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FossilFuels:TheirOrigins,History,andUsesThisisReykjavicIcelandin1932,whentheyburnedimportedfossilfuelstoheattheirhomes.Thisisapresent-dayimageofReykjavicIceland,where95%ofthebuildingsarenowheatedwithgeothermalenergy.FossilFuelsCoalPetroleumNaturalGasisarockconsistingalmostentirelyoforganicmaterial.Coalconsistsoffragmentsof

land

plantmaterial,includingwood,cuticle(thewaxysurfacefoundonsomeleaves),sap(amber),sporesandpollen.Eachofthesecanbepresentinvaryingdegreesofdegradationduetodecaynearthesurfaceand"cooking"duetoburialinthicksediments.orcrudeoilisanaturallyoccurring,flammableliquidconsistingofacomplexmixtureofhydrocarbonsofvariousmolecularweights,andotherorganiccompounds,thatisfoundingeologicformationsbeneaththeEarth'ssurface.isagasconsistingprimarilyofmethane.Itisfoundassociatedwithotherfossilfuels,incoalbeds,andiscreatedbymethanogenicorganismsinmarshes,bogs,andlandfills.Itisanimportantfuelsource,andthecleanestburningofthethreefossilfuels.Coalisoneofourfossilfuelsbecauseitwasformedfromtheremainsofterrestrialvegetationthatgrewaslongas400millionyearsago.

Mostofourcoalwasformedabout300millionyearsagoduringtheCarboniferousPeriod,whenmuchoftheEarthwascoveredbysteamyswamps.Asplantsandtreesdied,theirremainssanktothebottomoftheswampyareas,accumulatinglayeruponlayerandeventuallyformingasoggy,densematerialcalledpeat.HistoryofCoalUseHumanuseofcoaldatesback35,000yearsBPIndustrializationbroughtaboutanescalationintheneedfortheenergycontainedincoal,andnowwecollectitintwoways:SurfaceminingUndergroundminingInsciencewedatethings“beforepresent〞.(BP)CoalItisburnedinpowerplantstoproducemorethanhalfoftheelectricityweuseintheUnitedStatesEventhoughyoumayneverseeit,youeachuseseveraltonsofiteveryyearFourTypesofCoalMinedTodayintheUS

Lignite

Subbituminous

Bituminous

Anthracite

PeatPlantmaterialsburiedundersedimentsdecaytoformpeat,acompressedmassofplantremains.Compactionforceswateroutofthesedimentstoformlignite,asoft,browncoal.Furthercompressionandagingturnligniteintobituminouscoal,asoft,blackcoal.Heatandpressuremetamorphosebituminouscoaltoanthracite,ahardcoalthatisalmostpurecarbon.AstagebetweenligniteandbituminousOilandgasformedinourgeologichistoryduringasimilartimeascoal…from400millionybpto150millionybp.Duringthistimetheseaswererichinmicroscopicandmacroscopiczooplanktonandphytoplankton(NOTDINOSAURS!!!)Whenthesediedtheyslowlysanktothebottomformingthicklayersoforganicmaterial.Thisinturnbecamecoveredinlayersofmudthattrappedtheorganicmaterial,whichovertimebecamecompressedanddecomposedintooilandnaturalgas.OILHistoryofOilUseintheUS

Oilusegoesback150yearsOuroilfieldsaresomeoftheoldeststillproducingintheworldWehaveusedapproximately175billionbarrelsofoilinthattimeTherearestillanestimated350billionbarrelsleftProbablybillionsmoreinfieldsyettobediscoveredOilUsesOilkeepsAmericamovingUsedtoproducelubricantsUsedtomakeplasticsUsedtomakefertilizersWhilecoalisthemostabundantfossilfuel,oilisthemostusedintheUS.Oilsupplies40%ofallenergythiscountryconsumes.

Gasoline,Dieselfuel,aviationfuelUsedtokeephomesand businesseswarmCrudePetroleummustberefinedfromoilrigsThentopipelineThentotherefineryNearly75%ofrefinedoilgoestowardstransportation!Whatisanoilreservoir?TinydropletsofoilaretrappedinsideporesinrocksTheseporescanonlybeseenwithamicroscopeThinkabouttheaquiferwhichtransferswaterfreelytoabovetheground.Insteadofwater…OilTechnologyandProductionDrillingwellsandoilrigsGushersBlowoutpreventorsPrimaryproductionSecondaryrecoveryChristmastreeGrasshoppersWaterfloodingProblems:Veryexpensive,andonlyrecoversonly1/5ofoilNaturalGasColorless,shapeless,andodorless

Consideredworthlessformanyyears,andsimplyburnedoffduringprimaryoilproduction.MethaneisthechiefchemicalcomponentofnaturalgasItishighlyflammableburnscompletelyproducesnoashverylittleairpollution(cleanestburningfossilfuel)UseofNaturalGasOnly1/5ofenergyusedinUSisnaturalgas.Mostlyusedinhomesforheating,andcookingGascompaniesaddachemicaltomakeitsmell.WhatdoyounoticeabouttheplacementofnaturalgasresourcesintheUnitedStates?HistoryofNGNorecordofcollectionoruseuntil1821Usedexclusivelyinstreetlampsuntilelectricitywasharnessed.RobertBunsenWeldingafterWWII,pipesmanufacturingWhyUseNaturalGas?PlentifulEasytopipefromonelocati

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