperatetotalktohimlove.Inherviewoflove,loveandmarriagecanbeseparated.Shedoesn'tcareaboutothers’marriage,putallherenergyintoloveAshleyandfightfortheirownhappiness.Shedidnotcareaboutetiquetteandmoralchains,herloveisalwaysfreeandunrestrained."DidyoueverthinkthatIloveyoutoamanwholovesawoman'spole?DidyoueverthinkthatIhadlovedyouforyearsbeforeIgotyou?Duringthewar,Iwantedtoflyfarandhightimes,forgetyou,butIalwaysforget,everytimeyouwanttocomebackagain.Afterthewar,Iriskedbeingcaughttogetback,butalsotofindyou.ButyouweresohurriedtomarryFrankKennedy..Iamjealousofmydeath..IfNatsFrankdied,Iwouldkillhimtoo..Ialwayslovedyou,butIcan'tletyouknow.It'scruelofyoutothosewholoveyou,Scarlett..”=2\*GB3②Whatisgratifyingiswhenshelostherdaughter,herhusbandRhetthasalsobeenawayfromher,sherealizedthatherrealloverisRhett.Shefeelsveryrepentant,butshealsobelieveshecanlethefallinlovewithher.1.3JaneEyre’sandScarlettO’Hara’sattitudestowardmoney1.3.1JaneEyre’sattitudetowardmoneyJaneisverypoorwhensheisachild,soshedoesnotdesiretohavealotofmoneywhenJaneandRochesterpreparethingsformarriage.Rochestersays:“Iwillmyselfputthediamondchainaroundyourneck,andthecircletonyourforehead…andIwillclaspthebraceletsonthesefinewrists,andloadthesefairy-likefingerswithrings.”WhenJanehearthis,shethinksthatRochesterusesjewelrytolimitJanemind.Janefeelsthatsheisoppressed,andthatRochester’ssmilehas”suchasultan,bestowonaslavehisgoldandgemshadenriched.”andsheiswithoutfreedom.FromthiswecanknowJanedoesnotcareaboutmoney.1.3.2.ScarlettO’Hara’sattitudetowardmoneyRhettalwayslooksdownonScarlett’spassionformoney.Wecanknowfromthesesentence:“GoodLord!”he(Rhett)criedimpatiently.“Don’tyoueverthinkofanythingbutmoney?”“EversinceI’veknowyou,you’rewantedtwothings:Ashleyandtoberichenoughtotelltheworldtogotohell.”(Margaret,1993:198)Afterthecivilwar,everysouthernersshouldfacetheproblemthatishowtosurviveunderatotallychangedsituation.Itisaveryhardproblem.Scarlettalsohastofaceit.Sheshouldlookafterfamily.Scarlettrealizesthatthemoneyistheonlythingcanpreventpeoplefromstarvationandbeingdefeatedbytheinsecureandunstableage.Ifshehasalotofmoney,shewillnotbeafraidofanythingintheworld.Soshetriesherbesttoearnmoney.Shedecidestogainlotsofmoneywhichcouldinsureheragainsttheneedyandtoughlife.SinetheScarlettbeginstodoallshecanseizelandandobtainmoneyandherbeliefisthatthemoreshegets,thesafersheis.Chapter2TheSimilarityandtheDifferencesbetweentheThemesAftercomparingthecharactersofScarlettandJaneEyre,Iwillcomparethesimilarityanddifferencesofthethemebetweenthesetwonovels,Asforthesimilarity,thethemeofbothofthesetwonovelsismarriageandlove,however,thoughtheyaretalkaboutthesamething,therearealsosomedifferencesofthembetweenthesetwonovels.2.1ThesimilarityofthethemeJaneEyreandGonewiththeWindbotharefromthefemaleperspectiveoftheBritishandAmericantwowomen'sstory.Theyarebasedonthespecificsocialenvironmentofthetwowomen,inordertorealizetheselfvalueasthemainline,thefemalevalueoftheiruniquecharm,andtheawakeningoffemaleconsciousness.Intheviciousenvironment,JaneEyrestillshowsastrongresistancetoconsciousness.WhenRochesterfeltmorethanherseniorrighttoissueherorder,shesaidtohermaster:"Ithink,sir,youolderthanI,orseetheworldalonethanmemuch,youarenorighttocommandme;ifyouhavetherighttoclaimsuperior,thatdependsonhowyouuseyourtimeandexperience.""Withtheemploymentrelationship,didyouagreetomakemetough?""I'msure,,Mr.Iwouldneverhaveinformalwrongthatrudeandunreasonable;theformerIquitelike.Thelatter,indeedanyfreepeoplearenotwillingtotolerate,evenifistotakethesalary,alsodonotwanttoendure."WhenJaneandRochesterinthechurchwedding,Rochester'smadwifeappearedthatJanehadtomakeachoice-Rochesterloverorleavethebelovedpersontogointoexile.Onthesurface,JanerefusedtoStJohn'sisarejectionoftheconceptofunequallove.Infact,Itexpressingwomen'srebellionofreligionandagainstthemalecenteredsociety.Itisbuiltoninequalitymarriageresistancereflectsthesimpledesiretobreakwiththeprevailingsociallimitationsandtopursueindependenceandfreedomofthemodernfemaleimage.Scarlettisanartisticimageoffemaleconsciousness.AfterthecivilwarbrokethepeaceofScarlett’slife,thecontinuousdepartureoftheirlovedones,sheclearlysaw"hadtochangetoadapttothisnewworld".Lookfromthesurface,Scarlett'ssuccessiswomenhavethewitofaproof,butfromthedeepmeaningistheperformanceofherextraordinaryinsightandcourage,andembodiestheawakeningofthefemaleselfconsciousnessandindependentrightofrequest.Thedifferencesofthetheme2.2.1ThethemeofJaneEyreJaneEyreisawomanwhoisunwillingtoenduresocialoppressionandthecouragetopursueone'shappiness..Whetherherpoorsocialstatus,orherwanderinglifeexperiences,aretherealportrayaloftheBritishlowerpeople'slife.Theauthorportraysafromtheawakeningofthelowerstrataofsocietyinthenewwomen,andforhertoresistoppressionandsocialprejudice,tostriveforindependenceofpersonalityanddignity,forthepursuitofahappylifetenaciousstrugglepraisedthem.EyreJane,adignifiedandthepursuitofequality,thisseeminglyfragileandinnertoughnessofthewomanbecausethisworkandbecomecountlesswomen'sheartsmodel.Novelsshowtheheroandheroineoftheupsanddownsofloveexperience,singthepraisesofgetridofalltheoldcustomsandprejudice,lovebuiltonmutualunderstandingandmutualrespectbasedon,astrongspiritualshockpowerofart.Itisthemostsuccessfulliesinshapingthecouragetoresist,thecouragetofightfortheimageofthefreedomandpeaceandotherstatusofwomen.2.2.2ThethemeofGonewiththeWindGonewiththeWindcomprehensivelyshowsthesouthernAmericansocialstyle,thevarietyofcharactersinthehugesocialchangesinthefateofthechange.Byshowingthechangeofdifferentcharactersinthesocialenvironment,itrevealsthedifferentdestinyofdifferentcharacterinevitably.ThemostattractiveplaceforthenovelisScarlett'spersonalityandherlovestory.Herloveisnotpoeticandromantic,butrealandutilitarian.Inordertoachievethepurpose,shedoesnothesitatetousecunningtrick.Herromanticlovepursuit,andherselfishpursuitofpleasureinthelife,thiscombinationofcharactershowadetestableandendearingcharacters.Atthesametime,theawakeningoftheheroine'sself-awareness,theenhancementandthepursuitofautonomyarealsodemonstrated.Chapter3TheComparisonsbetweenNewImagesandOldImages3.1JaneEyre’soldimagesJaneEyrewasbornanorphanwithunfortunatefamily.Mrs.Reedill-treatment,badlyJohn’simperiousaction,Elizabeth’sandGeorgian’scoldattitudehurtherbadly,eventheservantsmakesarcasticremarksabouther.Asagirlwhowasraisedinothers’home,shewas,assaidbyservantAbbot,as“lessthanaservant”(Bronte,1980:7)forshe“doesnothingforherkeep”(Bronte,1980:7)Withouthappinessinreallife,andheronlyhappinessliesinhernovel.Thebookcratedherimaginationandarousedherintelligence.Shefeltherselffreeandindependenceintheworld.Butthissimplewayofself-consolationwasspoiledbyhercousin.Forthefirsttime,JaneEyreraisedanimpulsivefeelingofprotectionafternumeroushumiliations.AfterbeingbeatenbyMasterJohn,shesaidtohim“wickedandcruelboy”“YouareliketheRomanemperor!”(Bronte,1980:6)ThisisthefirststepofthedevelopmentofJaneEyre’scharacters.DuringherstayinLowoodInstitution,Janenotonlykeptherrebelliousspiritbutalsodevelopedherindependentpersonality.DesiringtobebelovedandunderstoodwasthesourceoftheJane’sconstantpursuit.Inanewplacefullofnewfaces,Janehadeveryreasonstomakegoodfriends,towinothers’respectsandtoobtainunderstanding.Shestudiedhardandnearlyapproached“thebest”inherclasswhenMrs.Brocklehursbrokeherbeautifuldream.HeopenlyslanderedJanebeforealltheteachersandthestudentsthatJanewasalairandanevil.Janewasdeeplyhurtbutnotsoeasilydefeated.JanetriedherbesttogetthetrustofMissTemple,thesuperintendent,anditwasnotlongbeforesheclarifiedthefact.Confidenceandesteemcomebacktoheragain.DuringtheperiodatThornfieldHall,JaneEyre’scharacterwascompletelydeveloped.JanemadeagoodimpressonMrs.Fairfaxathefirstsight,andshegotwellalongwithherthoughFairfaxwasonlyaservant.Sometimestheytalkedleisurelybeforethehearth,andJanefeelsthatwas“warmandhappy”.Janewasmildtoeveryoneandemergedmeansofkeepingrelationshipwithpeoplerangingfromservanttomaster.3.2ScarlettO’Hara’snewimagesScarlettisneverafraidofanything.Scarlettoftendoesthingsaccordingtoherfavor,disregardingofthesocialeffect,whichbecomesworseafterthedeathofhermother.Apparently,shehasputherselfontheoppositesideofthesocialregulations.Scarlettisinfatuatedwithherownfemininityandbeingtakencarelikeamyriadofstarssurroundingthemoon,tohermotherwhoissuprememodelof“angleinthefamily”.Ontheotherhand,tothepeoplewholovehercrazily,shejustgivesunctionandshefeelsproudaboutthatevenmakingfunofthem.IfwesaymotherEllenisthemodelof“realwomen”whosubmitstothetraditionalethic,thenScarlettchangesintoanewwomenthatactswithcourageanddeterminationandchallengesoldethicsbecauseofthewarandallchangedlifeafterwar.(高楠，2009:58）Ashermothersaysinthenovel:“Lifeisneithercomfortablenorhappy,butIdonotlookforwardtocomfortablelife,either.Thisworldbelongstoman;thepropertyalsobelongstoman;onlytomanagepropertyiswomen’sbusiness.Ifthereisanygoodworeinmanaging,womenmustpraisehermantobecompetent.Themanisroughandirritable,butthewomenmustalwaysbegentle,graceful,andtolerant.”Thegradebetweenmanandwomenatthattimeisdepictedprofoundly.Littlegirlareguidedfromgrowingintofairmaiden,likedandchasedbytheman,thenbecomethecelebratedhousewifenaturally.Theynotonlyhavenoconsciousnessatalltotheirownpassivebutalsosettheirexperienceasexampletoeducatetheyoungwomen.Soalotofwomenbecomeaccomplicesofmanrightbecauseofbeinguncivilizedandignorant.ConclusionThethesishasanalyzedScarlettO’HaraandJaneEyrefromtheaspectsoftheirbackgroundandappearance,theirattitudestowardloveandmoney.Fromtheanalysis,wecanclearlytheheroines’differentimages:ThoughJanehasthecouragetostrugglewiththefate;sheisstillmaintainsthefemale’s“oldimages”.ScarlettO’Haratotallygetridoftherestrictionofthesocietyandbecomethe“newimages”.Scarlett’scharacterandhobbiesdeterminethatsheisn’tharmoniouswiththesocialregulationsforwomenatthattime.SoIt’snodoubtthatScarlett’sbehaviorsnotobeytheviewofthesociety.Butsheisverybraveandneverbeatendownbyanydifficulties.Shecantackleanytroubleintheend.”Afterall,tomorrowisanotherday”,thissentencehasencouragedalotofpeople.JaneEyrethinksthatwomenshouldhaveequalrightwithmen,Themostimportantthingforwomenistobe“humanbeing”nottobe“woman”.Shealsowantstoownthefreedom,dignityandrightasahumanbeing.JaneEyrehasherowncareerandearnsmoneybyherself.Thetwobookshaveseriousthingstosayaboutanumberofimportantsubjects:therelationsbetweenmenandwomen,women’sequality,thetreatmentofchildrenandofwomen,therealizationofself-hood,andthenatureoflove.BothJaneandScarlettreflectthesocialrealities:women’spositionandfemaleconsciousnessinthatperiod.Thecomparisonshowsthatwomen’spositionandwomen’sfemaleconsciousnesshavebeenimproved.ThethesishasanalyzedScarlettO’HaraandJaneEyrefromsomeaspects,buttheperiodswhichtwostorieshappenarenotveryspecifically.Thestudywillgoonandon,andthestudywillbeperfectedintheseaspects.Notes=1\*GB3①Bronte.Charlotte.JaneEyre.[M].Ware:WordsworthEditionsLtd.1992:56-82.=2\*GB3②Mitchell.Margaret.GonewiththeWind.[M].NewYork:WarnerBooks.1993:121-128.=3\*GB3③高楠.解读《飘》中的女性主义[J].石家庄：大众文艺，2009,（2):58.=4\*GB3④季然.浅谈《简爱》的女性主义特征[J].CollegeEnglish,2008(3):143-144.Bibliography[1]Bronte.Charlotte.JaneEyre.[M].Ware:WordsworthEditionsLtd.1992.[2]顾韶阳,王丽艳.《飘》与女性觉醒——《飘》中女性价值观浅析[J].西安外国语学院学报,2003,(9).[3]胡彦霞.女性的力量：简爱和郝思嘉[J].

社会科学战线,2011,(6).[4]刘翠香，汪真.郝思嘉一个地道的女权主义者——《飘》的女性意识[J]北京：科技创新导报，2008，（21）.[5]Mitchell.Margaret.GonewiththeWind.[M].NewYork:WarnerBooks.1993.AcknowledgementsAtthepointoffinishingthispaper,I’dliketoexpressmysincerethankstoallthosewhohavelentmehandsinthecourseofmywritingthispaper.Firstofall,I'dliketotakethisopportunitytoshowmysinceregratitudetomysupervisor,Ms.Cai,whohasgivenmesomuchusefuladviceonmywriting,andhastriedherbesttoimprovemypaper.Secondly,I’dliketoexpressmygratitudetomyclassmateswhoofferedmereferencesandinformationontime.Lastbutnottheleast,I’dliketothankthoseleaders,teachersandworkingstaffespeciallythoseintheSchoolofForeignLanguages.Withouttheirhelp,itwouldbemuchharderformetofinishmystudyandthispaper请删除以下内容，O(∩_∩)O谢谢！！！conduction,transferofheatorelectricitythroughasubstance,resultingfromadifferenceintemperaturebetweendifferentpartsofthesubstance,inthecaseofheat,orfromadifferenceinelectricpotential,inthecaseofelectricity.Sinceheatisenergyassociatedwiththemotionsoftheparticlesmakingupthesubstance,itistransferredbysuchmotions,shiftingfromregionsofhighertemperature,wheretheparticlesaremoreenergetic,toregionsoflowertemperature.Therateofheatflowbetweentworegionsisproportionaltothetemperaturedifferencebetweenthemandtheheatconductivityofthesubstance.Insolids,themoleculesthemselvesareboundandcontributetoconductionofheatmainlybyvibratingagainstneighboringmolecules;amoreimportantmechanism,however,isthemigrationofenergeticfreeelectronsthroughthesolid.Metals,whichhaveahighfree-electrondensity,aregoodconductorsofheat,whilenonmetals,suchaswoodorglass,havefewfreeelectronsanddonotconductaswell.Especiallypoorconductors,suchasasbestos,havebeenusedasinsulatorstoimpedeheatflow(seeinsulation).Liquidsandgaseshavetheirmoleculesfartherapartandaregenerallypoorconductorsofheat.Conductionofelectricityconsistsoftheflowofchargesasaresultofanelectromotiveforce,orpotentialdifference.Therateofflow,i.e.,theelectriccurrent,isproportionaltothepotentialdifferenceandtotheelectricalconductivityofthesubstance,whichinturndependsonthenatureofthesubstance,itscross-sectionalarea,anditstemperature.Insolids,electriccurrentconsistsofaflowofelectrons;asinthecaseofheatconduction,metalsarebetterconductorsofelectricitybecauseoftheirgreaterfree-electrondensity,whilenonmetals,suchasrubber,arepoorconductorsandmaybeusedaselectricalinsulators,ordielectrics.Increasingthecross-sectionalareaofagivenconductorwillincreasethecurrentbecausemoreelectronswillbeavailableforconduction.Increasingthetemperaturewillinhibitconductioninametalbecausetheincreasedthermalmotionsoftheelectronswilltendtointerferewiththeirregularflowinanelectriccurrent;inanonmetal,however,anincreaseintemperatureimprovesconductionbecauseitfreesmoreelectrons.Inliquidsandgases,currentconsistsnotonlyintheflowofelectronsbutalsointhatofions.Ahighlyionizedliquidsolution,e.g.,saltwater,isagoodconductor.Gasesathightemperaturestendtobecomeionizedandthusbecomegoodconductors(seeplasma),althoughatordinarytemperaturestheytendtobepoorconductors.Seeelectrochemistry;electrolysis;superconductivity.AlmosteveryonehasexperiencedtheDopplereffect,thoughperhapswithoutknowingwhatcausesit.Forexample,ifoneisstandingonastreetcornerandanambulanceapproacheswithitssirenblaring,thesoundofthesirensteadilygainsinpitchasitcomescloser.Then,asitpasses,thepitchsuddenlylowersperceptibly.ThisisanexampleoftheDopplereffect:thechangeintheobservedfrequencyofawavewhenthesourceofthewaveismovingwithrespecttotheobserver.TheDopplereffect,whichoccursbothinsoundandelectromagneticwaves—includinglightwaves—hasanumberofapplications.Astronomersuseit,forinstance,togaugethemovementofstarsrelativetoEarth.Closertohome,principlesrelatingtotheDopplereffectfindapplicationinradartechnology.Dopp