内容文稿教案ancient greek democracy history

AncientGreekIntheyear507B.C.,theAthenianleaderCleisthenesintroducedasystemofpoliticalreformsthathecalleddemokratia,or“rulebythepeople.”Thissystemwascomprisedofthreeseparateinstitutions:theekklesia,asovereign erningbodythatwrotelawsanddictatedforeign;theboule,acouncilofrepresentativesfromthetenAtheniantribes;andthedikasteria,thepopularcourtsinwhichcitizensarguedcasesbeforeagroupoflottery-selectedjurors.AlthoughthisAtheniandemocracywouldsurviveforonlytwocenturies,Cleisthenes’inventionwasoneofancientGreece’smostenduringcontributionstothemodernworld.Cleisthenes['klaisθəni:z]克莱塞尼兹(活动于约公元前515～前495，雅典)[亦Clisthenes]demokratia=demos代表人民 kratia代表或theekklesia响应侍奉上帝的人;古希腊城邦(尤指雅典)thethedikasteria陪审是雅典政治的主要机构和最高司法机关（梭伦时期及以后），成立于公元前六世纪初。是雅典政治化的产物，其职权也随政治的深入发展而扩大；还是雅典城邦制的必要组成部分，在政体中的地位十分重要。陪审的制度设计和拥有的权力合乎雅典人的观念。Demokratiaandthe“Inademocracy,”theGreekhistorianHerodotuswrote,“thereis,first,thatmostsplendidofvirtues,equalitybeforethelaw.”ItwastruethatCleisthenes’demokratiaabolishedthepoliticaldistinctionsbetweentheAthenianaristocratswhohadlongmonopolizedthepoliticaldecision-makingprocessandthemiddle-andworking-classpeoplewhomadeupthearmyandthenavy(andwhoseincipientdiscontentwasthereasonCleisthenesintroducedhisreformsinthefirstce).However,the“equality”HerodotusdescribedwaslimitedtoasmallsegmentoftheAthenianpopulation.Forexample,inAthensinthemiddleofthe4thcenturytherewereabout100,000citizens(AtheniancitizenshipwaslimitedtomenandwomenwhoseparentshadalsobeenAtheniancitizens),about10,000metoikoi,or“residentforeigners”and150,000slaves.Outofallthosepeople,onlymalecitizenswhowereolderthan18wereapartofthedemos,meaningonlyabout40,000peoplecouldparticipateinthedemocraticprocess.DidYouOstracism,inwhichacitizencouldbeexpelledfromAthensfor10years,wasamongthepowersoftheekklesia.TheAtheniandemocracywasmadeupofthreeimportantinstitutions.Thefirstwastheekklesia,orAssembly,thesovereign erningbodyofAthens.Anymemberofthedemos–anyoneofthose40,000adultmalecitizens–was etoattendthemeetingsoftheekklesia,whichwereheld40timesperyearinahillsideauditoriumwestoftheAcropoliscalledthePnyx.(Onlyabout5,000menattendedeachsessionoftheAssembly;therestwereservinginthearmyornavyorworkingtosupporttheirfamilies.)Atthemeetings,theekklesiamadedecisionsaboutwarandforeign,wroteandrevisedlawsandapprovedorcondemnedtheconductofpublicofficials.(Ostracism,inwhichacitizencouldbeexpelledfromtheAtheniancity-statefor10years,wasamongthepowersoftheekklesia.)Thegroupmadedecisionsbysimplemajorityvote.Ostracism：['ɒstrәsizm],放逐,排斥，theactofexcludingsomeonefromsocietybygeneralconsentekklesia,orAssembly:TheThesecondimportantinstitutionwastheboule,orCouncilofFiveHundred.Theboulewasagroupof500men,50fromeachoftenAtheniantribes,whoservedontheCouncilforoneyear.Unliketheekklesia,theboulemeteverydayanddidmostofthehands-onworkof ernance.Itsupervised ernmentworkersandwasinchargeofthingslikenavyships(triremes)andarmyhorses.Itdealtwithambassadorsandrepresentativesfromothercity-states.Itsmainfunctionwastodecidewhatmatterswouldcomebeforetheekklesia.Inthisway,the500membersofthebouledictatedhowtheentiredemocracywouldwork.Positionsontheboulewerechosenbylotandnotbyelection.Thiswasbecause,intheory,arandomlotterywasmoredemocraticthananelection:purechance,afterall,couldnotbeinfluencedbythingslikemoneyorpopularity.Thelotterysystemalsopreventedtheestablishmentofapermanentclassofcivilservantswhomightbetemptedtousetheernmenttoadvanceorenrichthemselves.However,historiansarguethatselectiontotheboulewasnotalwaysjustamatterofchance.Theynotethatwealthyandinfluentialpeople–andtheirrelatives–servedontheCouncilmuchmorefrequentlythanwouldbelikelyinatrulyrandomlottery.实公民大会的决策,是一个总司一切事务的行政组织,为西元前6世纪晚期克利斯提尼时创立的机构,此机构一直延续到西元前3世纪.民组成,每个部落皆平均的派出五十个议员,由于每一个特里提斯（意译作三分部,trittys）及德和其他行政一样,五百人会议的议员是一年,而且不得,每个公民一生也最多只可以担当议员两次.和四百人会议一样,议员资格是五百medimnoipentakosiomedimnoi、骑士hippies、有轭牲zeugitai的成员才可参选,雇工thetes是被排除出外的.theBoule:TheThethirdimportantinstitutionwasthepopularcourts,ordikasteria.Everyday,morethan500jurorswerechosenbylotfromapoolofmalecitizensolderthan30.Ofallthedemocraticinstitutions,Aristotlearguedthatthedikasteria“contributedmosttothestrengthofdemocracy”becausethejuryhadalmostunlimitedpower.TherewerenoinAthens,soitwasthedemostheselveswhobroughtcourtcases,arguedfortheprosecutionandthedefense,anddeliveredverdictsandsentencesbymajorityrule.(Therewerealsonorulesaboutwhatkindsofcasescouldbeprosecutedorwhatcouldandcouldnotbesaidattrial,andsoAtheniancitizensfrequentlyusedthedikasteriatopunishorembarrasstheirenemies.)Jurorswerepaidawagefortheirwork,sothatthejobcouldbeaccessibletoeveryoneandnotjustthewealthy(but,sincethewagewaslessthanwhattheaverageworkerearnedinaday,thetypicaljurorwasanelderlyretiree).SinceAtheniansdidnotpaytaxes,themoneyforthesepaymentscamefromcustomsduties,contributionsfromalliesandtaxesleviedonthemetoikoi.Theoneexceptiontothisrulewastheleitourgia,orliturgy,whichwasakindoftaxthatwealthypeoplevolunteeredtopaytosponsormajorcivicundertakingssuchasthemaintenanceofanavyship(thisliturgywascalledthetrierarchia)ortheproductionofayorchoralperformanceatthecity’sannualsecution：，，embarrass：（使）窘迫，（使）局促不安;（使） 资料参考：陪审(dikasteria)是古典时代雅典城邦重要的司法机构。政治盛期的革——毋庸置疑，这是所有关于雅典政体研究的原点——创设了陪审，但国courts)对两者的共同指代则有助于我们更好地理解政体的系统，更加清晰地梳理上诉和陪审与政治的关系公民是对古典时代雅典政体中司法