2023年考研考博考博英语首都经济贸易大学考试历年高频考试题专家版答案

2023年考研考博考博英语首都经济贸易大学考试历年高频考试题专家版答案（图片大小可自由调整）答案解析附后第1卷一.综合题(共20题)1.单选题Ingeneral,oursocietyisbecomingoneofgiantenterprisesdirectedbyabureaucratic（官僚主义的）managementinwhichmanbecomesasmall,well-oiledcoginthemachinery.Theoilingisdonewithhigherwages,well-ventilatedfactoriesandpipedmusic,andbypsychologistsand"human-relations"experts;yetallthisoilingdoesnotalterthefactthatmanhasbecomepowerless,thatheisboredwithit.Infact,theblueandthewhite-collarworkershavebecomeeconomicpuppetswhodancetothetuneofautomatedmachinesandbureaucraticmanagement.Theworkerandemployeeareanxious,notonlybecausetheymightfindthemselvesoutofajob;theyareanxiousalsobecausetheyareunabletoacquireanyrealsatisfactionorinterestinlife-Theyliveanddiewithouteverhavingconfrontedthefundamentalrealitiesofhumanexistenceasemotionallyandintellectuallyindependentandproductivehumanbeings.Thosehigheruponthesocialladderarenolessanxious.Theirlivesarenolessemptythanthoseoftheirsubordinates.Theyareevenmoreinsecureinsomerespects.Theyareinahighlycompetitiverace.Tobepromotedortofallbehindisnotamatterofsalaiybutevenmoreamatterofself-respect.Whentheyapplyfortheirfirstjob,theyaretestedforintelligenceaswellasfortherightmixtureofsubniissivenessandindependence.Fromthemomentontheyarctestedagainandagainbythepsychologists,forwhomtestingisabigbusiness,andbytheirsuperiors,whojudgetheirbehavior,sociability,capacitytogetalong,etc.Thisconstantneedtoprovethatoneisasgoodasorbetterthanone'sfellow-competitorcreatesconstantanxietyandstress,theverycausesofunhappinessandillness.AmIsuggestingthatweshouldreturntothepreindustrialmodeofproductionortonineteenth-century"freeenterprise"capitalism?Certainlynot.Problemsareneversolvedbyreturningtoastagewhichonehasalreadyoutgrown.Isuggesttransformingoursocialsystemfromabureaucraticallymanagedindustrialisminwhichmaximalproductionandconsumptionareendsinthemselvesintoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandfulldevelopmentofhispotentialities―thoseofallloveandofreason―aretheaimsofsocialarrangements.Productionandconsumptionshouldserveonlyasmeanstothisend,andshouldbepreventedfromrulingman.1.By"awell-oiledcoginthemachinery"theauthorintendstodelivertheideathatmanis（）.2.Therealcauseoftheanxietyoftheworkersandemployeesisthat（）.3.Fromthepassagewecanconcludethatrealhappinessoflifebelongstothose（）.4.Tosolvethepresentsocialproblemstheauthorputsforwardasuggestionthatweshould（）.5.Theauthor'sattitudetowardsindustrialismmightbestbesummarizedasoneof（）.问题1选项A.anecessarypartofthesocietythougheachindividual'sfunctionisnegligibleB.workingincompleteharmonywiththerestofthesocietyC.anunimportantpartincomparisonwiththerestofthesocietyD.ahumblecomponentofthesociety,especiallywhenworkingsmoothly问题2选项A.theyarelikelytolosetheirjobsB.theyhavenogenuinesatisfactionorinterestinlifeC.theyarefacedwiththefundamentalrealitiesofhumanexistenceD.theyaredeprivedoftheirindividualityandindependence问题3选项A.whocouldkeepfarawayfromthiscompetitiveworldB.whoarehigherupintheirsocialstatusC.whoprovebetterthantheirfellow-competitorsD.whoareatthebottomofthesociety问题4选项A.resorttotheproductionmodeofourancestorsB.offerhigherwagestotheworkersandemployeesC.enablemantofullydevelophispotentialitiesD.takethefundamentalrealitiesforgranted问题5选项A.approvalB.dissatisfactionC.suspicionD.susceptibility2.单选题Thepresidentmadea（

）speechattheopeningceremonyofthesportsmeeting,whichencouragedthesportsmengreatly.问题1选项A.vigorousB.tediousC.flatD.harsh3.单选题Smallasitis,theantisasmuchacreatureas（

）allotheranimalsonearth.问题1选项A.areB.doC.isD.have4.单选题Colorandsexarenotrelevant（

）whetherapersonissuitableforthejob.问题1选项A.onB.forC.toD.with5.单选题Sustainabledevelopmentisappliedtojustabouteverythingfromenergytocleanwaterandeconomicgrowth,andasaresultithasbecomedifficulttoquestioneitherthebasicassumptionsbehinditorthewaytheconceptisputtouse.Thisisespeciallytrueinagriculture,wheresustainabledevelopmentisoftentakenasthesolemeasureofprogresswithoutaproperappreciationofhistoricalandculturalperspectives.Tostartwith,itisimportanttorememberthatthenatureofagricultureliaschangedmarkedlythroughouthistory,andwillcontinuetodoso.MedievalagricultureinnorthernEuropefed,clothedandshelteredapredominantlyruralsocietywithamuchlowerpopulationdensitythanitistoday.Ithadminimaleffectonbiodiversity,andanypollutionitcausedwastypicallylocalized.Intermsofenergyuseandthenutrients（营养成分）capturedintheproductitwasrelativelyinefficient.Contrastthiswithfarmingsincethestartoftheindustrialrevolution.Competitionfromoverseasledfarmerstospecializeandincreaseyields.Throughoutthisperiodfoodbecamecheaper,safeandmorereliable.However,thesechangeshavealsoledtohabitat（栖息地）Iossandtodiminishingbiodiversity.What'smore,demandforanimalproductsindevelopingcountriesisgrowingsofastthatmeetingitwillrequireanextra300milliontonsofgrainayearby2050,yetthegrowthofcitiesandindustryisreducingtheamountofwateravailableforagricultureinmanyregions.Allthismeansthatagricultureinthe21stcenturywillhavetobeverydifferentfromhowitwasinthe20th.Thiswillrequireradicalthinking.Forexample,weneedtomoveawayfromtheideathattraditionalpracticesareinevitablymoresustainablethannewones.Wealsoneedtoabandonthenotionthatagriculturecanbe‘‘zeroimpact”.Thekeywillbetoabandontherathersimpleandstaticmeasuresofsustainability,whichcentreontheneedtomaintainproductionwithoutincreasingdamage.Insteadweneedamoredynamicinterpretation,onethatlooksattheprosandcons(正反两方而)ofallthevariouswaylandisused.Therearemanydifferentwaystomeasureagriculturalperformancebesidesfoodyield:energyuse,environmentalcosts,waterpurity,carbonfootprintandbiodiversity.Itisclear,forexample,thatthecarbonoftransportingtomatoesfromSpaintotheUKislessthanthatofproducingthemintheUKwithadditionalheatingandlighting.Butwedonotknowwhetherlowercarbonfootprintswillalwaysbebetterforbiodiversity.Whatiscrucialisrecognizingthatsustainableagricultureisnotjustaboutsustainablefoodproduction.1.Howdopeopleoftenmeasureprogressinagriculture?2.Specializationandtheefforttoincreaseyieldshaveresultedin（

）.3.Whatdoestheauthorthinkoftraditionalfanningpractices?4.Whatwillagriculturebelikeinthe21stcentury?5.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthispassage?问题1选项A.ByitsproductivityB.ByitssustainabilityC.ByitsimpactontheenvironmentD.Byitscontributiontoeconomicgrowth问题2选项A.LocalizedpollutionB.theshrinkingoffarmlandC.competitionfromoverseasD.thedecreaseofbiodiversity问题3选项A.Theyhaveremainedthesameoverthecenturies.B.Theyhavenotkeptpacewithpopulationgrowth.C.Theyarenotnecessarilysustainable.D.Theyareenvironmentallyfriendly.问题4选项A.ItwillgothroughradicalchangesB.ItwillsupplymoreanimalproductsC.ItwillabandontraditionalfanningpracticesD.Itwillcausezerodamagetotheenvironment问题5选项A.Toremindpeopleoftheneedofsustainabledevelopment.B.Tosuggestwaysofensuringsustainablefoodproduction.C.Toadvancenewcriteriaformeasuringfarmingprogress.D.Tourgepeopletorethinkwhatsustainableagricultureis.6.单选题Themanagerpromisedtokeepme（）ofhowourbusinesswasgoingon.问题1选项A.tobeinformedB.oninformingC.informedD.informing7.单选题Despitehisdisappointingrecordthisyear,I（）feelheisthebestmaninourteam.问题1选项A.howeverB.thereforeC.nonethelessD.otherwise8.翻译题TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish(15%)在团队内部建立友谊团队的领导者耍懂得如何利用友谊的力量来加强团队合作。在正式的团体会议中，营造一种轻松、友好的气氛非常重要。要努力创造一种氛围使每个成员的发言都得到充分的尊重，让每个人可以畅所欲言。想做到这一点，就要使队员们尽量以朋友，而非同事的方式，来处理相互关系；鼓励每个成员在工作、会议之外进行交谈，多作接触，在轻松的气氛中自由地交换意见和看法。多安排社交活动，创造大家在工作之余聚会碰头的机会，在取得成功时举办庆祝活动等，都有利于团队成员之间建立真正的朋友关系，有利于团结团队，使之成为一个整体。9.翻译题A.TranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoChinese.RecentlybadairpollutioninBeijinghasledtoafloodofstrongcriticismfromthecountry'sstate-runmedia.Governmentofficialswereorderedtoreducevehicleuseovertheweekend,accordingtothestate-runXinhuanewsagency,whichalsocoveredthepollutionstoryextensively.Environmentalprotectionauthoritiespublisheddailyair-qualitymeasurements,butthosedidn'ttakeintoaccountthesmallerpollutionparticles,knownasPM2.5,thatpublichealthexpertssayarethemostdamagingtohumanhealth.People'sDaily,meanwhile,ranafronteditorialundertheheadline"ABeautifulChinaStartswithHealthyBreathing"onMonday."Thevast,unmovinghazehasobscuredourvision,butithasmadetheurgencyofpollutioncontrolclearertous,"theeditorialsaid,notingthechallengestoChina’senvironmentfromrapidongoingindustrializationandurbanization.Post-crisisemergencymeasures,itcontinued,"cannotreplacesystematic,scientific,efficientandpowerfulmanagementoftheproblematitssource.B.TranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoEnglish.科学就是探求真理。在探求真理的过程中，人们对客观规律的认识要经过艰苦曲折的过程。常常有这样的情形：由于研究的角度不同，掌握资料的差异，认识方法的不同，以至引起学术上的争论。因此，有作为的科学工作者都把反对的意见看作对自己的莫大帮助，把对自己的批评当作最珍贵的友谊。这都是因为，赞同的意见未必正确，反对的意见未必错误。退一步说，即使错误的反对意见，对自己的科学研究也是很有好处的。10.单选题TheReader'sDigestinvestigationaskedAmericanswhichwasthebiggestthreattothenation'sfuture--bigbusiness,biglabororbiggovernment.Awhopping67percentreplied"biggovernment".Thatisabigchangeover40yearsago.A1954OpinionResearchCorp.Pollfoundthatonly16percentofAmericansindictedbiggovernment,giventhesamethreechoices.Ina1965Gallupsurvey,thosebelievingbiggovernmenttobetheproblemhadrisento35percent;by1985,to50percent.Now(1995)twoofthreeAmericansfearbiggovernment.Opinionresearchersrarelyseesuchavastchangeinpublicattitude.Whenputinhistoricalperspective,fromthetimeofFranklinRoosevelt’sNewDealtothepresent,thefallenstatusofgovernmentasaprotectorandbenefactorisextraordinary.We'vereturnedtotheinstinctiveAmericanwarinessofWashingtonsocommonbeforetheGreatDepression.Inourpoll,takenbeforetheNovemberelections,theoverwhelmingmajorityofourrespondentswantedtostoporrollbacktheimpactofgovernment.InanswertoanotherquestionposedbyTheDigest,79percentsaidtheywantedeithernomorethanthecurrentlevelofgovernmentservicesandtaxes,orlessgovernmentandlowertaxes."Itseemstomethatweinthemiddleclassbearmostoftheburden,"saysJoNellNorman,61,anurseinDyersburg,Tenn.,whooftenwondersaboutthegovernment'sjudgmentinspendinghermoney.OfAmericansinoursample,62percentbelievethatpoliticians’ethicsandhonestyhavefallen.AndwhataboutCongress?Isitdoingagoodjob?Ordomembers"spendmoretimethinkingabouttheirpoliticalfuturesthanpassinggoodlegislation?'Acrossgenerations,athumping89percentthoughtthelatter."Congressalwaysseemstobescrewingup,"saysoneyoungXer.However,Americansaresatisfiedwiththeirownlivesandjobs.Fouroffiverespondentswere"completely"or"somewhat"satisfied.Thefiguresheldupacrossallages-includingXers,whommanypunditshaveclaimedarepessimisticabouttheirfuture.KeithUnderbill,22,ofFridley,Minn.,findshisjobasatelephoneoperatorforacataloguecompany"notchallenging,notdifficult"butstill"satisfyingbecauseoftheincome."Heseesitasaspringboardtobiggerthings."Ihopetostartmyownbusinesssomeday,somethinginfinance."Lookingdeeperatjobs,wefound70percentofAmericansbelievetheyareaboutwheretheyshouldbe,giventheirtalentsandeffort.Thisisanissuewhereagealwaysmakesadifference,sinceolderpeople,whoaremoreestablishedintheirjobs,tendtobemoresatisfied,whileyoungerworkersarestilltryingtofindtherightniche.Sureenough,Xersscored65percent,aboutfivepointsbelowaverage.1.Thesurveyhasrevealedthatinthe40yearsthepublicfaithintheAmericangovernmenthasdroppedby（

）.2.TheU.S.governmentstatusinthepublicmindbeforetheGreatDepression（

）.

3.Itisclearthatthepeople'sgreatdislikeforthegovernmentisrelatedwith（

）.

4."Politicalfuture"inParagraph5maymean

（

）.

5.Olderpeopleareunlikelytochangetheirjobssooftensince（

）.问题1选项A.67percentB.51percentC.35percentD.16percent问题2选项A.wasregardedasquitenormalB.usedtobeverylowC.remainedadifficultproblemforthefederalgovernmentD.remindedpeopleoftheprincipleslaiddownbyWashington问题3选项A.theinefficientstyleofworkB.oftenwrongjudgmentsC.therisingrateoftaxesD.theCongress问题4选项A.thefutureofthewholenationB.people'swell-beinginthefutureC.apositionofhigherrankD.awarenessofconsistencyinpolicies问题5选项A.theyneedtosupporttheirfamiliesB.nocompanieswilltakeintheagedC.ittakestimetolearnanewtradeorprofessionD.theireffortsandtalentsarefalling11.单选题Therewasonlyasmall（）inthecity'spopulationoverthelasttenyears.问题1选项A.intimacyB.immortalityC.incrementD.incidence12.单选题Wehadnowaytomeasuretheexactdistancewehadtraveled,butwethoughtitwas（）fivemiles.问题1选项A.preciselyB.appropriatelyC.apparentlyD.approximately13.单选题Theshipisequippedwithspecialrefrigeratingdevicesto（）foodforthewholevoyage.问题1选项A.conserveB.reserveC.preserveD.maintain14.单选题Theinnocentchildobjectedto（

）likethis.问题1选项A.treatingB.betreatedC.havebeentreatedD.beingtreated15.单选题Thebeamthatis（

）byalaserdiffersinseveralwaysfromthelightthatcomesoutofaflashlight.问题1选项A.transportedB.emittedC.motivatedD.translated16.单选题Thiswasthe（）whenanti-globalizationprotesterstooktothestreetsduringtheWorldEconomicForumatDavosinJanuary.问题1选项A.sceneB.sightC.viewD.vision17.单选题Thehealth-careeconomyisfilledwithunusualandevenuniqueeconomicrelationships.Oneoftheleastunderstoodinvolvesthepeculiarrolesofproduceror"provider"andpurchaseror"consumer”inthetypicaldoctor-patientrelationship.Inmostsectorsoftheeconomy,itisthesellerwhoattemptstoattractapotentialbuyerwithvariousinducementsofprice,quality,andutility,anditisthebuyerwhomakesthedecision.Suchcondition,howeverdoesnotprevailinmostofthehealth-careindustry.Inthehealth-careindustry,thedoctor-patientrelationshipisthemirrorimageoftheordinaryrelationshipbetweenproducerandconsumer.Onceanindividualhaschosentoseeaphysician—andeventhentheremaybenorealchoice—itisthephysicianwhousuallymakesallsignificantpurchasingdecisions:whetherthepatientshouldreturn"nextWednesday",whetherX-raysareneeded,whetherdrugsshouldbeprescribed,etc.Itisarareandsophisticatedpatientwhowillchallengesuchprofessionaldecisionsorraiseinadvancequestionsaboutprice,especiallywhenthediseaseisregardedasserious.Thisisparticularlysignificantinrelationtohospitalcare.Thephysicianmustcertifytheneedforhospitalization,determinewhatprocedureswillbeperformed,andannouncewhenthepatientmaybedischarged.Thepatientmaybeconsultedaboutsomeofthesedecisions,butinthemainitisthedoctor'sjudgmentsthatarefinal.Littlewonderthenthatintheeyeofthehospitalitisthephysicianwhoisthereal"consumer."Asaconsequence,themedicalstaffrepresentsthe"powercenter"inhospitalpolicyanddecision-making,nottheadministration.Althoughusuallythereareinthissituationfouridentifiableparticipants-thephysician,thehospital,thepatient,andthepayer(generallyaninsurancecarrierorgovernment)—thephysicianmakestheessentialdecisionsforallofthem.Thehospitalbecomesanextensionofthephysician;thepayergenerallymeetsmostofthebillsgeneratedbythephysician/hospital,andforthemostpartthepatientplaysapassiverole.Weestimatethatabout75-80percentofhealth-careexpendituresaredeterminedbyphysicians,notpatients.Forthisreason,economydirectedatpatientsorthegeneralarerelativelyineffective.1.Theauthor'sprimarypurposeisto（

）.

2.Itcaninferredthatdoctorsareabletodeterminehospitalpoliciesbecause（

）.

3.Accordingtotheauthor,whenadoctortellsapatientto"returnnextWednesday",thedoctorisineffect

（

）.

4.Theauthorismostprobablyleadingupto

（

）.

5.Withwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthorbelikelytoagree?问题1选项A.criticizedoctorsforexercisingtoomuchcontroloverpatientsB.analyzesomeimportanteconomicfactorsinhealth-careC.urgehospitalstoreclaimtheirdecision-makingauthorityD.informpotentialpatientsoftheirhealth-carerights问题2选项A.itisdoctorswhogenerateincomeforthehospitalB.mostofpatient'sbillsarepaidbyhishealthinsuranceC.adoctorisultimatelyresponsibleforapatient'shealthD.somepatientsmightrefusetoaccepttheirphysician'sadvice问题3选项A.instructingthepatienttobuymoremedicalservicesB.warningthepatientthatahospitalstaymightbenecessaryC.advisingthepatienttoseekasecondopinionD.admittingthattheinitialvisitwasineffective问题4选项A.aproposalofcontrolmedicalcostsB.adiscussionofanewmedicaltreatmentC.ananalysisofthecauseofinflationintheUnitedStatesD.astudyoflawsuitsagainstdoctorsformalpractice问题5选项A.Fewpatientsarereluctanttoobjecttothecourseofthetreatmentprescribedbyadoctorortoquestionthecostoftheservices.B.Themoreserioustheillnessofapatient,thelesslikelyitisthatthepatientwillobjecttothecourseoftreatmentprescribedortoquestionthecostofservices.C.Thepayer,whetherinsurancecarrierorthegovernment,islesslikelytoacquiescetodemandsforpaymentwhentheillnessofthepatientisregardedasserious.D.BothAandB.18.单选题Everyoneinterviewedhadbeen（

）tounfairtreatment.问题1选项A.subjectedB.adjustedC.devotedD.entitled19.单选题Thistransformationismarkedbyseveraldevelopments.Almostallthemajorarmedconflictsintheworldtodayareinternal,thereareunfoldingwithin（1）boundariesandtypicallyarebeingfoughtbymultiplesemi-autonomousarmedgroups.Theseconflictsare（2）byaparticularbrandoflawlessness,crueltyandchaos.Inparticular,theyaredefinedbythesystematicandwidespreadtargetingofcivilian（3）.（4）thesesituations,warringpartiesroutinelyignoreinternationalhumanitarianlaw,whichhastraditionallymoderated,ifnotgoverned,theconductofinter-state（5）.Theseconflictstendtobeprotracted,lasting（6）ifnotdecades,ofteninrecurring（7）,thusexposingsuccessivegenera（8）soldiers.Anotherfeatureoftheseconflictsistheproliferationoflight-weight（9）thatareeasilyassembledandbornebychildren.Moreoverthe（10）useofanti-personnellandmineshasexacerbatedthevulnerabilityofchildreninthesesituations.问题1选项A.nationalB.internationalC.externalD.internal问题2选项A.namedB.characterizedC.labeledD.called问题3选项A.peoplesB.personC.menD.populations问题4选项A.UnderB.OnC.InD.With问题5选项A.warsB.battlesC.fightsD.disputes问题6选项A.monthsB.yearsC.hoursD.days问题7选项A.recyclesB.circlesC.cyclesD.loops问题8选项A.infantB.babyC.childrenD.child问题9选项A.gunsB.weaponsC.pistolsD.rifles问题10选项A.indiscriminateB.discriminateC.discriminatingD.discriminated20.翻译题TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish.人们都有追求幸福的权利，但对幸福的理解却因人而异。绝大多数人认为幸福来自于健康的身体、愿望的实现和事业有成。正如经常发生的那样，许多人在遇到痛苦时才意识到幸福的真正含义。第1卷参考答案一.综合题1.【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:A第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.判断推理题。根据第一段“...yetallthisoilingdoesnotalterthefactthatmanhasbecomepowerless...”,由此推断,作者将人比喻成机械中运转良好的齿轮,实则是想表明人们相对于社会中其他部分来说已经变得不那么重要了。选项C符合原文。2.细节事实题。根据第二段的内容可知,工人和雇员们焦虑不仅是因为他们可能面临着失业,他们焦虑也因为他们不能获得任何有趣的生活和真正的满足,但是真正的原因还是第二段的最后一句“Theyliveanddiewithouteverhavingconfrontedthefundamentalrealitiesofhumanexistenceasemotionallyandintellectuallyindependentandproductivehumanbeings.”,选项D他们被剥夺了个性和独立性,符合原文,所以选D。3.判断推理题。根据原文以及题干可知,作者认为这些人之所以焦虑是因为处于一个竞争激烈的社会之中,只有远离了竞争激烈的社会,才会有真正幸福的生活。所以选项A正确。4.细节事实题。根据最后一段第三句“Isuggesttransformingoursocialsystemform,...,intoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandfulldevelopmentofhispotentialities-thoseofallloveandofreason-aretheaimsofsocialarrangements.我建议改变我们的社会制度形式，……在这种社会安排中，人及其全部的爱和理性的潜能的充分发展是社会安排的目的。”由此可知，作者提出了充分发挥人的潜能的建议来解决当前的社会问题，选项C符合原文。5.观点态度题。根据文章内容可知,作者认为现在的工业主义使人丧失了其在社会中应发挥的重要作用,最后一段提到了作者建议将工业主义转变为一种以人为本的工业主义,所以作者对待工业主义的态度是不满的。选项B正确。2.【答案】A【解析】句意:校长在运动会的开幕式上做了慷慨激昂的演讲，这极大地鼓舞了运动员们。考查形容词辨析。vigorous充满活力的，精力充沛的;tedious冗长的，啰唆的，单调乏味的；flat平淡的，单调的，平坦的；harsh严酷的，严厉的，恶劣的。根据后半句句意可知A正确。3.【答案】A【解析】考查语法中的主谓一致。Smallasitis是一个倒装句，是由as引导的让步状语从句，正常语序应为asitissmall，而theantisas...as...第二个as后是一个倒装句，主语为allotheranimals，因此谓语动词应为are。故本题正确答案为A。句意：蚂蚁虽小，但它是和地球上其它动物一样的生物。4.【答案】C【解析】考查固定搭配的介词。berelevantto表示“与……相关的”，句意：人种和性别与一个人是否适合工作无关。因此，本题正确答案为C项。5.【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:C第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。根据题干关键词measureprogressinagriculture定位至第一段:Thisisespeciallytrueinagriculture,wheresustainabledevelopmentisoftentakenasthesolemeasureofprogresswithoutaproperappreciationofhistoricalandculturalperspectives(这一点在农业领域表现得尤为突出，在该领域中，人们常常在未从历史、文化的角度予以适当考虑的情况下，认为可持续发展史衡量农业进步的唯一方法),因此B项“可持续性”正确。2.细节事实题。根据题干关键词Specialization和increaseyields定位至第三段:Competitionfromoverseasledfarmerstospecializeandincreaseyields(来自海外的竞争压力使得农民们不得不进行专门的研究来增加作物的产量),该段还指出:However,thesechangeshavealsoledtohabitatlossandtodiminishingbiodiversity(但是，这些变化也导致栖息地的损失和生物多样性的不断减少),故选D“生物多样性的减少”。3.细节事实题。根据题干关键词traditionalfanningpractices定位至第五段:Forexample,weneedtomoveawayfromtheideathattraditionalpracticesareinevitablymoresustainablethannewones(比如，我们若要摒弃这样的想法:传统的做法必然会比新的做法更能够促进可持续发展)。因此C项“这些做法不一定是可持续性的”正确。4.细节事实题。根据题干关键词inthe21stcentury定位至第五段:Allthismeansthatagricultureinthe21stcenturywillhavetobeverydifferentfromhowitwasinthe20th(所有这一切意味着，21世纪的农业生产将会与20世纪的农业生产截然不同)。故选A“将会经历巨变”。5.主旨大意题。最后一段点明主题:Whatiscrucialisrecognizingthatsustainableagricultureisnotjustaboutsustainablefoodproduction(关键是我们需要认识到，可持续性农业并不只是粮食生产的可持续性)。因此D项“催促人们重新思考什么是可持续性农业”正确。6.【答案】C【解析】考查固定搭配。keeprmedofsth.意为“让某人了解某事”。句意：经理答应会让我知道我们的生意进展如何。选项C正确。7.【答案】C【解析】Normal07.8磅02falsefalsefalseEN-USZH-CNX-NONE考查副词词义辨析。A选项however表示“然而，可是”，表转折，后面必须用逗号隔开；B选项therefore表示“所以，因此”；C选项nonetheless表示“尽管如此，但是”；D选项otherwise表示“否则”。由Despite“尽管”可知，空缺处应表转折关系，因此只有C符合句意。A项however虽然也表示转折，但后面必须用逗号隔开；【句意】虽然他今年的成绩差强人意，但我仍然觉得他是我们队最好的球员。8.【答案】BuildFriendshipinaTeamTeamleadershouldknowhowtoenhanceteamworkbyusingthepoweroffriendship.Inaformalgroupmeeting,effortsshouldbemadetobuildapleasantandfriendlyatmosphereinwhicheachmember’sspeechisfullyrespectedandeveryonecanspeakfreely.Inordertodothis,theteammembershouldberegardedasfriendsnotcolleagues,andmoreover,eachofthemshouldbeencouragedtocommunicateandcontactafterworkandmeetingandexchangeviewsinacomfortableatmosphere.Organizingsocialevents,creatingopportunitiesforpeopletomeetoutsideofoffice,andholdingcelebrationstocelebratesuccesshelptobuildtruefriendshipandunitetheteamasawhole.

9.【答案】SectionA最近，北京严重的空气污染引发了中国官方媒体的强烈批评。据广泛报道污染事件的新华社报道，政府官员被要求在周末期间减少车辆使用。环境保护部门公布了每天的空气质量监测数据，但这些数据没有将PM2.5等较小的污染颗粒计算在内。公共卫生专家说，PM2.5对人体健康的危害最大。与此同时，《人民日报》周一在头版发表了一篇题为《美丽中国从健康呼吸开始》的社论。注意到中国快速发展的工业化和城市化给中国环境带来的挑战，社论指出：巨大的、静止的雾霾遮蔽了我们的视野，但它让我们更加清楚地认识到控制污染的紧迫性。它还指出，危机后的紧急措施“不能从根本上取代对问题进行系统、科学、有效和强有力的管理”。SectionBSciencemeanstheexplorationoftruth.Intheprocessofexploringtruth,people'sunderstandingofobjectivelawhastogothroughaarduousandtortuousprocess.Itisoftenthecasethatacademicdisputesarisebecauseofdifferentresearchperspectives,differentmasteryofmaterialsanddifferentmethodsofcognition.Therefore,accomplishedscientistsregardopposingopinionsasagreathelptothemselves,andtheircriticismasthemostvaluablefriendship.Thisisbecause,theopinionthatagreesmaynotberight,theopinionthatdisagreesmaynotbewrong.Tosaytheleast,evenafalseobjectionisgoodforone'sownscientificresearch.10.【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:D第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。题目问的是“调查表明在40年民众对美国政府的信心下降了多少？”根据文章第二段可知现在是1995年，说明40年前是1954年。文章第一段提到有67%的人认为大政府对国家未来的威胁最大。而1954年只有16%人认为大政府有威胁（A1954OpinionResearchCorp.Pollfoundthatonly16percentofAmericansindictedbiggovernment,giventhesamethreechoices），由此可知国民对政府的信心下降了51%。选项B符合题意。2.细节事实题。题目问的是“在大萧条时期前美国政府在民众的心中是怎样的？”文章第二段最后一句提到“我们又回到了大萧条时期美国人对华盛顿本能的谨慎”（We'vereturnedtotheinstinctiveAmericanwarinessofWashingtonsocommonbeforetheGreatDepression），说明在大萧条时期政府在民众心中的地位就低，选项B符合题意。3.推理判断题。文章第六段提到89%的人认为国会会把事情搞砸（Acrossgenerations,athumping89percentthoughtthelatter."Congressalwaysseemstobescrewingup,"saysoneyoungXer），选项D符合题意。4.词义题。文章第五段第一句提到在样本中，62%的美国人认为政客的道德和诚实度已经下降（OfAmericansinoursample,62percentbelievethatpoliticians’ethicsandhonestyhavefallen），以及比起通过好的法规，议员们花更多的时间在他们的政治前途上吗？（Ordomembers"spendmoretimethinkingabouttheirpoliticalfuturesthanpassinggoodlegislation?）可知这里的政治前途指的是权利地位，选项C符合题意。5.推理判断题。文章最后一段提到由于年龄较大的人在工作中更稳定，他们往往更满意（sinceolderpeople,whoaremoreestablishedintheirjobs,tendtobemoresatisfied），选项C符合题意。11.【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项intimacy表示“性关系，亲密；亲昵行为”；B选项immortality表示“不朽，不灭”；C选项increment表示“增量，增加，盈余”；D选项incidence表示“发生率，影响，后果”。由句意“在过去十年里，这个城市的人口只有少量”可知，只有C项最符合句意。因此，本题正确答案为C项。12.【答案】D【解析】考查副词词义辨析。A选项precisely表示“精确地，恰恰”；B选项appropriately表示“恰当地，合适地”；C选项apparently表示“显然地，表面上”；D选项approximately表示“大约，近似地”。根据句中关键信息Wehadnowaytomeasuretheexactdistance可知，我们没有办法测量准确距离。所以后文中的距离只能是大约值，因此本题正确答案为D项。【句意】我们没有办法测量走过的准确距离，但我们认为大约是5英里。13.【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项conserve表示“保存，储藏”；B选项reserve表示“预定，储备”；C选项preserve表示“保存，保护，维持”；D选项maintain表示“维持，保持”。根据句意“船上装载了特殊的冰箱设备来（

）食物以保证整个航行的需要”可知，conserve更符合句意，因此本题正确答案为A。14.【答案】D【解析】考察固定搭配。objectto后面要接doing，因此to在这里是介词。根据前后文可知这些无辜的孩子是“被对待”，所以要用被动语态，因此选项D符合题意。句意：那些无辜的孩子反对被这样对待。15.【答案】B【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A项transport表示“运输”；B项emit表示“发出，发射”；C项motivate表示“刺激；使有动机”；D项translate表示“翻译，转化”。根据句意“激光发出的光与手电筒

的光在一些方面存在差异。”可知，B项“发出”最符合句意，故本题正确答案为B项。16.【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项scene表示“场面，场景，事件”；B选项sight表示“视力，景象，眼界”；C选项view表示“观察，视野，意见”；D选项vision表示“视力，美景，幻想”。空缺处名词作when