2014职称英语卫生阅读理解课件s594 1 34芒果

Thedemandforfreshwaterrisescontinuouslyastheworld’spopulationgrows.From1940to1990,withdrawaloffleshwaterfromrivers,lakes,reservoirs,andothersourceshasincreasedfourfold1.Ofthewaterconsumedeachyea,69percentisusedforagriculture,23percentforindustry,and8percentfordomesticuses.Sewage,industrialwastes,andagriculturalchemicalssuchasfertilizersandpesticidesarethemaincausesofwaterpollutionIn1995,theUSEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)2reportedthatabout37percentofthecountry’slakesandestuaries,and36percentofitsrivers,areionpollutedforbasicusessuchasfishingorswimming,duringallorpartoftheyear.Indevelonations,over95percentofurbansewageisdischargeduntreated3intoriversandbays,creatingamajorhumanhealthhazard.Waterrunoffcarriesfertilizingchemicalssuchasphosphatesandnitratesfromagriculturalfieldsandyardsintolakes,streams,andrivers.Thesecombinewiththephosphatesandnitratesfromsewagetospeedthegrowthofalgae,atypeofaquaticnt.Thewaterbodymaythenechokedwithdecayingalgae4,whichseverelydepletestheoxygensupply.Thisprocesscancausethedeathoffishandotheraquaticlife.Runoffalsocarriestoxicpesticidesandurbanandindustrialwastesintolakesandstreams.Erosion,thewearingawayoftopsoilbywindandrain,alsocontributestowaterpollution5.Soilandsiltwashedfromloggedhillsides,plowedfields,orconstructionsites,canclogwaterwaysandkillaquaticvegetation.Evensmallamountsofsiltcaneliminatedesirablefishspecies.6Forexample,whenloggingremovestheprotectiventcoverfromhillsides,rainmaywashsoilandsiltintostreams,coveringthegravelbedsthattroutorsalmonuseforspawning.Themarinefisheriessupportedbyoceanecosystemsareanessentialsourceofprotein,particularlyforpeopleindevelocountries;approximay950millionpeopleworldwideconsumefishastheirprimarysourceofprotein.Yetpollutionincoastalbays,estuaries,andwetlandsthreatensfishstocksalreadydepletedbyoverfishing.In1989,260,000barrelsofoilwasspilledfromtheoilExxonValdezintoAlaska’sPrinceWilliamSound,apristineandrichfishingground.In1992therewere8,790reportedspillsinandaroundUSwaters7,involving5.7millionliters(1.5milliongallons)ofoil.sewage/'suːɪdʒ/n.污水，污物erosionɪ'rəʊʒən/n.腐蚀，侵蚀fertilizerfɜːtɪlaɪzə/n.肥料（特指化学肥料）silt/sɪlt/n.游泥pesticide/'pestɪsaɪd/n.杀虫剂，logged/'lɒɡd/adj.被砍伐的estuary/'estjʊərɪn.河口湾，三角湾，港湾clog/klɒg/n.阻塞，填满bay/beɪn.vegetationvedʒɪ'teɪʃənn.植被，植物fertilize/'fɜːtɪlaɪz/vt.使肥沃，施肥于logginglɒgɪŋ/n.runoff/'rʌnɒfn.（地表）径流（量）gravel/'grævəl/n.砾石phosphate/'fɒsfeɪt/n.磷酸盐trout/traʊt/n.鳟鱼nitrate/'naɪtreɪt/n.硝酸盐salmon/'sæmən/n.大马哈鱼alga/'ælgə/n.水藻（algae）spawn/spɔːn/vt.（鱼等）产卵ecosystem/'iːkəʊsɪstəm/n.生态系统aquatic/ə'kwætɪk/adj.水生的，水产的toxic/'tɒksɪk/adj.的，性的marine/mə'riːn/adj.海的，海上的pristineprɪstiːn;staɪnadj.未夺破坏的deplete/dɪ'pliːt/vt.耗尽，使空虚 fromrivers, lakes,reservoirs, increasedfourfold.……从江河、湖泊、水库和其他氷源中减少的淡水量翻了四番。3．...over95percentofurbansewageisdischargeduntreated...：……95%的城市污水未（进）……untreatedover95percentofurbansewage。Thewaterbodymaythen echokedwithdecayingalgae...：水域于是就有可能被渐渐腐烂的水藻所充塞……这里，e是系动词，过去分词choked作表语。Erosionthewearingawayoftopsoilbywindaridrainalsocontributestowaterpollution.侵contributeto...：对……起作用。Evensmallamountsofsiltcaneliminatedesirablefishspecies.甚至少量的游泥也可使一些宝贵的鱼类灭种。In1992therewere8,790reportedspillsinandaroundUSwaters...：1992年拫道过在的水域内以及水域周边有8,790起石油泄漏……Accordingtothispassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueofyearlywaterMostwaterisusedforhomeMostwaterisusedforCitiesusemorewaterthanruralAmericauses8percentoftheworldwaterParagraph2suggestsallofthefollowingEXCEPTthatfishmaydiebecauseriversmaycontainindustrialitmaybedangeroustoswiminariverbecausethewatermaycontainEPAisresponsibleforcausingseriouswaterpollutioninwaterpollutionisratherseriousinWaterrunoffcausesfishtodiepartly theyarerushedintoagriculturalfieldsandtheyarechokedbythewaterthepoisonousalgaehavekilledthefast-growingalgaehaveuseduptheoxygeninthewaterwheretheyAnimportantideaofparagraph4is cuttingdowntoomanytreesmayalsocausewaterwaterpollutioniscausedbywindandraintherearenolongerdesirablefishinthetroutandsalmonusuallyspawninThemainsubjectofthelastparagraph FishasaSourceofTheIncr