阅读解析及译文passage互花米草俗称网茅是一种冬季枯萎多年生开花植物原产自沿岸

Spartinaalterniflora,knownascordgrass,isadeciduous,perennialfloweringntnativetotheAtlanticcoastandtheGulfCoastoftheUnitedStates.Itisthedominantnativespeciesofthelowersaltmarshesalongthesecoasts,whereitgrowsintheintertidalzone(theareacoveredbywatersomepartsofthedayandexposedothers).（有时淹没在水中，有时在空气中的区域Thesenaturalsaltmarshesareamongthemostproductivehabitatsinthemarineenvironment.Nutrient-richwaterisbroughttothewetlandsduringeachhightide,makingahighrateoffoodproductionpossible.Astheseaweedandmarshgrassleavesdie,bacteriabreakdownthentmaterial,andinsects,smallshrimplikeorganisms,fiddlercrabs,andmarshsnailseatthedecayingnttissue,digestit,andexcretewasteshighinnutrients.Numerousinsectsoccupythemarsh,feedingonlivingordeadcordgrasstissue,andredwingblackbirds,sparrows,rodents,rabbits,anddeerfeeddirectlyonthecordgrass.Eachtidalcyclecarriesntmaterialintotheoffshorewatertobeusedbythesubtidal富的海水，使得食物有可能获得高产。随着海草和沼泽禾草叶子的，细菌将植物体分解，昆虫、小型虾状浮游生物、招潮蟹和沼泽蜗牛了腐烂的植物组 undergroundstems;coloniesformwhenpiecesoftherootsystemorwholentsfloatintoanareaandtakerootorwhenseedsfloatintoasuitableareaandgerminate.Spartinaestablishesitselfonsubstratesrangingfromsandandsilttogravelandcobbleandistolerantofsalinitiesrangingfromthatofnearfreshwater(0.05percent)tothatofsaltwater(3.5percent).Becausetheylackoxygen,marshsedimentsarehighinsulfidesthataretoxictomostnts.Spartinahastheabilitytotakeupsulfidesandconvertthemtosulfate,aformofsulfurthatthentcanuse;thisabilitymakesiteasierforthegrasstocolonizemarshenvironments.AnotheradaptiveadvantageisSpartina’sabilitytousecarbondioxidemoreefficientlythanmostothernts.（3.5%ThesecharacteristicsmakeSpartinaavaluablecomponentoftheestuarieswhereitoccursnaturally.Thentfunctionsasastabilizerandasedimenttrapandasanurseryareaforestuarinefishandsfish.Onceestablished,astandofSpartinabeginstotrapsediment,changingthesubstrateelevation,andeventuallythestandevolvesintoahighmarshsystemwhereSpartinaisgraduallydiscedbyhigher-elevation,brackish-waterspecies.Aselevationincreases,narrow,deepchannelsofwaterformthroughoutthemarsh.AlongtheeastcoastSpartinaisconsideredvaluableforitsabilitytopreventerosionandmarshlanddeterioration;itisalsousedforcoastalrestorationprojectsandthecreationofnewwetlandsites. SpartinawastransportedtoWashingtonStateinpackingmaterialsforoysterstransntedfromtheeastcoastin1894.Leavingitsinsectpredatorsbehind,thecordgrasshasbeenspreadingslowlyandsteadilyalongWashington’stidalestuariesonthewestcoast,crowdingoutthenativentsanddrasticallyalteringthelandscapebytrapsediment.Spartinamodifiestidalmudflats,turningthemintohighmarshesinhospitabletothemanyfishandwaterfowlthatdependonthemudflats.ItisalreadyhamperingtheoysterharvestandtheDungenesscrabfishery,anditinterfereswiththerecreationaluseofbeachesandwaterfronts.SpartinahasbeentransntedtoEnglandandtoNewZealandforlandreclamationandshorelinestabilization.InNewZealandthenthasspreadrapidly,changingmudflatswithmarshyfringestoextensivesaltmeadowsandreducingthenumberandkindsofbirdsandanimalsthatusethemarsh.1894年，为了将牡蛎从东海岸转移到州，米草属植物被打包运往EffortstocontrolSpartinaoutsideitsnaturalenvironmenthaveincludedburning,flooding,shadingntswithblackcanvasorstic,smotheringthentswithdredgedmaterialsorclay,applyingherbicide,andmowingrepeatedly.LittlesuccesshasbeenreportedinNewZealandandEngland;WashingtonState’smanagementprogramhastriedmanyofthesemethodsandispresentlyusingtheherbicideglyphosphatetocontrolitsspread.Workhasbeguntodeterminethefeasibilityofusinginsectsasbiologicalcontrols,buteffectivebiologicalcontrolsareconsideredyearsaway.Evenwithamassiveeffort,itisdoubtfulthatcompleteerad