初中语法总结

初中英语语法一．名词I.名词的种类：专有名词普通名词国名.地名.人名，团体.机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词II.名词的数：1.规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps,girl-girls,day-days2以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes,watch-watches,dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esthief-thieves,knife-knives,wife-wives加-sbelief-beliefs,,roof-roofs,4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-esparty-parties,family-families,story-stories,5以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-stoy-toys,boy-boys,day-days,6以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-eshero-heroes,potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-spiano-pianos,photo-photos,7以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio-radios,zoo-zoos2.不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,2单复数相同sheep,deer,series,means,works,fish,3只有复数形式trousers,clothes,glasses,4一些集体名词总是用作复数people,police,cattle5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）class,family,group,government,population,team,public,party6表示“某国人”加-sAmericans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans单复数同形Chinese,Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen,FrenchwomenIII.名词的所有格：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1.’s所有格的用法：１表示时间today’snewspaper,fiveweeks’holiday2表示自然现象theearth’satmosphere,thetree’sbranches3表示国家城市等地方的名词theworld’spopulation,China’sindustry4表示工作群体theship’screw,majority’sview,theteam’svictory3.of所有格的用法：用于无生命的东西：thelegsofthechair,thecoverofthebook有时也用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：theclassroomsofthefirst-yearstudents

二．冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a,an），定冠词（the）。I.不定冠词的用法：1第一次提及某人某物，非特指Aboyiswaitingforyou.3表示“每一”相当于every，oneWestudyeighthoursaday.4用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事AMr.Smithcametovisityouwhenyouwereout5用于固定词组中abit,onceuponatime,inahurry,haveawalk,6用于quite,rather,many,half,what,such之后Thisroomisratherabigone.7用于so(as,too,how)+形容词之后Sheisascleveragirlasyoucanwishtomeet.II.定冠词的用法：1表示某一类人或物Thehorseisausefulanimal.2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前theuniverse,themoon。3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Wouldyoumindopeningthedoor?4用于乐器前面playtheviolin,playtheguitar5表示“一家人”或“夫妇”theGreens,theWangs7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前Heisthetallerofthetwochildren.8用于国家党派名词前theUnitedStates,,theFrench9在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代inthe1990’s10用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前Hepattedmeontheshoulder.三．代词：I.代词可以分为以下七大类：1人称代词主格I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they宾格me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them2物主代词形容词性my,your,his,her,its,our,their名词性mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs3反身代词myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves4指示代词this,that,these,those,such,some5疑问代词who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whichever,whatever6关系代词that,which,who,whom,whose,as7不定代词one/some/any,each/every,none/no,many/much,few/little/afew/alittle,other/another,all/both,neither/either四．形容词和副词I.形容词：1.形容词的位置：1)形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置：1修饰some,any,every,no和body,thing,one等构成的复合不定代词时nobodyabsent,everythingpossible2以-able,-ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后thebestbookavailable,theonlysolutionpossible3alive,alike,awake,aware,asleep等可以后置theonlypersonawakewhom人宾语Mr.SmithisthepersonwithwhomIamworkingwhose人，物定语Theboywhosefatherworksabroadismydeskmate.that人，物主语，宾语Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.Sheisthepopstar(that)Iwanttoseeverymuch.which物主语，宾语Thebook(which)Igaveyouwasworth$10.Thepicturewhichwasabouttheaccidentwasterrible.as人，物主语，宾语Heissuchapersonasisrespectedbyallofus.ThisisthesamepenasIlostyesterday.as做宾语一般不省略关系副词when时间时间状语Iwillneverforgetthedaywhenwemetthere.可用onwhichwhere地点地点状语ThisisthehousewhereIwasborn.可用inwhichwhy原因原因状语Ican’timaginethereasonwhyheturneddownmyoffer.可用forwhich十．名词性从句有主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句，这里仅探讨宾语从句和同位语从句。种类作用例句宾语从句在复合句中做宾语，相当于名词Heaskedmewhichteamcouldwinthegame.同位语从句放在名词之后(news,problem,idea,suggestion,advice,thought,hope,fact等)表明其具体内容Youhavenoideahowworriedweare.Thefactthatheliedagaingreatlysurprisedus.十一。状语从句种类连接词注意点时间状语when,whenever,while,as,before,after,until,till,bythetime,assoonas,hardly…when,nosooner…than,themoment,theminute,immediately,directly,instantly主句表示将来意义时，从句须用一般现在时；while引导的从句中动词一般是延续性的；until用在肯定句中主句动词是延续性的，而否定句中主句动词为短暂性的。地点状语where,wherever原因状语because,as,since,nowthatbecause语气最强，since较弱，表示大家都明了的原因，as又次之。条件状语if,unless,once,incase,aslongas,onconditionthat从句中动词时态不可用将来时，常用一般时代替目的状语sothat,inorderthat,forfearthatsothat和inorderthat后常接may,should,could,would等情态动词结果状语so…that,such…that让步状语though,although,evenif,eventhough,as,nomatterwhat,whatever,nomatterwho,whoever,nomatterwhich,whichever,nomatterhow,however,nomatterwhen,wheneveras在让步状语从句中常用倒装形式；although和though用正常语序，可和yet连用，但不可和but连用十二。倒装句种类倒装条件例句完全倒装here,there,up,down,in,out,off,away等副词开头的句子表示强调Outrushedthechildren.表示地点的介词短语作状语位于句首Underthetreestoodtwotablesandfourchairs.部分倒装never,hardly,seldom,little,notuntil,not等表示否定意义的副词放于句首HardlydidIknowwhathadhappened.only和修饰的状语放于句首OnlythendidherealizetheimportanceofEnglish.notonly…butalso连接并列的句子，前倒后不倒NotonlydoesheknowFrench,butalsoheisexpertatit.as引导的让步状语Childasheis,hehaslearnedalot.用于表示祝愿的祈使句中Mayyoubeingoodhealth!十三。虚拟语气类别用法例句If引导的条件从句与现在事实相反从句动词：过去式（be用were）主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形Ifhewerehere,hewouldhelpus.与过去事实相反从句动词：had+过去分词主句动词：should/would/could/might+have+过去分词IfIhadbeenfree,Iwouldhavevisitedyou.与将来事实相反从句动词：过去式/should+动词原形/were+不定式主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形Ifitshouldrainto