杭州城市规划virtual-cities-v12

UsingVirtualCities

toPlanRealCitiesACaseStudyUsingtheVirtualTerrainProjectInHangzhou,ChinaDr.MichaelFlaxmanLecturerinLandscapePlanningHarvardGraduateSchoolofDesignBenDiscoeLeadDeveloper,VirtualTerrainProjectTheOpenPlanningProject(TOPP)CastofCharacters15GraduateStudentsinArchitecture,LandscapeArchitecture&PlanningOneSemesterInterdisciplinaryStudio(doublecourse):Faculty:CarlSteinitz(Architecture&LandscapeArchitecture) MikeFlaxman(Planning,GIS&Visualization)BenDiscoe,LeadDeveloper,VTP(notpictured)Study

Area

LocationSoutheasternChina2hoursSWofShanghaiPublicImageoftheWestlakeandHangzhouHangzhou2000OneoftheMostProsperousCitiesinChina6MillionPeoplePopulationDoublingin20Years15XAutoOwnershipExpectedDesignStrategyConclusionofpriorHarvardstudy:ToprotecttheWestLake,newdevelopmentshouldbedirectedawayfromitandtowardtherivertotheSouth.

BuildNewCityCenterAlongRiverMakethisareamoreattractivetodevelopmentthantheedgeoftheWestLakeBasicTask:Propose&EvaluateAlternativePlansforHangzhou2020EachAlternativeAccommodatesProjectedGrowth(SameProgram)EvaluatetheVisual,Economic&EnvironmentalConsequencesPresentResultstotheGeneralPublicinFormwhichFostersProductiveDiscussionDesignChallenge:HowtoDevelopandEvaluateCompellingAlternativesforLargeUrbanAreasWheretoplacestrategicpublicinvestmentsintransportationinfrastructureandcivicbuildingsWheretoallowvariouslandusesanddensities/heightsNeedtoestablishopenspacenetworkplanningProblemSummaryTechnicalChallenge:HowtoVisualizeAlternativeFuturesforLargeCitiesandRegionsEfficientlygeneratingmodelsofcurrentconditionsVisualizingmultiplealternativeplansin3DVisualizingdetaileddesigninbroadercontextWorkflowmustfacilitate“topdown”designConventionalApproachestoCityRepresentationforPlanningSketches->mapsSingle-usezoningrepresentingclassesoflegally-permitteduseBuildingheightsimplicitinzoningProblemswithConventionalRepresentationNobodyunderstandsthemapsexcept(perhaps)theplannerBasicallytooabstract:allconcernedpreferrepresentationwithbuildingmassingstoprovidesenseofscaleTwodimensionalrepresentationofatruly3DproblemVisualizationGoals:Visualrepresentationoffunction,sizeandlocations(not“realism”but“naturalsceneparadigm”)RepresentsomeindividualbuildingsandneighborhoodpatternsAgoodworkingmodel,notjustapolishedfinalrenderingChallenge#1:

NumberandDiversityofElementsLandscapeComponentsTerrainBuildingsRoadsVegetationWaterLighting/AtmosphereAnylargelandscapeislikelytocontainallofthesecomponents.Therelativeproportionwillbelocation-specific,buteachcomponentneedsanefficientrepresentation.Challenge#2:InteractivityWorkdoneinparallelby20studentsworkingonPCs(singlehigh-endvisualizationsystemnotpractical)StudentsanddesigncriticsneedtobeabletoviewworkfromanycameraangleDesignrevisionsshouldrequireeditingatthelevelofthecritique(changingzoningratherthanmanuallymoving3000buildings)PotentialRealtime

CityVisualizationApproachesGISVisualizationSystemsArcScene,ERDASVirtualGISGameEnginesVRML/GeoVRMLCommercialflightsimulationgeneratorsGeneralconclusionManytechnicalsolutionswereavailable,butnosingleavailablepackagewassuitableforinteractivecitydesignwithrealGIS/CADWhyTheVirtualTerrainProject?SupportsmostcommonGISformatsCLODterrainsimplificationallowsrealtimeperformanceonnormalPChardwareCangeneratebuildingsprocedurallybasedonfootprintsIntegratesCADmodelswhereavailableCrossPlatformOpenSource,sobothfreeandextensibleVTPFoundationsBuiltatopthreemajorlibrariesOpenSceneGraphHighPerformance,OpenGL-basedReadsMany3DFormats:OpenFlight,3DSwxWindowsProvidesmaturecross-platformGUI(Linux,Windows,MacOS)GDAL(GeographicDataAbstractionLibrary)Reads/writesmostGISformatsDealswithMapProjectionsEstablishdatameaning&representationoptionsUsing“Builder”for2DGIS/ImageData“CultureEditor”for3DandproxiesView/EditUsingRuntime“Enviro”VTPVisualizationProcessProductionPipeline1:BaseDataCurrentConditionsBasedatafrom1msatellitesceneExistingbuildingfootprintsfrom1:1000CADElevationfrom1:10Kcontours+spotelevationsProductionPipeline2:BuildingsDevelopedBuildingTypologyDevelopedcustomArcViewscriptstoplacetemplatebuildingfootprintswithattributesGenericbuildingsderivedprocedurallyfromfootprintsinBuilderCustombuildings/bridgesdevelopedinCAD/surfacedin3DS.InsertlocationsspecifiedinGIS.ProductionPipeline3:

Terrain&GroundCoverGradingplansdevelopedinGISusingArcViewTinSurfacecoverchangesspecifiedinGISExportedfromGISasanimagefile(BMP)ProductionPipeline4:VegetationPlantingplansdonebylandscapearchitectsinGIS(placingstems+plantIDattribute)StreettreesgeneratedprocedurallyinGISbasedonroadtypeResults:ProcessEfficient:Fourplansinfourweeks“agoodplanisadoneplan”Studentswithnoprior3DvisualizationexperiencewereabletoproductivelyusethetoolsEffective:VisualizationsinfluenceddesignchoicesBuildingdensitiesoffirstroundproposals“lookedlikeCleveland”soadjustedupwardVisualizationofgreenspaceandstreettreeshadlargeimpactinpublicreviewsinChinaResultsof“GISTemplatesto3D”StrategyWeaknessesNogoodtoolsforbuildingfootprintgeneration/alignmentGeneratinggradingplansusingArcViewverytediousSomedesignbestdonein3D.StrengthsEfficientforlargeareasGood,cleanly-attributeddataGISintermediateproductsusefulResults:VTPStrengthsSupportsallmajorlandscapeelements:billboardvegetation,CLODterrainProcedural&CADbuildingsGISintegrationfacilitatedtop-downdesignandrevisionsSimplenavigationinterfacePowerfulreal-timevisualizationtechnologiesforworkonstandardcommodityhardwareResults:VTPWeaknesses

(foruseinInteractivePlanning)ConstraintsonterrainsizeandgroundplaneresolutionMultiplefileconversionsrequiredforsomedesignchanges(noauto-update/build)Lackofintegrationoffeaturetypes(particularlyroads&terrain)GISintegrationwas“oneway”(GIS->Vis)ratherthan“roundtrip”(noVis->GIS)GeneralConclusionsaboutCity&Regional

VisualizationsforPlanningUseChosentechniquemustefficientlyrepresentcommonobjectstypesGIS/databaseessentialforeffectivereal-worldvisualizationcreation/managementProceduralmodelinggreatlyfacilitatesbothcreationandupdatesInter-object3dtopology/constraintsverychallengingNextStepsBeyondaesthetics-visualizingconsequencesEconomic,Biodiversity,WaterQualityScenarioComparisonInterfaceVisualizedifferencesusingcrossfadeorsplitscreenInternetintegrationEasydataacquisitionfromwebmapserversFacilitatesharingofbuildingmodels,ecosystems,etc.BetterpatterngenerationtoolsForMoreInformation…FutureDirectionsInterfaceEnhancementsIncorporateViewpointandAnimationPathEnhancementsE