托福阅读事实信息题详解

托福阅读事实信息题详解

1.提问方式：

Accordingtoparagraphwhichofthefollowingstatementsistrueof/concernedwith/relatedtoX?

例：Accordingtoparagraph1,whatwastrueoftheSahararegionaround6,000B.C.?(TPO28EarlySaharanPastoralists)

Accordingtoparagraphwhy/how/what.?

例：Accordingtoparagraph1,whyisplaydifficulttodefine?(TPO30RoleofPlayinDevelopment)

分析：通过以上两种不同提问方式可以总结出该题型有以下几个特点：

1).该题型是就某段话当中的某个细节信息(即提问方式1中的X)进行提问。

2).该题型可以围绕该细节信息的不同方面进行提问，通过特别疑问词which;what;why;how可以看出。

3).由于题干中未消失infer;suggest;indicate等字样，所以该题型旨在考察文本信息的字面含义，无需考生进行文本的隐含意推理。

2.解题步骤：

Step1:读题干，找出定位词

留意：假如是提问方式1,那么定位词则是位于介词of/with/to后面的信息。

假如是提问方式2,那么定位词一般是名词，并且是非主题性的名词(当然定位词不肯定只能找一个，一般可以找2到3个，由于定位词越多相对定位的位置也会越精确。)

例：

Accordingtoparagraph2,whichofthefollowingpresentsaparticularchallengetoresearcherswhostudyplaybehaviorinanimals?(TPO30RoleofPlayinDevelopment)

分析：通过提问方式类似于第1种提问方式，其实题干可以改写成whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueofthechallengetoresearcherswho因此，定位词应当是位于介词of后面的challengetoresearchers。至于后面的playbehavior就不需要了，由于它属于通篇的主题词。

Accordingtoparagraph4,howdidtheCatholicChurchreacttotheintroductionofmechanicalclocks?(TPO30TheInventionofMechanicalClock)

分析：通过提问方式属于第2种提问方式，因此考生们应当在题干中找出名词部分，考生们可以看到两组名词：CatholicChurch和MechanicalClocks,并且这两组词都是我们所需要的定位词。

Paragraph5answerswhichofthefollowingquestionsaboutmechanicalclocks.(TPO30TheInventionofMechanicalClock)

分析：通过题干找出题干中唯一疑似的定位词组MechanicalClocks,但是却发觉整篇文章都在争论MechanicalClocks。这种类型的提问方式是考生们最怕看到的，由于定位词无效。此刻建议考生们可以反过来先读选项，然后依据选项中的定位词回读段落查找答案。

Step2:通过题干中定位词回原文进行定位。

留意：在定位的过程中考生们可能会遇到以下2个问题：

问题1：定位词在原文中可能是非原文原词(假如是专出名词一般在原文中就是原文原词，但假如是一般名词则有可能是非原文原词)。

例1：定位词为原文原词的状况

Paragraph1:Evolutionarybiologistsbelievethatspeciation,theformationofanewspecies,oftenbeginswhensomekindofphysicalbarrierarisesanddividesapopulationofasinglespeciesintoseparatesubpopulations.Physicalseparationbetweensubpopulationspromotestheformationofnewspeciesbecauseoncethemembersofonesubpopulationcannolongermatewithmembersofanothersubpopulation,theycannotexchangevariantgenesthatariseinoneofthesubpopulations.Intheabsencesofgeneflowbetweenthesubpopulations,geneticdifferencesbetweenthegroupsbegintoaccumulate.Eventuallythesubpopulationsbecomesogeneticallydistinctthattheycannotinterbreedevenifthephysicalbarriersbetweenthemwereremoved.Atthispointthesubpopulationshaveevolvedintodistinctspecies.Thisroutetospeciationisknownasallopatry("alio-'means"different'，and"patria'means"homeland').(TPO31SpeciationinGeographicallyIsolatedPopulations)

Q:Accordingtoparagraph1,allopatricspeciationinvolveswhichofthefollowing?

分析：此题干中的定位词为allopatricspeciation,为专出名词，在原文中为原文原词，即最终一句话为定位句。

例2：定位词为非原文原词的状况

Paragraph2:Playappearstobeadevelopmentalcharacteristicofanimalswithfairlysophisticatednervoussystems,mainlybirdsandmammals.Playhasbeenstudiedmostextensivelyinprimatesandcanids(dogs).Exactlywhyanimalsplayisstillamatterdebatedintheresearchliterature,andthereasonsmaynotbethesameforeveryspeciesthatplays.Determiningthefunctionsofplayisdifficultbecausethefunctionsmaybelong-term,withbeneficialeffectsnotshowingupuntiltheanimalsadulthood.(TPO30RoleofPlayinDevelopment)

Accordingtoparagraph2,whichofthefollowingpresentsaparticularchallengetoresearcherswhostudyplaybehaviorinanimals?

OThedelaybetweenactivitiesandthebenefitstheanimalderivesfromthem.

OThedifficultyindeterminingwhichanimalspeciesplayandwhichdonot.

OThefactthatformostanimals,thereisnocleartransitionfromyouthtofulladulthood.

OThelackofresearchontheplaybehaviorofanimalsotherthancanidsandprimates.

分析：此题干中的定位词为challengeresearchers,在原文中考生们无法找到这两个定位词，但是可以找到challenge的`同义替换形式difficult,因此该句即是我们所需要的定位句。

问题2：定位词在原文中消失不止一次。

Paragraph7:Occasionally,asequenceoffossil-richlayersofrockpermitsacomprehensivelookatonetypeoforganismoveralongperiodoftime.Forexample,PeterSheldonsstudiesoftrilobites,anowextinctmarineanimalwithasegmentedbody,offeradetailedglimpseintothreemillionyearsofevolutioninonemarineenvironment.Inthatstudy,eachofeightdifferenttrilobitespecieswasobservedtoundergoagradualchangeinthenumberofsegments---typicallyanincreaseofoneortwosegmentsoverthewholetimeinterval.Nosignificantdiscontinuouswereobserved,leadingSheldontoconcludethatenvironmentalconditionswerequitestableduringtheperiodheexamined.(TPO30ThePaceofEvolutionaryChange)

Accordingtoparagraph7,PeterSheldonsstudiesdemonstratedwhichofthefollowingabouttrilobites?

OTheyunderwentgradualchangeoveralongtimeperiod

OTheyexperiencedanumberofdiscontinuoustransitionsduringtheirhistory

OTheyremainedunchangedduringalongperiodofenvironmentalstability

OTheyevolvedinwaysthatcannotbecountedforbyeitherofthetwocompetingtheories.

分析：通过题干找出定位词PeterSheldontrilobites,然后回读原文进行定位，考生们会发觉这两组定位词在原文中分别消失2次。因此，考生们需要定位的范围变大，难度由此也加大了。这种类型的事实信息题是考生们在考场上最不情愿看到的一种，但是很不幸的是由最新的几套TPO中的例题显示这种类型的题目正在变多，所以朗阁海外考试讨论中心的专家请各位考生平常在练习时加大这种类型的考题的练习。

Step3:比较定位句与选项的内容，选出语义最接近的选项。

留意：1).考生们所看到的定位句可能是一个特别长的句子，而选项相对比较简短，所以考生们肯定要学会从长难句中截取你所需要的能回答问题的部分。简洁点说就是比如题干中问你why.;那么，此时考生们在分析原文定位句时应当重点看because这种能够解释的部分。

2).考生们在比较定位句与选项时切忌不能随便推理，只需要把握文本的字面意思即可。

例1：

Paragraph3:Towhatextentcompetitiondeterminesthecompositionofacommunityandthedensityofparticularspecieshasbeenthesourceofconsiderablecontroversy.Theproblemisthatcompetitionordinarilycannotbeobserveddirectlybutmustbeinferredfromthespreadorincreaseofonespeciesandtheconcurrentreductionordisappearanceofanotherspecies.TheRussianbiologistG.F.Gauseperformednumeroustwo-speciesexperimentsinthelaboratory,inwhichoneofthespeciesbecameextinctwhenonlyasinglekindofresourcewasavailable.Onthebasisoftheseexperimentsandoffieldobservations,theso-calledlawofcompetitiveexclusionwasformulated,accordingtowhichnotwospeciescanoccupythesameniche.Numerousseemingexceptionstothislawhavesincebeenfound,buttheycanusuallybeexplainedascasesinwhichthetwospecies,eventhoughcompetingforamajorjointresource,didnotreallyoccupyexactlythesameniche.(TPO29Competition)

Paragraph3supportstheideathatGausesexperimentswereimportantbecausethey

Oprovidedasituationinwhichcompetitioncouldberemovedfromtheinteractionbetweentwospecies

Oshowedthatpreviousideasabouttheextenttowhichcompetitiondeterminesthecompositionofacommunitywerecompletelymistaken

Ohelpedestablishthatcompetitionwillremoveallbutonespeciesfromanygivenecologicalniche

Oofferedevidencethatcompetitionbetweenspeciesisminimalwhenthereisanoverabundanceofasinglefoodsource

解题步骤：

1).读题干，找出定位词Gausesexperiments,然后把握题目问的内容是有关于G的试验的importance。

2).通过定位词回到原文进行定位，位于第三句话。但是第三句只提到了定位词之一，接下来的第四句中提到了由此形成了一个law,可以对应题干中想问的importance。

3).第3句和第4句两句定位句的大意为"当只有一种食物来源被供应时，两种物种中的一种会消亡。参照这些试验和观看就形成了竞争互斥规律----没有哪两种物种可以占据同样的生态圈'，接下来扫瞄四个选项，发觉C选项大意吻合----确定了竞争将会移除其他全部的物种在任何一个生态圈里面。

例2：

AsrailroadlinesfannedoutfromChicago,farmersbegantoacquireopenprairielandinIllinoisandthenIowa,puttingthefertile,deepblacksoilintoproduction.Commercialagriculturetransformedthisremarkabletreelessenvironment.Tosettlersaccustomedtoeasternwoodlands,thethousandsofsquaremilesoftallgrasswereanawesomesight.Indiangrass,Canadawildrye,andnativebigbluestemallgrewhigherthanaperson.Becauseeasternplowscouldnotpenetratethedenselytangledrootsofprairiegrass,theearliestsettlerserectedfarmsalongtheboundaryseparatingtheforestfromtheprairie.In1837,however,JohnDeerepatentedasharp-cuttingsteelplowthatslicedthroughthesodwithoutsoilstickingtotheblade.CyrusMcCormickrefinedamechanicalreaperthatharvestedfourteentimesmorewheatwiththesameamountoflabor.Bythe1850sMcCormickwasselling1,000reapersayearandcouldnotkeepupwithdemand,whileDeereturnedout10,000plo