抢分app四级讲义1选词填空部分

今天我们先来讲第一部分（SectionA），选词填空。Directions:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions26to35arebasedonthefollowing4级练习题1（2016年12月多题多卷之一Manymenandwomenhavelongboughtintotheideathatthereare“male”and“female”brains,believingthatexinsjustabouteverydifferencebetweenthees.Anewstudy（26）thatbelief,questioningwhetherbrainsreallycanbedistinguishedbygender.Inthestudy,AvivUniversityresearchers（27）fordifferencesthroughouttheentirehumanbrain.Andwhatdidtheyfind?Notmuch.Ratherthanofferevidencefor（28）brainsas“male”or“female,”researchshowsthatbrainsfallintoawiderange,withmostpeoplefallingrightintheDaphnaJoel,wholedthestudy,saidherresearchfoundthatwhiletherearesomegender-based（29）,manydifferenttypesofbraincan’talwaysbedistinguishedbygender.itbylookingatindividualbrainscans.Onlyasmall（31）ofpeoplehad“all-male”or“all-female”LarryCahill,anAmericanneuroscientist(神经科学家),saidthestudyisanimportantadditiontoagrowingbodyofresearchquestioning（32）beliefsaboutgenderandbrainfunction.Buthecautionedagainstconcludingfromthisstudythatallbrainsarethesame,（33）ofgender.“There’samountainofevidence（34）theimportanceofinfluencesatalllevelsofbrainfunction,”hetoldTheSeattleTimes.Ifanything,hesaid,thestudy（35）thatgenderysaveryimportantroleinthebrain—“evenwhenwearenotclearexactlyhow.” Theoceanisheatingup.That’stheconclusionofanewstudythatfindsthatEarth’soceansnow26heatattwicetheratetheydid18yearsago.Aroundhalfofoceanheatintakesince1865hastakencesince1997,researchersreportonlineinNatureClimateChange.Warmingwatersareknownto27tocoralbleaching（珊瑚白化)andtheytakeupmorespacethancoolerwaters,raisingsea28.Whilethetopoftheoceaniswellstudied,itsdepthsaremoredifficultto29.Theresearchersgathered150yearsofoceantemperaturedatainordertogetabetter30ofheatabsorptionfromsurfacetoseabed.Theygatheredtogethertemperaturereadingscollectedbyeverythingfroma19thcentury31ofBritishnavalshipstomodernautomatedoceanprobes.Theextensivedatasources,32withcomputersimulations(计算机模拟),createdatimelineofoceantemperaturechanges,includingcoolingfromvolcanicoutbreaksandwarmingfromfossilfuel33.About35percentoftheheattakeninbytheoceansduringtheindustrialeranowresidesat34ofmorethan700meters,theresearchersfound.Theysaythey’re35whetherthedeep-seawarmingcanceledoutwarmingatthesea’ssurface.Whensomeonecommitsacriminalact,wealwayshopethepunishmentwillmatchtheoffense.Butwhenitcomestooneofthecruelestcrimes—animalfighting—things outthatway.Dogfightingvictimsare andkilledforprofitand“sport,”yettheircriminalabusersoftenreceivea sentenceforcausingalifetimeofpain.Roughlyhalfofallfederally-convictedanimalfightersonlygetprobation(缓刑).Someprogresshasbeenmadeintheprosecution()ofanimalfighters.ButjudgesoftenrelyheavilyontheU.S.SentencingGuidelineswhenthey29penalties,andinthecaseofanimalfighting,thoseguidelinesareoutdatedandextremely30.TheU.S.SentencingCommission,which31thesesentencingguidelines,isrevisitingthem,proposingtoraisetheminimumsentencefrom6-12to21-27months.Thisisastepintheright32,butwe’dliketoseetheU.S.SentencingCommissionmakefurtherchangestotheAlongwiththiseffort,we’reworkingwithanimaladvocatesandstateandfederallawmakers anti-crueltylawsacrossthecountry,aswellassupportinglawsandpoliciesthatassistoverburdenedanimal thatcareforanimalfightingvictims.Thishelpis importantbecausethehighcostofcaringforanimalvictimsisamajorfactorthatpreventspeoplefromgettinginvolvedincrueltycasesinthefirstce.Physicalactivitydoesthebodygood,andthere’sgrowingevidencethatithelpsthebraintoo.ResearchersintheNetherlandsreportthatchildrenwhogetmoreexercise,whetheratschoolorontheirown,26tohavehigherGPAsandbetterscoresonstandardizedtests.Ina27of14studiesthatlookedatphysicalactivityandacademic28,investigatorsfoundthatthemorechildrenmoved,thebettertheirgradeswereinschool,29inthebasicsubjectsofmath,Englishandreading.Thedatawillcertainlyfueltheongoingdebateoverwhetherphysicaleducationclassesshouldbecutasschoolsstruggleto30onsmallerbudgets.Theargumentsagainstphysicaleducationhaveincludedconcernsthatgymtimemaybetakingawayfromstudytime.WithstandardizedtestscoresintheU.S.31inrecentyears,someadministratorsbelievestudentsneedtospendmoretimeintheclassroominsteadofontheyground.Butasthesefindingsshow,exerciseandacademicsmaynotbe32exclusive.Physicalactivitycanimproveblood33tothebrain,fuelingmemory,attentionandcreativity,whichare34tolearning.Andexercisereleaseshormonesthatcanimprove35andrelievestress,whichcanalsohelplearning.Sowhileitmayseemasifkidsarejustexercisingtheirbodieswhenthey’rerunningaround,theymayactuallybeexercisingtheirbrainsaswell.Contrarytopopularbelief,olderpeoplegenerallydonotwanttolivewiththeirchildren.Moreover,mostadultchildren26everybitasmuchcareandsupporttotheiragingparentsaswasthecaseinthe“goodolddays”,andmostolderpeopledonotfeel27.About80%ofpeople65yearsandolderhavelivingchildren,andabout90%ofthem28contactwiththeirchildren.About75%ofelderlyparentswhodon’tgotonursinghomeslivewithin30minutesofatleastoneoftheirchildren.However,29havingcontactwithchildrendoesnotguaranteehappinessinoldage.Infact,someresearchhasfoundthatpeoplewhoaremostinvolvedwiththeirfamilieshavethelowestspirits.Thisresearchmaybe30,however,asillhealthoftenmakesolderpeoplemore31andtherebyincreasescontactwithfamilymembers.Soitismorelikelythatpoorhealth,notjustfamilyinvolvement,32spirits.Increasingly,researchershavebeguntolookatthequalityofrelationships,ratherthanatthefrequencyofcontact,betweentheelderlyandtheirchildren.Ifparentsandchildrenshareinterestsandvaluesandagreeonchildrearingpracticesandreligious33,theyarelikelytoenjoyeachother’s .Disagreementsonsuchmatterscan34causeproblems.Ifparentsareangeredbytheirdaughter’sdivorce,dislikehernewhusband,anddisapproveofhowsheisraisingtheirgrandchildren,35arethattheyarenotgoingtoenjoyhervisits. Signsbarringcell-phoneuseareafamiliarsighttoanyonewhohaseversatinahospitalwaitingroom.Butthe26 popularityofelectronicmedicalrecordshasdhospital-baseddoctorsto oncomputersthroughouttheday,anddesktops—whichkeepdoctorsfrombedsides—are28givingwaytowirelessdevices.Asclericalloadsincreased,“somethinghadto29,andthatwasalwaysfacetimewithpatients,”saysDr.BhaktiPa,aformerchiefresidentintheUniversityofChicago’sinternal-medicineprogram.Infall2010,shehelped30pilotprojectinChicagotoseeiftheiPadcouldimproveworkingconditionsandpatientcare.Theexperimentwasso31thatallinternal-medicineresidentsattheuniversitynowgetiPadswhentheybegintheprogram.JohnHopkins’internal-medicineprogramadoptedthesame32in2011.MedicalschoolsatYaleandStanfordnowhavepaperless,iPad-basedcurriculums.“You’llwantaniPadjustsoyoucanwearthis”isthesloganforoneofthenewlabcoats33withlargepockets modatetabletcomputers.AstudyoftheUniversityofChicagoiPadprojectfoundthatpatientsScholarsoftheinformationsocietyaredividedoverwhethersocialinequalitydecreasesorincreasesinaninformation-basedsociety.However,theygenerallyagreewiththeideathatinequalityintheinformationsocietyis36differentfromthatofanindustrialsociety.Asinformatizationprogressinsociety,thecauseandstructuralnatureofsocialinequalitychangesasItseemsthattheinformationsociety37thetyofinformationavailabletothemembersofasocietybyrevolutionizingthewaysofusingandexchanginginformation.Butsuchaviewasa38ysisbasedonthetyofinformationdbyvariousformsofthemassmedia.Adifferent39ispossiblewhentheactualamountofinformation40bytheuseristakenintoaccount.Infact,themoreinformation41throughouttheentiresociety,thewiderthegap esbetween"informationhaves"and"informationhave-nots,"leadingtodigitaldivide.Accordingtorecentstudies,digitaldividehasbeencausedbythreemajor42:,andgeneration.Intermsofclass,digitaldivideexistsamongdifferenttypesofworkersandbetweentheupperandmiddleclassesandthelowerclass.With43to,digitaldivideexistsbetweenmenandwomen.Thegreatestgap,however,isbetweentheNet-generation,44withalcomputersandtheInternet,andtheoldergeneration,45toanindustrialsociety. Childrendonotthinkthewayadultsdo.Formostofthefirstyearoflife,ifsomethingisoutofsight,it’soutofmind.Ifyoucoverababy’s36toywithapieceofcloth,thebabythinksthetoyhasdisappearedandstopslookingforit.A4-year-oldmay37thatasisterhasmorefruitjuicewhenitisonlytheshapesoftheglassesthatdiffer,notthe38ofjuice.Yetchildrenaresmartintheirownway.Likegoodlittlescientists,childrenarealwaystestingtheirchild-sized39abouthowthingswork.Whenyourchildthrowsherspoononthefloorforthesixthtimeasyoutrytofeedher,andyousay,“That’senough!Iwillnotpickupyourspoonagain!”thechildwill40testyourclaim.Areyouserious?Areyouangry?Whatwillhappenifshethrowsthespoonagain?Sheisnotngthistodriveyou41;rather,sheislearningthatherdesiresandyourscandiffer,andthatsometimesthose42areimportantandsometimestheyarenot. Howandwhydoeschildren’sthinkingchange?Inthe1920s,SwisspsychologistnPiagetproposedthatchildren’scognitive认知的）abilitiesunfold43,likethebloomingofaflower,almostindependentofwhatelseis 44intheirlives.Althoughmanyofhisspecificcon