空间分析概念框架管理

空间分析概念框架管理第1页，课件共23页，创作于2023年2月

GeographicInformationSystem4.1BasicPrimitives4.2SpatialRelationships4.3SpatialStatistics第2页，课件共23页，创作于2023年2月第3页，课件共23页，创作于2023年2月Placeeg.A:1118W25THST,LosAngeles,90007B:LosAngelesConventionCenterThebasisofrigorousandprecisedefinitionofplaceisacoordinatesystem:latitude/longitudeeg.A:(34.033572,-118.284656)B:(34.043219,-118.269850)第4页，课件共23页，创作于2023年2月Attributes:

Adataitemassociatedwithanindividualobject(record)inaspatialdatabase

Explicitattributes:elevation;nameImplicitattributes:polylinelength,polygoncentroid.第5页，课件共23页，创作于2023年2月Example第6页，课件共23页，创作于2023年2月Example第7页，课件共23页，创作于2023年2月ObjectsPointsaspairsofcoordinates,inlatitude/longitudeorsomeotherstandardsystemLinesasorderedsequencesofpointsconnectedbystraightlinesAreasorvolumesasorderedringsofpoints,alsoconnectedbystraightlinestoformpolygons.第8页，课件共23页，创作于2023年2月HowtodefinethedistancebetweenLAandLV???第9页，课件共23页，创作于2023年2月Fieldsdenotesaquantitythatcanbetheoreticallyassignedtoanypointofspace.TwowaysofthinkingaboutattributesontheEarth’ssurface:

Continuousfields(sometimesdiscontinuousfield)

Discreteobjects

第10页，课件共23页，创作于2023年2月Discreteobjects第11页，课件共23页，创作于2023年2月ContinuousfieldsElevationsurfaceContinuousfieldsSurface

Contours

Contours

第12页，课件共23页，创作于2023年2月Topology:Apropertyissaidtobetopologicalifitsurvivesstretchinganddistortingofspace.

Dimensionality:thedistinctionbetweenpoint,line,area,andvolume,whicharesaidtohavetopologicaldimensionsof0,1,2,and3respectivelyAdjacency:includingthetouchingoflandparcels,counties,andnation-statesConnectivity:includingjunctionsbetweenstreets,roads,railroads,andriversContainment:whenapointliesinsideratherthanoutsideanarea第13页，课件共23页，创作于2023年2月ExampleRemainincontacthowevermuchstretchingisapplied!Twocontourscannotcross!(待续）第14页，课件共23页，创作于2023年2月

GeographicInformationSystem4.1BasicPrimitives4.2SpatialRelationships4.3SpatialStatistics第15页，课件共23页，创作于2023年2月4.2SpatialRelationshipsNeighborhood:refertothesetofzonesorcellsthatareimmediatelyadjacenttoaselectedzoneorcell‘Moore’neighborhoodor‘Queen’smove’neighborhood‘vonNeumann’or‘Rook’smove’neighborhood(待续）第16页，课件共23页，创作于2023年2月1.2SpatialRelationshipsExtensiontoNeighborhoodNaturalNeighborhoodPrecinctNeighborhoodPollutionNeighborhood第17页，课件共23页，创作于2023年2月4.2SpatialRelationshipsDistance,direction(待续）Proximity(spatialweightsmatrices)

:Asparse

matrixexpressingtherelativeconnectionofpairsofplaces,oftendenotedbyW,including:1iftheplacesshareacommonboundary,else0thelengthofanycommonboundarybetweentheplaces,else0adecreasingfunctionofthedistancebetweentheplaces,orbetweentheirrepresentativepoints,ortheirkthnearestneighbors第18页，课件共23页，创作于2023年2月Example第19页，课件共23页，创作于2023年2月4.2SpatialRelationshipsSpatialheterogeneity:thevariabilityofobject’sattributesinspace,estimatedbyvarianceLowvarianceHighvariance(待续）第20页，课件共23页，创作于2023年2月4.2SpatialRelationshipsSpatialdependence:object’sattributesatnearbypointsarenotsampledindependentlyandrandomly,butinsteadshowremarkablelevelsofinterdependence.FirstLawofGeography:“Allthingsarerelated,butnearbythingsaremorerelatedthandistantthings”Limiteddistance!Limiteddependence!(待续）第21页，课件共23页，创作于2023年2月4.2SpatialRelationshipsSpatialsamplingSpatialinterpolation（待续）SmoothingandsharpeningElevation/mx/km第22页，课件共23页，创作于2023年2月4.3SpatialStatistics